野生动物体内寄生虫感染现状

根据近年来对青藏高原和秦岭野生动物寄生虫研究现状,查阅大量国内外文献,对野生动物体内寄生虫的感染情况进行综述,以期对相关研究有所启发或提供参考。     

野生动物肠道寄生虫感染调查

采取生理盐水涂片法以及碘液染色法,对采集的野生动物粪便样本进行肠道寄生虫感染的种类以及阳性率的测定。试验结果表明,共有7种寄生虫对野生动物有较为严重的威胁,采样动物园的肠道寄生虫感染率为59%。通过对野生动物肠道寄生虫感染情况的调查研究,能够为寄生虫病的研究起到指导作用,保证野生动物健康。     

动物园野生动物消化道寄生虫感染调查

本文旨在探究动物园野生动物的消化道寄生虫感染情况。在2019年1月—3月期间,对某动物园的野生动物粪便作采样分析,统计其消化道寄生虫感染情况。结果表明消化道寄生虫的感染率为43.20%。上述结果表明该动物园内野生动物消化道寄生虫感染现象较为普遍,需要做好驱虫工作。     

西宁野生动物园野生动物肠道寄生虫的调查

<正>寄生虫病是对野生动物危害比较严重的疾病,尤其是在散养和半散养的野生动物中常见且多发的疾病,其可危害动物机体,影响其生长发育,严重者甚至可导致死亡。由于多数寄生虫病,尤其是蠕虫病常为慢性病,不像传染病那样传播迅速,发病明显,往往被人们忽视或重视程度不够。菅复春等[1]的研究表明,动物园野生动物和灵长类动物因感染寄生虫造成的死亡率在5%~8%之间。陆凤琳等[2]报道,动物园肉食动物寄生虫的感染率达到95.24%。因此,控     

苏格兰牧羊犬伊维菌素中毒及救治1例

伊维菌素注射液为广谱抗生素类驱虫药,皮下注射、口服或局部外用对体内外寄生虫均有较强的杀灭效果,具有用量少、作用强、安全性高、毒副作用低等优点,是畜禽、宠物、野生动物驱杀体内外寄生虫的最佳药物。     

野猪寄生虫调查报告

野猪（sus scrofa）是大巴山一带常见的一种野生动物。近年来,随着国家西部大开发战略的实施,生态工程项目已见到明显成效,停耕还林的绿化面积扩大,生态恢复,环境改善,野生动物增殖较快,饲养繁殖野猪的农户也不断增加。为查明本地区猪科动物寄生虫感染情况,1980年以来,我们在两次调查家猪寄生虫的同时,对野猪寄生虫进行了调查研究,现将结果报告于后。     

野生动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解四川某野生动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染情况,本试验采用离心沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对40种野生动物及混居水禽共计180份粪便样本进行调查。寄生虫总感染率为74.4%,共发现8种寄生虫,其中球虫、阿米巴原虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、毛细线虫、圆线虫、绦虫和吸虫感染率分别为31.1%、19.4%、15.6%、10.6%、17.2%、20.6%、4.4%和1.7%。结果表明,某野生动物肠寄生虫感染较为普遍,应采取有效的综合防治措施,以保证野生动物的健康。     

西宁野生动物园禽类肠道寄生虫调查研究

为调查西宁野生动物园禽类肠道寄生虫感染情况，作者于2021年10月采集9种94份粪便样品，应用饱和蔗糖漂浮法和沉淀法对粪便样本进行了检查。结果显示，寄生虫感染阳性样本数为13份，占样本总数的13.8%。此次实验共计检查出有3种寄生虫感染了禽类，按照感染例数排列顺序为：球虫、蛔虫、异刺线虫。感染强度测定结果显示，大多数野生动物粪便样本中虫卵或卵囊感染强度较低。研究表明，西宁野生动物园禽类肠道寄生虫感染防控效果较好，需要持续加强寄生虫的监测工作。     

圈养珍稀野生动物肠道寄生虫感染情况及其形态观察

对陕西省野生动物驯养繁育技术中心的3种圈养珍稀野生动物进行了肠道寄生虫感染情况、种类及形态的调查。采用生理盐水涂片及碘液染色法,对3种52只(头)野生动物的粪便进行检查,并对检出的寄生虫进行数码显微摄片,结果共检出肠道寄生虫17种。红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)、孔雀(Pavo muticus)、野猪(Sus scrofa)寄生虫总感染率分别为84.2%、77.8%、80%,以芽囊原虫(Blastocystis sp.)、赖利绦虫(Raillietina sp.)、蛔虫(Ascaridia sp.)、艾美耳属球虫(Eimeriasp.)感染较为突出。     

果子狸寄生虫病的检查和治疗

果子狸是热带、亚热带的野生动物。其肉质细嫩,味道鲜美,为历代国晏名菜,其皮毛又是制裘、高级画笔的上等原料。由于其经济价值高,不少人对其进行驯养。而野生动物在生吃其他动、植物时,都会有不同程度的寄生虫感染。故果子狸寄生虫感染严重,在人工驯养时如果不引起高度重视,将会影响驯化后的繁殖、肉质量及成活率。因寄生虫侵入动物机体后,其钩、吸盘、头节咬伤宿主的组织器官,侵入实质脏器会引起组织结构破损,多量寄生虫集结在一起还会引起阻塞,造成周围组织器官的压迫。寄生虫吸取宿主营养而使宿主发育停滞、消瘦、流产、死胎等。使宿主…     

Toxoplasma gondii infection in Colombia with a review of hosts and their ecogeographic distribution

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent zoonotic protozoan parasites among warm‐blooded animal populations (humans included) around the world, causing multiple clinic manifestations including death in the most severe cases of infection. Due to the versatile life cycle of T. gondii and its diversity of potential hosts, there is a common perception that natural areas and wildlife are highly prevalent reservoirs for the parasite; however, information and reports of the parasite on wildlife populations in Colombia are scarce. Using PRC‐based detection analyses of the B1 gene, we evaluated the presence of T. gondii in 49 native small mammal species (10% of the mammal species of Colombia) from 4 different undisturbed natural habitats. Additionally, to understand the ecogeographical distribution of the parasite in Colombia, we developed a literature search of infection reports including information on the host species, density of records and occurrence patterns (using landcover and ecoregions) in natural, rural and urban areas. Our literature review showed a total of 8,103 reports of T. gondii for Colombia of which 86% were related to humans, and 14% to non‐human mammals and other categories, with just a single report associated to wildlife; additionally, 82% of all reports were associated to urban areas whereas only 18% to rural sites. Based on the negative results for the presence of T. gondii in our PCR‐based analyses and our literature search, we suggest that T. gondii has a synanthropic distribution in Colombia occurring in ecoregions as variable as the xeric scrubs in the northern lowlands and humid montane Andean forests, also we show a lack of information on the parasite relationship with wildlife, a concerning fact given that zoonoses are the leading mechanism for the emergence of infectious diseases.     

野生动物弓形虫病研究进展

弓形虫是一种重要的胞内寄生原虫,可以感染几乎所有的温血动物。食肉性动物中猫科动物对弓形虫病的传播起着重要的作用,它是惟一的可以排泄含有弓形虫的卵囊到环境中的动物,进而使全世界的人和动物都有机会感染弓形虫病,而草食性动物和杂食性动物则是重要的中间宿主。然而野生动物感染弓形虫病之后往往缺少明显的临床症状,很难在第一时间判断出是否感染弓形虫。野生动物关系到整个生态系统的稳定,对整个生物界起着至关重要的作用,应该引起我们极大的关注和重视。论文就弓形虫在野生动物中的感染情况及临床症状加以概括,为其在野生动物中的流行趋势、诊断和防控的深入研究提供资料。     

Pigeons (Columba livia) are a suitable experimental model for Neospora caninum infection in birds

Neospora caninum infections in chickens have been recently described by epidemiological and experimental approaches, and these birds may be considered natural intermediate hosts of the parasite. It has been postulated that other bird species might perform this role in wildlife as well. To better understand the sylvatic life cycle of N. caninum, further studies are required. In that sense, this work aimed to observe infection kinetics in pigeons experimentally infected with N. caninum. Experimental infections were conducted in parallel with a related protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, which has been already described as able to infect pigeons in nature. Our results demonstrated that N. caninum disseminated through various tissues of this host and induced parasite-specific IgG seroconversion. Infection parameters were similar to that observed in the T. gondii infected group, although N. caninum-infected pigeons presented lower IgG titers during acute phase. The results herein described demonstrate that pigeons are a suitable model for N. caninum infection, considering that these data are in agreement with those observed in chickens experimentally infected with this parasite. As pigeons may be revealed as important reservoirs for N. caninum infection in nature, future studies are necessary to determine the real prevalence of this parasite in this and other birds in wildlife.     

隐孢子虫检测方法研究进展

隐孢子虫是一种能引起人、畜和野生动物共同感染的原虫.由于隐孢子虫卵囊很小,在光镜下观察缺乏明显的特征,检测比较困难,为寻找高效的检测方法,国内外学者在隐孢子虫检测方面进行了大量的研究.文章综述了近年来用于检测隐孢子虫的主要方法,并初步分析了各种方法的 优、缺点.     

Sylvatic Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi Among Domestic and Wildlife Reservoirs in Texas,USA: A Review of the Historical Literature

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases affecting the Americas. The transmission dynamic of this parasite is a complicated process that involves three genera of Triatominae subfamily and over 100 known mammalian reservoirs composed of domestic, peridomestic and wildlife species. Understanding the complex relationship between vector species and mammalian hosts is important for preventing transmission to humans. We performed a historical literature review to assess the disease burden in the Texas wildlife and domestic animal population. Reports of sylvatic transmission in Texas date back to the 1940s. We found that up to 23 species can serve as reservoirs for T. cruzi in the state with wood rats, raccoons, and wild and domestic canine species most frequently reported as positive for the parasite. We finish with a discussion of the current research gaps, implications for high‐risk populations and future directions for research.     

First isolation of Trichinella britovi from a wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Belgium

Since 1992, when the European Union Council Directive requires that wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in EU for commercial purpose should be examined for Trichinella, the infection has not been detected in wild boars from Belgium, despite serological evidence of the presence of anti-Trichinella antibodies in wildlife and previous reports of Trichinella larvae in this host species. In November 2004, Trichinella larvae were detected in a wild boar hunted near Mettet, Namur province (Southern Belgium). Larvae were identified as Trichinella britovi by polymerase chain reaction methods. This is the first report of the identification of Trichinella larvae from Belgium at the species level. The detection of T. britovi in wildlife in Belgium is consistent with findings of this parasite in other European countries and confirms the need to test game meat for Trichinella to prevent its transmission to humans.     

Factors affecting the flow among domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of Trichinella

Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are maintained in nature by sylvatic or domestic cycles. The sylvatic cycle is widespread on all continents, from frigid to torrid zones, and it is maintained by cannibalism and scavenging behavior of carnivores. Trichinella is primarily a parasite of carnivorous mammals, although one non-encapsulated species, Trichinella pseudospiralis, has also been detected in birds. The anaerobic metabolism of larvae in nurse cells allows their survival in extremely decayed meat. Encapsulated larvae in the decomposing carcass function similarly to the species-dispersing population of eggs or larvae of other nematodes, suggesting that the natural cycle of Trichinella includes a free-living stage when the parasite is no longer protected by the homeothermy of the host. Consequently, environmental temperature and humidity play an important role in the transmission of Trichinella among wildlife. Of the 10 recognized genotypes of Trichinella, only Trichinella spiralis is transmitted and maintained in a domestic cycle, although it can be present also in wildlife. All other genotypes (Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, T. pseudospiralis, Trichinella murrelli, Trichinella nelsoni and Trichinella papuae, Trichinella T6, T8, and T9) are transmitted and maintained only in a sylvatic cycle. This generalization does not preclude sylvatic species of Trichinella from invading the domestic habitat, and T. spiralis may return to this habitat when humans fail in the management of wildlife and domestic animals. However, the presence of sylvatic genotypes of Trichinella in the domestic habitat represents a "dead-end" for the sylvatic cycle. Synanthropic animals (rats, foxes, mustelids, cats, dogs, etc.) contribute to the flow of sylvatic Trichinella genotypes from wildlife to domestic animals and of T. spiralis from domestic to sylvatic animals. Furthermore, human behavior not only influences the transmission patterns of Trichinella genotypes in the domestic habitat, but also it can contribute to the transmission and spread of this infection among wildlife, for example by improper hunting practices.     

World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans

The etiological agents of human trichinellosis show virtually worldwide distribution in domestic and/or wild animals, with the exception of Antarctica, where the presence of the parasite has not been reported. This global distribution of Trichinella and varying cultural eating habits represent the main factors favouring human infections in industrialised and non-industrialised countries. Human trichinellosis has been documented in 55 (27.8%) countries around the world. In several of these countries, however, trichinellosis affects only ethnic minorities and tourists because the native inhabitants do not consume uncooked meat or meat of some animal species. Trichinella sp. infection has been documented in domestic animals (mainly pigs) and in wildlife of 43 (21.9%) and 66 (33.3%) countries, respectively. Of the 198 countries of the world, approximately 40 (20%) are small islands far from the major continents, or city-states where Trichinella sp. cannot circulate among animals for lack of local fauna (both domestic and wild). Finally, information on the occurrence of Trichinella sp. infection in domestic and/or wildlife is still lacking for 92 countries.     

Immunological approaches to the control of tuberculosis in wildlife reservoirs

Attempts to eradicate tuberculosis from cattle and farmed deer in some countries have been frustrated by the existence of wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Possum control programmes in New Zealand using poisons have shown clearly that the brushtail possum is an important source of infection for cattle and farmed deer, and the sum of evidence strongly suggests that badgers serve as a source of infection for cattle in the UK. Bovine tuberculosis can only be eradicated from these countries by controlling M. bovis infection in both wildlife and domestic animals. The most promising options for control of M. bovis infection in wildlife in the longer term include the development of a tuberculosis vaccine for wildlife and a strategy for biological control of possums. The aim of this review is to address the problems and approaches involved in the control of wildlife tuberculosis from an immunological perspective.