怎样利用氨基酸配制奶牛日粮

九十年代提出了泌乳牛氨基酸的需要量 ,是奶牛蛋白质营养研究的重大突破 ,已成为反刍动物蛋白质新体系的核心。过瘤胃氨基酸的工业化生产 ,使利用氨基酸配制奶牛日粮成为现实。用过瘤胃氨基酸、过瘤胃脂肪和优质牧草可以配制出高营养浓度的平衡日粮 ,使奶牛的高产潜力能得以最大限度的发挥。本文将重点介绍利用氨基酸配制高产奶牛日粮的方法和步骤。１首先确定泌乳牛氨基酸的需要量赖氨酸、蛋氨酸是泌乳牛合成乳蛋白的限制性氨基酸 ,在乳蛋白合成中 ,赖氨酸应占代谢蛋白质（又称小肠可消化蛋白质）的７ ３ %,蛋氨酸为２ ５ %（Ｒｕｌｑｕｉ…     

液态蛋氨酸羟基类似物在奶牛中的应用效果与影响因素

NRC2 0 0 1年版奶牛营养需要从蛋白质维持需要和乳蛋白生产的综合效果看 ,奶牛所需的小肠代谢蛋白质 (MP)中赖氨酸 (Lys)和蛋氨酸 (Met)的最佳浓度分别为 7 2 %和 2 4%左右。对于采食以玉米为基础日粮的高产奶牛 ,蛋氨酸和赖氨酸是乳和乳蛋白合成时的第一和第二限制性氨基酸(R     

稳定和提高牛奶蛋白质含量的营养策略

乳腺是一个复杂的器官,组织和细胞类型繁杂,乳腺氨基酸代谢受到众多因素影响,如日粮组成、氨基酸成分、饲料添加剂、瘤胃功能等等。足量的比例平衡的氨基酸对奶牛营养具有重要意义,了解氨基酸的供应与平衡可以预测乳蛋白的产出。日粮蛋白质和氨基酸对乳蛋白含量与产量有重要影响。在大部分日粮条件下,蛋氨酸是第一限制性氨基酸,通过理化方法保护蛋氨酸过瘤胃可以改善蛋氨酸的生物有效性。此外,赖氨酸和支链氨基酸(异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸等)对于乳蛋白合成也很重要。当氨基酸不足以用于乳蛋白合成时,可从肽结合氨基酸库中释放。某些情况下,氨基酸平衡对乳蛋白合成的重要性更甚于日粮蛋白质的含量,适宜比例的必需氨基酸能增加乳蛋白合成,氨基酸平衡的改善可促进乳蛋白合成,提高奶产量。当日粮粗饲料质量较差时,可溶性碳水化合物可能成为瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的限制因素,导致乳蛋白前体物数量下降。需要同时优化瘤胃内微生物蛋白质合成和适宜补充氨基酸,才能满足乳蛋白合成的需要。     

液态蛋氨酸羟基类似物的瘤胃降解情况的研究进展

根据康乃尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质体系(CNCPS)，高产奶牛的第一限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸(MET)。对于采食以玉米为基础日粮的高产奶牛，蛋氨酸和赖氨酸是机体乳和乳蛋白合成时的第一或第二限制性氨基酸(Rulquin等1993；Schwab等1992)。     

奶牛过瘤胃蛋氨酸和过瘤胃赖氨酸营养研究进展

反刍动物蛋白质营养的核心是氨基酸营养,蛋氨酸和赖氨酸是奶牛代谢蛋白(MP)中的限制性氨基酸,是反刍动物增重、产奶的主要限制性氨基酸,因此对氨基酸营养的研究主要集中在这两种氨基酸上.反刍动物由于具有复杂的瘤胃系统,日粮中添加游离赖氨酸和游离蛋氨酸的作用甚微.因此,补充的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸营养素如何有效地通过瘤胃,被机体有效吸收、利用和代谢,一直是营养学家研究的热点和重点问题.本文就过瘤胃赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的需要量、保护技术、在动物体内的消化吸收及添加效果作一综述.     

日粮中添加蛋氨酸对奶牛产奶性能的研究

蛋氨酸 (或赖氨酸 )通常被认为是合成奶牛乳蛋白的第一限制性氨基酸 ,很多报道 ,对反刍动物来说 ,补充游离氨基酸效果不佳 ,对氨基酸加以保护可以弥补这一缺陷。但也有相反的报道。试验通过在日粮中添加蛋氨酸对上述结论进行验证。试验分为试验 1组、试验 2组和对照组。试验 1组日粮中添加蛋氨酸 ,试验 2组日粮中添加保护性蛋氨酸 ,通过 4 9d的集中饲养奶牛试验 ,结果表明 ,奶牛日粮中添加保护性蛋氨酸比添加普通蛋氨酸能明显的提高乳蛋白率 1 .6 2 % ,其他指标变化不明显     

奶牛的氨基酸营养

自NRC2001年发布奶牛的营养需要量以来,奶牛日粮配方就不再仅为了满足传统的蛋白质需要,同时至少需要对日粮的首要限制性氨基酸——蛋氨酸和赖氨酸进行平衡。在开发氨基酸供应亚模型时所采用的严谨方法,以及随后对氨基酸需要量的推荐进一步充实了＂理想蛋白质＂的原理。     

奶牛小肠蛋白质体系的局限性与氨基酸平衡

现在国内外已将奶牛的可消化粗蛋白体系改进为小肠可消化蛋白质体系,但由于小肠蛋白质的氨基酸组成变异性很大,其CV高达5.6%~19.2%,因而导致可代谢蛋白质的转化效率不稳定,表观效率便会掩盖实际需要。奶牛的第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,较多研究认为组氨酸为第三限制性氨基酸,但当肝后部提供的组氨酸不能满足产奶需要时,组氨酸可来自体储存的分解,因此尚不能完全确定。据对87个试验结果的统计分析表明,在瘤胃后供给额外的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,则奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白量、乳蛋白率均明显增加;对48个试验结果的统计分析结果表明,在可代谢蛋白质被满足供应的基础上,当赖氨酸和蛋氨酸分别达到7.08%和2.35%时,乳蛋白质产量达到最高点。法国INRA在其试验的基础上,确定小肠可消化真蛋白质中的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的适宜含量为7.3%和2.5%,由于我国现行的是小肠可消化粗蛋白质体系,故建议其赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量为6.0%和1.9%,但须评定瘤胃微生物蛋白质和饲料非降解蛋白质的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量,并调整日粮使其达到平衡。     

日粮中添加蛋氨酸和赖氨酸对奶牛乳产量和氮素利用的影响

试验研究了代谢蛋白质中赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能和氮素利用的影响。对照组日粮能量充足但代谢蛋白质轻微受限。代谢蛋白质中蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的浓度分别为1.87%和5.93%,处理组如下(可代谢蛋白质中蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的百分数):L=以干物质计,对照日粮中添加0.49%的L-蛋氨酸盐酸盐(蛋氨酸,1.87;赖氨酸,7.00);M=对照日粮添加0.15%的2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸(HMB)(蛋氨酸2.35;赖氨酸5.93);ML=对照组日粮同时添加0.49%赖氨酸盐酸盐和0.15%的2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸(蛋氨酸2.39;赖氨酸7.10)。以上日粮用于饲喂60头泌乳中期奶牛,连续饲喂8周。单独添加赖氨酸(1.5 kg/d)或蛋氨酸(2.0 kg/d)可提高牛乳产量,且同时添加2种氨基酸可进一步提高牛乳产量(3.8 kg/d)。不同处理组奶牛采食量差异不显著。与对照组和饲喂L日粮组奶牛相比,饲喂M和ML组日粮的奶牛乳脂肪含量较高,但乳蛋白、乳糖和体细胞数各处理组差异不显著。添加蛋氨酸或赖氨酸可显著提高动脉血浆中蛋氨酸和赖氨酸浓度。饲喂ML日粮奶牛摄入氮向乳氮的转化率高于对照组,而血清、尿液和乳中尿氮浓度低于对照组。饲喂可代谢蛋白质轻微受限的日粮时,添加HMB和L-蛋氨酸盐酸盐以提供2.3%蛋氨酸和7.0%赖氨酸提高了乳产量、乳蛋白产量和氮素利用率。     

奶牛过瘤胃氨基酸的补加

最近的研究表明，补加氨基酸可减少奶牛日粮中过瘤胃蛋白质（ＵＤＰ）的供应量，同时提高总产奶量和乳蛋白含量。 在泌乳前期，奶牛的干物质采食量较低，而泌乳量较高。这就需要在日粮中有足够的可利用能量和蛋白质。现在瘤胃保护脂肪或过瘤胃脂肪被用来补充以谷类为基础的传统精料，为高产奶牛提供了可通过瘤胃的足够能量。相类似地提供足够的瘤胃微生物蛋白质，以便提供足够的氨基酸，从而使高产奶牛获得最大产奶量和乳蛋白。２０世纪９０年代早期，人们就发现蛋氨酸和赖氨酸是合成奶蛋白的限制性氨基酸，在此基础上奶牛营养学家借助计算…     

Influence of abomasal infusion of high levels of lysine or methionine, or both, on ruminal fermentation, eating behavior, and performance of lactating dairy cows

Four multiparous late-lactation Holstein cows were fed a basal ration designed to be co-limiting in intestinally absorbable supplies of methionine and lysine. Cows were supplemented with no amino acids, lysine by abomasal infusion to 140% of the calculated intestinally absorbable requirement, methionine by abomasal infusion to 140% of requirement, or both amino acids in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Unsupplemented cows consumed 23.8 kg/d of dry matter and produced 36.9 kg/d of milk containing 3.70% fat, 3.22% protein, and 4.82% lactose. Cows ate less dry matter and produced less milk and milk lactose, and tended (P = .06 or .08) to produce less milk protein when abomasally infused with methionine alone or together with lysine. Infusion of lysine alone resulted in production values numerically between those of unsupplemented cows and those cows supplemented with methionine alone or together with lysine. Evaluation of the results with two metabolic models of dairy cows indicated that performance of unsupplemented cows may have been limited by delivery of metabolizable or digestible protein, or intestinally absorbable lysine, isoleucine, or histidine, depending on the metabolic model used to evaluate animal performance. Regardless, results are consistent with those using nonruminant species, which have shown that imbalanced profiles of intestinally absorbable amino acids are associated with reduced dry matter intake and animal performance. Results also show that negative effects on performance of lactating dairy cows can occur if methionine is supplied at levels substantially in excess of calculated intestinally absorbable requirements, either alone or together with lysine.     

Amino acid utilisation by dairy cows. II. Concept of amino acid requirementsUtilisation des acides aminés par les vaches laitières. II. Concept des besoins en acides aminésAminosäureverwertung bei milchkühen. II. Zum konzept des aminosäurenbedarfs

In dairy cows amino acids may be required for four processes: maintenance; as precursors for the synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis); for protein deposition in muscle or associated with foetal growth; and for the synthesis of milk protein.Estimates of the protein requirements for maintenance are often conflicting and seem far from accurate. Estimates of the ratio in which essential amino acids are required for maintenance are not yet available.Requirements of amino acids for gluconeogenesis are difficult to estimate. It seems rather unlikely that essential amino acids will be used in significant quantities for gluconeogenesis, even at high milk yields.Protein requirements for pregnancy and muscle growth in dairy cows are relatively low. The ratio in which essential amino acids are supplied in the blood seems adequate for both processes.Amino acid requirements for milk protein synthesis are somewhat higher than the net protein output. This is particularly true for essential amino acids of which, in the mammary gland, a surplus of some 50% needs to be extracted from the blood. The ratio in which essential amino acids are supplied to the mammary gland seems reasonably adequate for milk protein synthesis.     

Research Progress on Milk Protein Synthesis Regulated by Amino Acids in the Mammary Gland and Its Molecular Mechanism in Dairy Cows

Milk proteins have great nutritional value,rich contain and balanced profile of amino acid,which provide nearly all the essential amino acids for the human body.However more than 90% of milk proteins are synthesed by the amino acids in the mammary gland.Furthermore,the amino acid is not only funcion as the substrates of milk protein synthesis,but also as the signaling molecules to regulate milk protein sysnthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways.It is essential to further study milk protein synthesis regulated by amino acids in the mammary gland and the molecular mechanism in dairy cows.The paper reviewed the supply of amino acids,metabolism of amino acids by mammary gland,factors affecting amino acid utilization and signal pathway for amino acid regulation in milk protein synthesis.     

氨基酸对奶牛乳腺蛋白质合成调控及其分子机制的研究进展

乳蛋白中含有大量人体所需的必需氨基酸,其组成平衡、含量丰富,是一种具有极高营养价值的蛋白质,而乳中 90%以上的蛋白质是乳腺利用氨基酸从头合成的,因此氨基酸对奶牛乳蛋白合成发挥着重要的作用。此外,氨基酸不仅是合成乳蛋白不可或缺的前体物质,而且还是重要的信号调控因子,通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR） 信号通路调控乳蛋白的合成。基于此,作者就影响奶牛乳腺氨基酸供应、摄取、利用的因素及氨基酸的信号传导作用的研究进展进行综述,以期为提高乳蛋白的合成提供一定的理论基础。     

放牧对乳成分和乳产品感官品质影响的研究进展

集约化养殖提高了牧场奶牛的生产效率,其生产过程中动物福利、环境保护以及产品质量等议题也逐渐引起消费者的关注。放牧养殖将户外放牧和牧草采食作为养殖模式的评判标准,其产品正逐渐受到欧美等发达国家消费者的青睐。饲料中的优质牧草是影响乳成分及其乳制品品质的主要因素之一,牧草中较高的纤维含量维持了瘤胃健康,较高的不饱和脂肪酸提高了乳脂中不饱和脂肪酸的比例,丰富的可降解蛋白提供了乳蛋白的合成原料,并且牧草中脂肪酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物和其他营养物质在奶牛体内的代谢影响了牛奶以及乳制品的感官品质。作者重点关注一些国家放牧养殖的实际状况和标准要求,及其与有机养殖的差异对比,并分析放牧养殖和全混合日粮喂养条件下饲料成分差异对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响,以及由此造成的牛奶脂肪、蛋白成分和感官指标等方面的差异。     

Advance on Effects of Grass Feeding on Milk Composition and Sensory Quality of Dairy Products

With the development of intensive cultivation in dairy cows,the production efficiency of dairy farms has been improved.However,issues such as animal welfare,environmental protection and product quality of dairy farm have received more attention.As judging criteria in the pattern,outdoor grazing and grass intake necessary in grass-fed farming,and its products are gradually being favored by consumers in developed countries,such as Europe and the United States.The effect of grass-fed on milk and dairy products mainly depend on the quality of forage grass.The high fiber content in forage grass maintains rumen health,high unsaturated fatty acids increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat,and rich degradable proteins promote milk protein synthesis.The metabolism of fatty acids,amino acids,carbohydrates and other nutrients from forage in dairy cows may affect the sensory quality of milk and dairy products.This review focused on the actual situation and standard requirements of grass-fed in some countries,and their differences compared with organic farming,and analyzed the effects of feed composition differences on rumen metabolism of dairy cows under grazing farming and total mixed diet feeding conditions,as well as resulting differences in milk fat,protein and sensory indicators.     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

过瘤胃氨基酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能、乳成分和血液生化指标的影响

为研究日粮添加过瘤胃氨基酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能、乳成分、血液生化指标和经济效益的影响,选择96 头体况良好、健康的泌乳早期荷斯坦牛,泌乳天数为（65±15）天。采用单因素随机区组试验设计,按照年龄、胎次和产奶量相近的原则,将96 头奶牛随机分为对照组和试验组,每组48 头。对照组为基础日粮,试验组在对照组日粮的基础上添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸（RPMet）和过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）,添加量分别为18 g/头·天和35 g/头·天。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加RPMet和RPLys显著提高产奶量（P=0.034）,对干物质采食量和饲料转化率无显著影响（P>0.050）;添加RPMet和RPLys显著降低乳尿素氮含量（P=0.015）,对乳脂率有增加的趋势（P=0.096）,对乳蛋白率、乳体细胞数、乳糖率和总固形物含量无显著影响（P>0.050）;添加RPMet和RPLys显著提高血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）和血糖（GLU）含量,显著降低尿素氮（BUN）含量（P=0.049）,对谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、球蛋白（GLOB）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）含量无显著影响（P>0.050）;添加RPMet和RPLys可提高经济效益3.60 元/头·天。综上所述,日粮添加RPMet和RPLys可提高泌乳早期奶牛的产奶量,增加经济效益。     

Influence of postruminal supplementation of methionine and lysine, isoleucine, or all three amino acids on intake and chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation, and milk and milk component production.

Four multiparous Holstein cows were fed a basal diet balanced with the Cornell Net Protein and Carbohydrate System (CNCPS). Diets were formulated to be co-limiting in intestinally absorbable supplies of methionine, lysine, and isoleucine. Cows were supplemented with no amino acids (control); lysine and methionine in a ruminally protected form; isoleucine by abomasal infusion; or lysine, methionine, and isoleucine in a 4x4 Latin square arrangement of treatments with 28-d periods. Performance of cows on all treatments was lower than expected due to low intake of DM that could have been caused by the high fiber level of the basal diet. This high fiber level was likely responsible for the high daily chewing times for cows fed all diets, which was consistent with the high ruminal pH values. Intake of DM and its components were not influenced by any treatment. Milk protein percentage tended to be higher when cows were fed diets supplemented with ruminally protected lysine and methionine; however, production of milk, milk fat, and milk lactose were not affected by any treatment. Cows tended to have a higher milk lactose proportion and tended to produce more milk and milk lactose when they were abomasally infused with isoleucine alone. However, when cows were supplemented with all three amino acids, milk production and composition did not differ from that of cows fed the unsupplemented diet. Use of the CNCPS to evaluate the performance of the cows fed the unsupplemented diet suggested that these cows may have been colimited by intestinally absorbable supplies of lysine, isoleucine, and methionine in addition to metabolizable protein. Evaluation of the unsupplemented diet with an alternate model, Shield, suggested that cows fed the unsupplemented diet may have been colimited by intestinally absorbable supplies of lysine, isoleucine, and arginine. Results suggest that enhanced delivery of intestinally absorbable isoleucine may stimulate milk lactose synthesis.     

Performance of dairy cows fed an entirely organic diet containing cold-pressed rapeseed cake

Abstract

Organic dairy production will be based entirely on organically grown feeds as of 2008, and thereby a demand is created to find suitable feeds that are possible to grow locally. The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether milk yield and milk composition were maintained when cows were fed a 100% organic diet, with around 15% of dietary DM from cold-pressed organic rapeseed cake, compared to a 95% organic diet, in which a conventional protein source was used. Two experimental groups included 20 cows each and the study was carried out during two indoor periods. For cows fed the rapeseed cake diet, milk yield increased by 3.0 kg/day, but contents of milk fat and milk protein of multiparous cows decreased, resulting in similar yields of energy-corrected milk in early lactation. Milk from cows fed rapeseed cake had increased content of unsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid. In conclusion, it is possible to maintain milk production of dairy cows fed 100% organic feedstuffs using cold-pressed rapeseed cake as the main protein source compared to a 95% organic ration.