水分胁迫前的干旱锻炼对小麦光合生理特性的影响

为探讨水分胁迫前的干旱锻炼对小麦光合生理特性的影响,采用水培法,对小麦幼苗进行水分预胁迫、解除胁迫和再胁迫处理,研究了水分预处理对干旱条件下小麦生物量、叶绿素及光合作用的影响。结果表明,经过水分胁迫预处理后的小麦在水分胁迫下根系生长明显加快,有利于吸收利用有限的水分,水分利用效率明显高于未经过预处理的小麦,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量的下降幅度均低于未经过预处理的小麦,预处理缓解了干旱对小麦光合生理特性的影响。     

玉米毛状根再生植株对水分胁迫的响应

为研究玉米根系对水分胁迫的响应,以玉米毛状根再生植株为材料,在水分胁迫下,测量其生育时期的植株生长和生理指标。结果表明,水分胁迫下玉米毛状根再生植株光合速率、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度、气孔导度均较高。水分胁迫下,毛状根再生植株的根系水导降幅最小,为13.2%,对照品种H99下降了84.7%。各营养器官含水率最高,叶渗透调节能力增强。这说明由于毛状根再生植株强大的根系,保证了植株生长发育过程中的水分供应和光合能力。     

钾对冬小麦根系生理性状及地上部生长的影响

本试验采用盆栽土培试验和液培试验相结合的方式研究了施钾对小麦根系生理性状及地上部生长的影响。结果表明:在缺钾的土壤上施钾可以促进根系生长,提高全生育期的根系活力和根中可溶糖含量,提高了根系在衰老过程中氮、钾养分的含量;施钾还能增大旗叶叶面积,提高小麦灌浆后期旗叶的叶绿素含量,有利于旗叶的光合和籽粒的灌浆。施钾能显著提高小麦成穗数、穗粒数和粒重,增加产量。     

灌浆期涝害对小麦旗叶光合特性影响及降渍恢复效应

2015-2016年以小麦品种烟农19为材料,采用盆栽实验研究灌浆期持续6d和9d涝害处理对旗叶光合特性的影响及水分胁迫解除后旗叶光合特性的变化。结果表明：灌浆期涝害会显著降低小麦旗叶的净光合速率（P＜0.05）,但不同处理下降的幅度存在差异;涝害6d处理（WL6）和涝害9d处理（WL9）净光合速率分别降至正常水分处理（对照,CK）的82.0%和71.5%;水分胁迫解除后3d,WL6处理的净光合速率得到恢复,与CK表现一致,而WL9处理的旗叶净光合速率与CK差异显著,仅恢复至CK的86.3%。涝害阶段及水分胁迫解除后3d,小麦旗叶SPAD值的变化趋势与净光合速率基本保持一致。与涝害9d处理相比,涝害6d处理进行降渍以后,小麦叶片的光合特性能得到较好恢复。涝害期间,WL6处理的旗叶胞间CO₂浓度较对照显著升高,表明涝害6d后旗叶净光合速率下降的主要原因是由于非气孔因素所致;WL9处理气孔导度显著下降的同时,胞间CO₂浓度却无显著变化,说明涝害9d后小麦叶片的低光合作用主要也是受到了非气孔因素的影响,与叶片气孔的张开程度无关。     

钾对冬小麦根系生理性状及地上部生长的影响

本试验采用盆栽土培试验和液培试验相结合的方式研究了施钾对小麦根系生理性状及地上部生长的影响。结果表明：在缺钾的土壤上施钾可以促进根系生长，提高全生育期的根系活力和根中可溶糖含量，提高了根系在衰老过程中氮、钾养分的含量；施钾还能增大旗叶叶面积，提高小麦灌浆后期旗叶的叶绿素含量，有利于旗叶的光合和籽粒的灌浆。施钾能显著提高小麦成穗数、穗粒数和粒重，增加产量。     

开花后水分胁迫对冬小麦旗叶光合作用和保护酶活性的影响

为了解干旱对冬小麦光能利用与耗散机制的影响,研究了花后水分胁迫对冬小麦光合作用参数、叶绿素荧光参数及保护酶与光合作用相关酶活性的影响.结果表明,水分胁迫增加了旗叶可溶性糖和丙二醛含量,提高了叶片的渗透调节和抗氧化能力.中度水分胁迫下旗叶的光合速率和蒸腾速率与充分供水处理的相近,而重度胁迫处理的光合速率和蒸腾速率则降低较为明显.适度的水分胁迫可诱导叶片保护酶活性升高,从而减轻干旱伤害.适度的水分胁迫可增强PSⅡ反应中心的电子捕获效率,增强光呼吸作用,较好的保护光合机构.水分胁迫促进了冬小麦灌浆前期的蔗糖合成能力,但同时也导致灌浆中后期旗叶衰老的加剧,使得叶片的蔗糖合成能力急剧下降.水分胁迫降低了旗叶的RuBP羧化酶活性,除非受旱严重,否则RuBP羧化酶活性的降低不会限制叶片的光合作用.     

铜、镉毒害对番茄生长和膜功能蛋白酶活性的影响及外源NO的缓解效应

为探讨外源NO（SNP为供体）对50 mol/L铜、镉毒害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同程度的铜、镉毒害（5 mol/L和50 mol/L）对番茄幼苗生物量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶、光合特性及生物膜ATPase、H+-PPase等功能蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜、镉胁迫显著抑制番茄生长。随处理浓度增加,番茄根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,番茄长势越差; 铜、镉胁迫对根系离子吸收的影响远远大于叶片,尤其是铜胁迫,50 mol/L铜胁迫使番茄根系铜含量增加了12倍。铜浓度的增加对镉含量无影响,镉浓度的增加降低了铜的吸收。铜、镉胁迫使番茄净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著增加,表现为非气孔限制。50 mol/L 铜、镉处理显著降低叶片、根系质膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和根系液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性; 提高了5和50 mol/L部分处理叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase的活性。表明生物膜功能蛋白对不同程度铜、镉胁迫的响应时间和部位存在差异。铜毒害对细胞质膜ATPase的影响较大,而镉毒害对液泡膜伤害的程度较大。100 mol/L SNP可以显著缓解铜、镉胁迫导致的番茄生长受抑,铜、镉总吸收量显著高于胁迫处理。     

水分胁迫下柱花草叶水势、光合及叶绿素荧光特性的变化特征

以热研2号柱花草为供试材料,采用盆栽控制实验研究了不同土壤水分条件下柱花草叶水势、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征。结果表明：（1）柱花草叶水势随着水分胁迫程度的增加而降低,其日变化呈双峰曲线特征,日平均值表现为充分供水〉轻度胁迫〉中度胁迫〉重度胁迫。（2）充分供水条件下柱花草净光合速率最大,而在重度胁迫下最小,水分胁迫下柱花草光合速率的降低主要为非气孔限制因素所致;柱花草气孔导度在充分供水和轻度胁迫下随光合有效辐射的增强而增大,但在中度和重度水分胁迫下变化不明显;充分供水和轻度水分胁迫下,气孔导度均随蒸腾速率的增加而增加,中度、重度水分胁迫下蒸腾速率分别达到0.46、0.31mmol·m-2·s-1时气孔开始关闭;中度胁迫下水分利用效率高于轻度胁迫,可能是植物对胁迫环境的生理适应所致。（3）初始荧光F0随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加,而光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和潜在活性Fv/F0均降低,表明随着胁迫程度的加深,PSⅡ光抑制的程度也加深,水分胁迫抑制了PSⅡ的光化学活性,使其反应中心受到一定程度的破坏或可逆失活。     

外源NO对镉胁迫下长春花质膜过氧化ATP酶活性及光合特性的影响

为了解镉胁迫下外源NO对地被植物生理响应的调控机制,采用盆栽试验研究了外源NO（SNP）对镉胁迫下长春花幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、质膜ATP酶活性及光合特性的影响。结果表明,外施100μmol·L^-1SNP能缓解25mg·kg一镉胁迫对长春花幼苗生长的抑制,增加叶长、叶宽、株高、基径和生物量。与镉胁迫相比,施用SNP能够降低叶片和根系中丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量和过氧根离子自由基（O2^-·）产生速率,提高过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。SNP能显著缓解镉胁迫对叶绿素a（Chla）、叶绿素b（Chlb）和总叶绿素的抑制,提高叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔限制值（Ls）,降低胞间CO2浓度（G）和瞬时光能利用效率（LUE）。同时,外源NO能诱导叶片和根系中质膜H＋-ATPase和Ca2＋-ATPase活性提升到正常水平（对照）。但外施100μmol·L-1 NO分解产物NaNOx或SNP相似物Na3Fe（CN）6对镉胁迫则无明显缓解作用。因此,外源NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力,增加叶绿素含量,增强质膜ATP酶活性,从而提高叶肉细胞光合能力,加强离子跨膜运输和信号转导,缓解镉胁迫对细胞质膜的损伤。     

灌溉和旱作条件下腐植酸复合肥对小麦生理特性及产量的影响

为探讨不同供水条件下腐植酸复合肥对小麦的生物学效应, 研究了腐植酸复合肥在灌溉和旱作两种条件下对小麦生理特性和产量的影响.结果表明, 两种供水条件下, 腐植酸复合肥均可显著提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层小麦根系鲜重和根系活力, 促进根系生长发育.腐植酸复合肥处理明显提高了小麦灌浆后期旗叶实际光化学效率(- PSⅡ)和光合电子传递速率(ETR), 尤以旱作条件下增加幅度较高.腐植酸复合肥处理小麦旗叶SOD活性明显提高, MDA含量降低, 有利于提高小麦活性氧清除能力, 延缓衰老.与化肥处理相比, 腐植酸复合肥处理小麦穗数和穗粒数增加, 产量显著提高, 且旱作小麦的增产幅度(10.26%)大于灌溉小麦(7.77%).表明旱作条件下, 腐植酸复合肥对小麦生理特性的改善作用更好, 增产幅度更大.     

水分调亏对冬小麦生理生态的影响

通过冬小麦盆栽试验，在不同时期给以不同的调亏灌溉处理，以研究不同生长时期水分亏缺和亏缺程度对冬小麦生理及生长特性的影响，为农田节水提供指导。冬小麦生长发育过程划分为4个阶段：返青—拔节初期，拔节—孕穗，孕穗—抽穗，开花—灌浆成熟。每个生育时期设置4个水分水平，结果表明：土壤水分调控对株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率等指标均有影响；水分胁迫使作物光合速率的峰值提前出现，这有助于胁迫处理的作物利用有限的土壤水分；蒸腾速率比光合速率对水分胁迫的反应更为敏感，更易受气孔调节的影响。     

Growth stage-based response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to kinetin under water-deficit environment: pigments and gas exchange attributes

Plant growth regulator, kinetin, is known to modulate the key physiological processes under abiotic stresses in different crops. However, kinetin-mediated response at different growth stages of crop plants is lagging behind. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to appraise the potential role of exogenously applied kinetin in alleviating the effects of water scarcity on wheat. Three levels of kinetin (0, 75, and 150 mg/L) were used either as seed treatment or foliar spray at the vegetative or the post-anthesis stage. Water deficit markedly reduced shoot fresh mass, plant chlorophyll level, flag leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Degradation of chlorophyll a was greater in plants subjected to post-anthesis water-deficit conditions. However, plants growing under continuous water-deficit conditions had significantly lower concentration of chlorophyll b than those treated with water scarcity at the post-anthesis stage or receiving normal irrigation. Inhibited photosynthesis of wheat in response to post-anthesis water-deficit conditions was largely due to non-stomatal factors. In contrast, stomatal factors were the main constraints for photosynthesis in plants growing under continuous scarcity of water. Plants subjected to continuous water starvation had markedly lower grain yield than those subjected to water-deficit conditions at post-anthesis stage. Application of kinetin before seed sowing or at the post-anthesis stage significantly reduced the negative effects of drought on flag leaf chlorophyll and stomatal conductance. Lower level of kinetin (75 mg/L) was found to be more effective in mitigating the inhibitory effects of water shortage on photosynthesis and growth, and improved grain yield under water scarcity.     

Silicon Decreases Transpiration Rate and Conductance from Stomata of Maize Plants

ABSTRACT

To characterize the effect of silicon (Si) on decreasing transpiration rate in maize (Zea mays L.) plants, the transpiration rate and conductance from both leaves and cuticula of maize plants were measured directly. Plants were grown in nutrient solutions with and without Si under both normal water conditions and drought stress [20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration in nutrient solution] treatments. Silicon application of 2 mmol L^?1 significantly decreased transpiration rate and conductance for both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface, but had no effect on transpiration rate and conductance from the cuticle. These results indicate that the role of Si in decreasing transpiration rate must be largely attributed to the reduction in transpiration rate from stomata rather than cuticula. Stomatal structure, element deposition, and stomatal density on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a light microscope. Results showed that changes in neither stomatal morphology nor stomatal density could explain the role of Si in decreasing stomatal transpiration of maize plants. Silicon application with H₄SiO₄ significantly increased Si concentration in shoots and roots of maize plants. Silicon concentration in shoots of maize plants was higher than in roots, whether or not Si was applied. Silicon deposits in cell walls of the leaf epidermis were mostly in the form of polymerized SiO₂.     

不同高度层冬小麦叶片水分利用效率对CO2浓度变化的响应

大气CO2浓度升高会给地球生态系统带来一系列环境问题,植物能够通过气孔调节光合作用和蒸腾作用,对环境变化做出响应。本研究以评价植物光合作用和蒸腾作用相互关系的指标水分利用效率为切入点,以冬小麦为研究对象,在灌浆期将冠层按距离地面高度分上、中、下三层,采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统测定数据对各层叶片光合、蒸腾特性随CO2浓度变化的响应进行了对比分析。结果表明：随着CO2浓度的增加,（1）各层叶片净光合速率呈直角双曲线形式增加,不同层叶片之间净光合速率对CO2浓度响应的差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但各层羧化速率、光合能力、光呼吸表现不一致,均为上层〉中层〉下层;（2）各层叶片蒸腾速率总体下降,不同层叶片之间蒸腾速率对CO2浓度响应的差异显著（P〈0.01）,蒸腾速率的变化是气孔导度随CO2浓度变化的结果,两者呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）;（3）净光合速率提高与蒸腾速率降低,共同使叶片水平水分利用效率提高。研究工作有利于加深气候变化对农业影响的认识,也为农田生态系统碳、水耦合循环的多层模型研究奠定基础。     

冬小麦根冠指标对干旱持续发展的响应

基于2015/2016年、2016/2017年两个年度冬小麦返青后干旱持续控制试验,研究土壤水分持续减少对冬小麦叶片含水率、根系活力、气孔导度等的影响,以明确冬小麦根冠指标对干旱持续发展的响应特征。结果表明：冬小麦不同器官含水率随干旱持续呈非线性递减,拔节后递减更明显,其中叶鞘含水率平均降幅最大,达41.9%。叶片气体交换参数随干旱持续与对照的差异不断增大,其中净光合速率随干旱持续进一步减小,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率在返青期不同程度升高,拔节后开始不断下降,干旱持续时间越长,影响光合作用的非气孔限制因素越明显。持续干旱改变了根系在深层土壤中的分布,60-80cm土层根系体积百分率明显高于对照,根系的生理机能提前衰减,拔节-孕穗期根系活力急剧下降,孕穗后根系活力比对照减少60%以上。整体来看,植株含水率、叶片气体交换参数、根系活力等指标对干旱持续的响应既各具特点又有共性,其中根系活力对土壤水分变化的敏感系数最高,器官含水率对土壤水分变化响应最迟缓。     

微咸水灌溉对冬小麦叶片抗干热风能力的影响

干热风是华北地区冬小麦生产的主要气象灾害之一,同时该区农业用水资源严重短缺,为缓解灌溉水资源不足,华北地区开展了微咸水灌溉应用技术,而微咸水灌溉对冬小麦抗干热风能力的影响尚无定论。为此,在中国科学院禹城综合试验站设置1 g·L–1(淡水对照)、3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1 3个矿化度微咸水在返青—拔节期和开花—灌浆期分别对冬小麦进行灌溉处理,在灌浆期进行干热风模拟试验,观测冬小麦叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理参数。综合4年(2016—2019年)4次试验结果,发现:1)与1 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉相比, 3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉可以显著降低冬小麦叶片光合速率32.2%和59.3%、蒸腾速率29.2%和51.9%、气孔导度30.7%和54.8%。2)干热风可以显著降低叶片光合速率35.4%～86.6%、蒸腾速率35.6%～67.5%、气孔导度36.4%～69.4%。3)在1 g·L–1、3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉下,叶片光合速率干热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.55、0.45和0.74;叶片标准化蒸腾速率(蒸腾速率/水汽压饱和差)热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.54、0.26和0.41;气孔导度干热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.56、0.28和0.43。这些结果表明:1)微咸水灌溉的生理胁迫作用与干热风的生理胁迫作用对叶片光合蒸腾和气孔行为产生的影响具有相似性;2)3g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉比淡水提高了叶片对干热风的生理适应能力,证明适量微咸水灌溉可以提高冬小麦叶片适应干热风的能力。     

小麦花后剑叶光合产物输出动态研究

本试验以铁杆小麦为材料，利用活体多探头测量仪，分析、测定花后剑叶光合产物的运转动态。结果表明，剑叶光合产物的输出、向穗部及向剑叶以下营养器官的输送动态可分别用指数方程Ｙ＝ａｅ￣（－ｂｘ）、Ｙ＝ａ（ｘ－ｃ）ｅ￣（－ｂ（ｘ－ｅ））进行拟合。生长调节物质（ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ）处理显著影响光合产物的输出率、输送达率及有效输这时间。ＩＡＡ处理呈正效应，ＡＢＡ处理呈负效应     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.