Provenance Trials of Juglans mandshurica

IntroductionTheresearchofprovenanceisnotonlythemeansofimprovingafforestationalforestrybutalsoisnecessarybaseforotherbreedingsystem.EverycountryhaspaiduniversalattentiontothiSway.lUFROhasalsoworkedoulthestandardizedrulesofprovenancetrialstodirectdifferentc…     

Geographic variation pattern ofLarix olgensis

On the basis of the data of provenance test for 10 years in the total natural range ofLarix olgensis from 10 seeds collection sites, the geographic variation patterns have been made by means of canonical correlation analysis: (1) The basic variation patterns of growth characters is in vertical gradual change along the elevation gradient as principal, and gradual change along the latitude as supplement. (2) The Xiaobehu provenance with low elevation and low equivalent latitude is the good gene resource center ofL. olgensis. It has the genetic characters of rapid growth, high stability and fine timber quality. (3) The synthetical interaction between water and heat factors is the major factor to produce the variation ofL. olgensis and the temperature is the principal one. (4) Among the genetic variations of geographic population characters, the variation of growth is the most obvious one, and it could be taken as the main character for provenance division. (5) By allocating the seeds from the low equivalent latitude region to the northern suitable afforestation areas, the greater genetic gain could be obtained. (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

不同红松种源材质性状和生长性状的遗传变异

在东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场,选择了26个17年生红松种源实验林作为研究对象,进行了木材材质性状和生长性状的调查。材质性状包括解剖学性状和物理学性状。解剖学性状测试指标包括,管胞长度、管胞直径和管胞壁腔比。物理学性状指标测定了:生长轮宽度、晚材率和生长轮密度。生长性状方面调查了树高和胸径。统计分析结果表明:各项材质性状和生长性状指标在种源间均存在着显著差异,同时证明各项材质性状均受一定的遗传效应控制;红松的生长性状指标在不同种源间也存在着较大的变异,红松的树高和胸径也受遗传效应的控制;但是,多数材质指标表现为一定的以经向为主的地理变异规律,而红松的生长性状指标如树高和胸径均呈现出一定的纬向变异规律,无经向变异规律。图2表5参6。     

Landscape pattern and diversity of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China： A case study of Mao＇ershan region in HeUongjiang Province

Mao‘ershan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, northeast of China. Under the support of ARC/INFO, the landscape pattern and landscape diversity of Mao‘erhshan region were sudied by combining the forest type map (1:10 000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation and land utilization map (1:10 000). The selected indices included patch number, patch size, patch density index, richness index,dominance index, evenness index and diversity index. The results showed that the landscape dominant forest type in Mao‘ershan region was softwood broad-leaved forest. In all landscape types, the average patch area of natural secondary forests was bigger than that of artificial forest. The patch density index of each landscape formed in artificial forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index of natural forest were highest, the landscape heterogeneity was also, but the landscape dominance was lower. In natural forest, the control effects of landscape elements on landscape-structure, function and its change were weakened. The artificial forest was on the contrary.     

Intraspecific geographic variation and primary selection on the best provenance ofPinus sylvestris var.mongolica

This paper summarizes the result from the provenance test of eight years oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica in Liangshui Natural Reserve comprehensively. The main contents include:(l) the geographic variation of the growth characters ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica, tends to negative change gradually at latitude and has obvious climatic nature, (2) no significant difference exists in the morphological adaptability and resistant characteristics and so on; (3)on the basis of the geographic variation study on the growth characteristics, the provenances ofPinus sylvestris var.mongolica were classified into two geographic populations and two subpopulations as follows: the northern population of the Daxing’an Mountain (I) and the southern population of the Daxing’an Mountain as well as the Xiaoxing’an Mountain (II), which includes Honghuarji subpopulation (II -1) and Kalunshan subpopulation (II-2). (4) the height growth rhythm was analyzed according to the divided population and subpopulation; (5) the best provenance was selected for the Liangshui Natural Reserve and its neighborhood according to the results from SSR test of the growth characteristics (the breast height diameter and height of eight year old trees), the possibility of the early provenance selection was also verified by the method of order correlation analysis on the height growth of three, five, seven and eight years old provenances.     

不同种源厚朴的遗传变异和有效成分的选择

Bark samples ofMagnolis officinalis were collected from a 7-year-old trial plantation with 13 provenances in Jingning County of Zhejiang Province on June 25, 2000. The contents of magnolol and honokiol ofM. officinalis were analyzed by the method of HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatogram). The results showed that such qualitave traits as the content of magnolol, content of honokiol, total content of key phenol, and the ratio of magnolo to honokiol differ significantly between the provenances. The provenances with a sharpened leaf tip from the western part of Hubei Province has a highest content of phenols, and that with a concave leaf tip from the Lushan Mountain has a lowest content of phenol. All these four qualitative traits were genetically controlled, with a heritability between 0.8342 and 0.9871 in terms of provenance. In addition, both longitudinal and latitudinal geographical variations could be found, with longitudinal variations being dominant. As a result, 3 superior provenances from Wufeng, Enshi and Hefeng of the western part of Hubei as well as 10 high-quality individuals were Foundation Item: This paper was supported by the “Ninth-Five” Plan of Zhejiang Scientific and Technological Commission (No. 961102111). Biography: TONG Zai-kang (1963-), male, Associate professor in Zhejiang Forestry College, Lin’an 31300, P. R. China: and presently doctoral student in Nanjing Forestry University. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Influence of main site factors on Fraxinus mandshurica（Oleaceae） plantation

The investigation was carried out on 10-year-old plantation of Fraxinus mandshurica in Mao‘er Mountain Experimental Station of Northeast Forest University.tree height(H),diameter at breast height(D1.3) and the increment of tree height in 5 years (H5),the thickness of humus layer,as well as the soil moisture were measured for the plantation and the growth indexes(H,D1.3,H5) for different site conditions were analyzed.The results showedthat main site factors influencing the growth of Fraxinus mandshurica were soil moisture,gradient and location of siope in order.The growth of Fraxinus mandshurica was better on the middle-or up-slope site than on the down-slope site.Soil moisture and late frost caused by terrain are the main reasons that limit the growth of Fraxinus mandshurica plantation.     

A study on the geographic variation and selection of the best provenance ofLarix olgensis

On the basis of the results from the geographic provenance test of nine years oldlarix olgensis in Liangshui Natural Reserve of our university, a study on the geographic varition and the primary selection of the best provenance ofLarix olgensis was carried out. The main results are as follows: I.The different provenances ofLarix olgensis have rich and wide genetic variation, and exist a linear correlation with latitude and longitude in collection area. General trends are enumerated below: Provenances at lower latitude and more west longitude have lighter thousand seed weight, short growth period, higher increment, wide branches, rich leaves and crown as well as worst adaptabillity. It is a dual-way variation along with two directions of latitude and longitude, and also embodies a change gradually in climate condition from south to north. The temperatures in seed production site, especially the mean temperature in January and ≥10 °C accumulated temperature, are important factors that produce geographic variation forlarix olgensis. 2. The variation of different provenances in periodic biological phenomena and growth rhythm trends are that: 1 both of the provenances from Changbai Mt. (III) and Dashitou(IV) at low latitude belong to the centralized growth type, and have shout growth period, the difference between these two provenances is that the provenance from Changbai Mt. grows well in all time, Dashitou provennce is well only in later period; 2 the provenance from Baidao Mt. (II) at middle latitude belongs to even growth type and has longer grpwth period, this provenance has higher increment in early and later periods relatively; 3 Xiaobeihu provenance at high latitude is a growth type among II. III and IV provenances and has a general growth period, the provenance grows better in middle time and worse in later time. 3. The best provenance in Liangshui Natural Reserve and its meighbourhood is Dashitou Procenance, which growth in height, diameter and volume has exceeded 16. 28%, 46. 27%, 30. 58%, 78. 20, 82. 00% as well as 392. 00% by comparison with the mean value of the contrast and the worst provenance respectively, The result from the height growth of three, five, seven and nine years oldLarix olgensis by using the method of order correlation analysis demonstrates that it is possible to make early selection of the provenance. Meanwhile, data from juvenile and mature oflarix olgensis plantation also prove the reliability of the early selection. 4. The provenance heritabilities of nine years oldlarix olgensis in Liangshui Natural Reserve are follows: The heritability of the height growth (h²) is 0.79; The heritability of the diameter breast height (h²) is 0.791; The geretic gain is 24.5% and 40.36% respectively.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on photosynthesis, dark respiration and RuBPcase activity of three species seedlings in Changbai Mountain

Two-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis andFraxinus mandshurica were treated in open-top chambers with elevated CO₂ concentrations (700 μL·L⁻¹, 500 μL·L⁻¹) and ambient CO₂ concentrations (350 μL·L⁻¹) in Changbai Mountain from June to Sept. in 1999 and 2001. The net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxlase (RuBPcase) activity, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results indicated the RuBPcase activity of the three species seedlings increased at elevated CO₂ concentrations. The elevated CO₂ concentrations stimulated the net photosynthetic rates of three tree species exceptP. sylvestriformis grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ concentration. The dark respiration rates ofP. koraiensis andP. sylvestriformis increased under concentration of 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂, out that ofF. mandshurica decreased under both concentrations 700 μL·L⁻¹ and 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The seedlings ofF. mandshurica decreased in chlorophyll contents at elevated CO₂ concentrations. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070158). Knowledge Innovation Item of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-406) and “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: Zhou Yu-mei (1973-) Ph. Doctor, Assistant Research fellow Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shenyang 110016. P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-oldPicea koraiensis Nakai from the provenance trials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liangshui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi (50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation in growth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Great variation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, and along with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability. The growth characteristics ofPicea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshui provenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and 19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitude as well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances. There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance. The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation with tracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness and wood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was also investigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this species for pulpwood and plywood production. Foundation item: The paper was supported by National Key Project of The State Forestry Administration. (96-011-01-06) Biography: WANG Qiu-yu (1957-), female, professor in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Study on the provenance ofFraxinus mandshurica

This paper studied that the significant difference exists among the ten provenances of 9-year-oldFraxinus mandshurica stand. The rule of geographic variation is that dual continuous changes with longitude and latitude, and the provenance in the southwest range grows rapidly. There are positive significant correlation when the tree growth is influenced by ≥10°C accumulated temperature, duration of sunshine and annual precipitation. So it is suggested that Lushuihe and Maoershan provenances should be employed first in Maoershan Forest Farm and its neighborhoods. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

封山育林对小兴安岭东部地区蒙古栎林主要乔木种群径级结构的影响

在黑龙江省小兴安岭东部地区(东经444-4726 N?北纬2633-13141? 海拔400-1000 m), 对不同封育时间、不同坡向的蒙古栎林中的主要乔木树种径级结构进行分析。在阳坡,针对封育5年 16年和24年蒙古栎种群, 分别选择6个重复样地。在阴坡,也同样分别选择6块样地。每块样地的面积为20 m×20 m。在每块样地中, 测量各树的胸高直径,树高和冠幅直径。结果表明:在封育5年样地内,蒙古栎、糠椴和黄榆种群的数量均随着径级的增加而单调下降,表明均为增长型种群;在封育16年以后,由于林内乔木层的盖度较大,糠椴和黄榆种群均呈不同程度的衰退,已经成为蒙古栎种群的伴生种群;封育24年样地中,蒙古栎种群明显成为优势树种。在阳坡随封育时间延长乔木层盖度增长较快,而阴坡乔木层盖度增长较慢;糠椴和黄榆种群随封育时间延长逐步衰退的现象在阳坡比阴坡表现明显。图2表1参8。     

Effects of intercropping systems of trees with soybean on soil physicochemical properties in juvenile plantations

The intercropping system of tree with soybean in juvenile plantations, as a short-term practice, was applied at Lao Shan Experimental Station in Mao’er Shan Forest of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. The larch (Larix gmelinii)/soybean (Glycine max.) and ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) intercropping systems were studied in the field to assess the effects of the intercropping on soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that soil physical properties were improved after soybean intercropping with larch and ash in one growing season. The soil bulk density in larch/soybean and ash/soybean systems was 1.112 g·cm⁻³ and 1.058 g·cm⁻³, respectively, which was lower than that in the pure larch or ash plantation without intercropping. The total soil porosity also increased after intercropping. The organic matter amount in larch/soybean system was 1.77 times higher than that in the pure larch plantation, and it was 1.09 times higher in ash/soybean system than that in the pure ash plantation. Contents of total nitrogen and hydrolyzable nitrogen in larch/soybean system were 4.2% and 53.0% higher than those in the pure larch stand. Total nitrogen and hydrolyzable nitrogen contents in ash/soybean system were 75.5% and 3.3% higher than those in the pure ash plantation. Total phosphorus content decreased after intercropping, while change of available phosphorus showed an increasing trend. Total potassium and available potassium contents in the larch/soybean system were 0.6% and 17.5% higher than those in the pure larch stand. Total potassium and available potassium contents in the ash/soybean system were 56.4% and 21.8% higher than those in the pure ash plantation. Biography: FAN A-nan (1972–), female, Ph. Doctor in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China.     

培育措施对人工林樟子松木材力学性质的影响

研究了不同培育措施(初植密度、间伐强度、坡向、坡位)对人工林樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)木材的密度和力学性质(横纹抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度、冲击韧性、端面硬度)的影响。初植密度(1.5m×1.0m,1.5m×2.0m和1.5m×2.5m)对木材密度和抗弯弹性模量有显著的影响。初植密度为1.5m×1.0m时,木材主要力学指标值最大。适当间伐可提高木材的抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度,但重度间伐则会降低木材的力学强度。坡向(阳坡和阴坡)对木材的抗弯弹性模量影响显著,阳坡高于阴坡。坡位(上坡位和下坡位)对除端面硬度外的木材力学性质指标影响都显著,各项力学指标值均是坡下高于坡上。表5参9。     

Effect of water stress on N2O emission rate of 5 tree species

The N₂O emission rates, photosynthesis, respiration and stomatal conductance of the dominant tree species from broadleaf/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain were measured by simulated water stress with the closed bag-gas chromatography. A total of five species seedlings were involved in this study, i.e.,Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr,Juglans mandshurica Maxim,Tilia amurensis Rupr, andQuercus mongolica Fisch. ex Turcz.. The results showed that the stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and N₂O emission of leaves were significantly reduced under the water stress. The stoma in the leaves of trees is the main pathway of N₂O emission. N₂O emission in the trees mainly occurred during daytime. N₂O emission rates were different in various tree specie seedlings at the same water status. In the same tree species, N₂O emission rates decreased as the reduction of soil water contents. At different soil water contents (MW, LW) the N₂O emission rates ofPinus koraiensis decreased by 34.43% and 100.6% of those in normal water condition, respectively. In broadleaf arbor decreased by 31.93% and 86.35%, respectively. Under different water stresses N₂O emission rates in five tree species such asPinus koraiensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, andQuercus mongolica were 38.22, 14.44, 33.02, 16.48 and 32.33 ngN₂O·g⁻¹DW·h⁻¹, respectively. Foundation item: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30271068), the grant of the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ-CX-SW-01-01B-10), and the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Program of China (No. G1999043407) Biography: Wang Miao (1964-), male, associate professor in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

苦楝种源果核和种子性状地理变异的趋势面分析

正苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)为楝科(Meliaceae)楝属(Melia L.)植物,俗称楝树、紫花树等,是速生、优质的多用途用材树种。我国苦楝资源丰富,分布广泛,从北方的河北保定、山西运城和甘肃陇南到南方的海南崖县,从东部的台湾、福建沿海到西部的四川和云南,分布范围覆盖中国陆地的三分之一[1],集中     

落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸幼苗生长的影响

A study was conducted to detect the effect of water extracts from different parts such as root, bark, branch and leaf, of adult larch, Larix gmelini, trees on growth of Manchurian walnut, Juglans mandshudca, seedlings and the allelopathy between the two tree species. Four concentrations （100 g. kg i, 50 g. kg^-1, 25 g. kg^-1 and 12.5 g. kg^-1） were prepared for each kind of extracts. Result showed that the water extracts with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the growth of collar diameter and increased biomass and root/shoot ratio of walnut seedlings. The water extracts from branches and barks with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the height growth of the seedlings, while those from leaves and roots slightly decreased the height growth of seedlings. The fact that application of water extracts of larch improved the growth of Manchurian walnut attributes possibly to the allelopathy between the two tree species.     

Relationship between witches’ broom protein and dynamic of some amino acids inPaulownia tree leaves

This paper dealt with the SDS polyacrymide gel electrophoresis of proteins and analysis of the amino acids in the diseased and healthy leaves with the same strain respectively, which were at the same side and height, ofPaulownia catalpifolia, P. elongata, P. albiphloea andP. kauakamii respectively. The results indicated that the leaves of 4 species ofPaulownia trees with witches’ broom had one protein band, of which molecular weight was 12 kD, which did not appear in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas. Moreover, the protein quantity in the affected leaves was more than that in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas; At the same time, there was significant difference on the amino acids between the healthy and diseased leaves ofP. catalpifolia andP. kawakamii. The amount of cystine in the affected leaves was higher than that in the healthy leaves, but the change of amount of phenylalanine in the affected and healthy leaves was contrary. These changes of proteins and amino acids in the leaves might be related to the witches’ broom of theParlounia trees. (Responsible Editor: Dai Fangtian)     

The preliminary study on juvenile-mature correlation ofPinus koraiensis

Through studying seven analytic trees from two stands ofPinus koraiensis artificial forests, the results show that the individual variation coefficient of tree heigh, dbh and volume decreases with age increasing after age of 25. Age of 25 is the age that difference of individual growth is from acute difference to comparatively stability. The optimum selection age is 25a forPinus koraiensis’s artificial forests according to the analysis of juvenile-mature correlation, and early selection efficiency. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Genetic variation and division of Pinus sylvestris provenances by ISSR markers

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) was used to detect genetic variation among nine provenances, including 135 individuals. A total of 108 loci were amplified using 10 random primers. The differentiation of the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) among different provenances was evident, ranging from 27% to 54%, of which Honghuaerji provenance had the highest PPB and Kalunshan provenance had the lowest PPB. Shannon's Information index (I) at species level was 0.1581 and Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.2393. Coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST) calculated by Popgene was 0.3965, these results indicated that majority of genetic variation (60.35%) was found within provenances. According to dendrogram amongpinus sylvestriv provenances, nine provenances were divided into two provenance areas, namely Daxing's and Xiaoxing'an Mountains provenance area and Hulunbeier provenance area. Foundation item: This study was supported by National Scientific and Technological Brainstorm Project. Biography: LI Hui-yu (1978-), female, Ph.D. candidate, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan