擂茶（续）

三、安化擂茶 俗话说，五里一音，十里一俗。安化县虽然和桃江县唇齿相依，也同样喜欢喝擂茶，但是，其擂茶的制作方法与味道，却截然不同。 安化县的擂茶稠如粥，香中带咸，稀中有硬，通俗地说，就像一香喷喷的稀饭。每碗擂茶里面，有嚼的，有喝的，喝上一碗，就是一餐不再吃饭，也不会觉得饿。因此，如果说你有机会去湖南省的安化县，有谁家请你去喝擂茶，你最好是空着肚子去。     

果树再植病的综合防治

随着果树矮化密植集约化栽培的发展，新的优良矮化品种（短枝型品种）不断育成，以适应国际果品市场的需要。果树更新品种时，为了节约土地，一般都利用老果园重新栽植新品种。但在重栽果树时，栽植成活率极低，仅能达到５０％左右。成活的果树植株矮小，生长衰弱，生长量极小，重茬苹果树生长量可减少３０．２７％，重茬桃可减少３７．８％，前茬桃重茬杏，也会减少生长量３１．１％，李减少２３．９％。枝条细短，叶片小，失绿，早落叶。根系发育不正常，呈暗褐色，细根少，活性低，很尖枯黑。结果少，产量低，果实品质差，抗性降低，树势…     

马铃薯甲虫在我国及周边地区适生地的初步预测

采用计算机气候分析系统和生物气候图的方法，对马铃薯甲虫Ｌｅｐｔｉｎｏｔａｒｓａｄｅｃｅｍｉｌｉｎｅａｔａ（Ｓａｙ）在我国及周边地区的适生进行了初步的预测。在我国，其可能适生地主要分布于黑龙江，吉林，辽宁，内蒙大部，北京，天津，河北，山西，陕西，山东，河南，安徽，江苏，上海，湖北，湖南，四川 贵州，云南，广西，江西，福建，广东，海南，台湾，西藏东部，新疆的乌鲁木齐，伊宁，塔城和喀什的部分地区。我国周     

沙田柚黑斑病的发生情况及防治措施

近几年来梅州市沙田柚受柑橘黑斑病为害较重，特别是１９９８～１９９９年的大流行，大部分柚园都受害，有的甚至１００％发病。此病不仅影响沙田柚的外观，且明显降低糖量，严重影响沙田柚的品质。此外，在贮藏期间还会继续为害，引起果实腐烂，加重损失。１症状及病原８月上旬，受害果实上初呈紫红色小斑，后扩大为１～３mm的病斑，其边缘为褐色，稍隆起，中部呈灰白色，稍凹陷，后期病斑上长出小黑点，即病菌的分生孢子器。病斑不深入果肉，严重时病斑布满整个果面，有时会引起落果。在贮藏期，病果常会腐烂。叶片、枝梢上的病斑与果实上…     

名片上的茶文化

名片，汉代称谒，汉末改称刺。原用削木书字，汉以后虽改用纸写，仍延用刺名。清称名帖，考究者帖用织锦，并用火红绒为字。当年帖的大小是根据人的地位高低而变化，地位越高，名片也越大。最大的名片比16开本的杂志略微小一点，梅红色。占时携带这种大片，极不方便。为了不弄脏、不折坏，皆装在一种长方形的扁木盒中。这种做工精巧的木盒，多以楠木、椐木或红木制成，有的镶有螺钿，有的雕花刻字，也有的镶嵌铜饰。这种称为“拜盒”者，多由随身佣人携带，到了某某府前，送上拜盒。主人从盒中取出红纸书写的名片，知道贵客临门，即开正门迎接。     

逆境胁迫下镧对春小麦的影响

稀土元素镧处理使植物抗性增加，表现在：１。在盐胁迫条件下，镧可使植物的苗和根的长度，干重，鲜重，根体积，干／鲜比重，根，根／冠比增加。２．镧处理后植物对大量元素Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ和微量元素Ｚｎ的吸收增加。在盐胁迫条件下镧对大量元素除Ｋ，Ｃａ外的其它元素都能起促进吸收作用。     

世界各国的饮茶习俗

早在三四千年前，我国人民就开始喝茶了。随着茶叶逐渐传到世界各地，茶也具有了世界性，但是，由于国家的不同，又形成了五花八门的喝茶习俗。 日本人饮茶以“茶道”出名，讲究一点的人家都设有茶室。主人迎客人茶室，要跪坐在茶室门口，让客人一个个进去，客人经过门口时，要在门旁洗手，然后脱鞋入室，主人则最后才进入茶室，     

农业部公布的禁止和限制使用的农药名单

一、国家明令禁止使用的农药（24种） 六六六，滴滴涕，毒杀芬，二溴氯丙烷，杀虫脒，二溴乙烷，除草醚，艾氏剂，狄氏剂，汞制剂，砷、铅类，敌枯双，氟乙酰胺，甘氟，毒鼠强，氟乙酸钠，毒鼠硅，甲胺磷，甲基对硫磷，对硫磷，久效磷，磷胺，氟虫腈。     

立体覆土出菇方法

目前，许多平菇、蘑菇等食用菌栽培者，在出菇时仍采用两头出菇法或覆土出菇法。实践证明．二者虽都具有许多优点，但也存在许多不足。两头出菇法存在的问题，主要是后期营养缺乏，生长势弱，菇体小，产量低。覆土出菇法存在的主要问题是，占地面积大，长出的菇带土，影响外观质量。而立体覆土出菇新方法，既能解决以上两种方法的不足，又能集两种方法的优点。它的优点是占地面积小，出菇不带土，后期营养充足，菇体大，产量高。立体覆土出菇的具体技术如下：     

水分胁迫及复水对冬小麦粒叶比的影响

以北农6号为材料，采用温室管栽试验，研究了不同土壤水分条件对冬小麦粒叶比和产量的影响。结果表明，冬小麦粒叶比对水分变化十分敏感，水分胁迫抑制了叶片的光合活性，使粒叶比降低，产量减少。水分胁迫越重，粒叶比降低越多，产量越低；复水则使叶面积扩大，库容量提高，粒叶比升高，促进了同化物从源向库的运转，从而使产量增加。拔节期复水的处理，粒叶比提高最多，产量也最高，接近于一直保持充分供水的对照。其次是开花期复水的处理，而灌浆期复水增产效果最差。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.