不同机械直播方式对水稻分蘖特性及产量的影响

为研究不同机械直播方式对水稻分蘖特性的影响,以常规稻常农粳7号、超级稻南粳44与杂交粳稻甬优2638、甬优7号为材料,在江苏稻麦两熟制条件下研究了水(湿润)点播和条播2种机械直播方式水稻分蘖发生和成穗特性及其对群体产量的贡献。结果表明,不同直播方式对水稻分蘖发生与成穗特性有显著影响。点播和条播方式一次分蘖发生叶位均为5个,即主茎第1叶位到第5叶位;二次分蘖发生叶位以主茎第1分蘖的第1、2叶位和主茎第2分蘖的第1叶位为主。一次分蘖发生率点播方式低于条播方式,主茎第3、4叶位分蘖发生率为100%;二次分蘖发生率点播方式高于条播方式。4个品种均未见三次及三次以上分蘖发生。点播方式产量显著高于条播方式(p0.05),且不同直播方式对水稻茎蘖成穗与高产利用存在差异(p0.05)。一次分蘖的第1~5叶位是可成穗叶位,以第1~3叶位成穗为主,成穗率50%以上,条播方式成穗率高于点播方式。主茎第1分蘖的第1叶位和主茎第2分蘖的第1叶位是二次分蘖成穗的主要叶位,但成穗率较低;点播方式成穗率低于条播方式,不同品种间存在差异。一次分蘖穗对产量贡献率在不同蘖位间存在显著差异(p0.05),主茎第3分蘖生产力最高,对产量的贡献率最高,其中点播方式大于条播方式。二次分蘖穗对产量贡献率较小,点播方式高于条播方式。进一步对分蘖的穗粒构成分析表明,主茎第3分蘖穗单位面积穗数和每穗粒数较高,每穗粒数表现为主茎第3分蘖穗点播方式高于条播方式。该文明确了不同机械直播方式水稻分蘖成穗规律,为直播稻大面积高产提供了技术依据。     

水稻机栽钵苗单穴苗数对分蘖成穗及产量的影响

为探明机栽(插)水稻钵苗单穴苗数对其分蘖成穗及产量的影响。该文以常规粳稻武运粳24号为材料,在不同单穴苗数条件下,研究了水稻的分蘖与成穗规律以及产量形成特征。结果表明:1)机插钵苗主茎第1~9蘖位及其同伸二级蘖位均有一定比例发生分蘖并成穗,受单穴苗数影响较大。该品种水稻钵盘每钵成苗1、2株有利于促发秧田期第1~2蘖位的低位分蘖,大田单穴相应插植1、2苗可提升第8蘖位高位分蘖及二级蘖位分蘖发生率,最终穗数主要为分蘖成穗,来源蘖位较广;单穴3、4苗可促进中部第6~7蘖位分蘖发生,分蘖穗主要来源于第5~7中位蘖和少量低位蘖及二级分蘖;单穴苗数增至每穴5、6苗,各蘖位分蘖发生率及成穗率显著降低,主要依靠主茎和中位蘖成穗。各处理中部蘖位分蘖具有较高成穗率,是分蘖穗及总穗数的主要来源。2)产量表现为单穴3、4苗较高,5、6苗次之,1、2苗较低。单穴苗数与有效穗数呈极显著正相关,与每穗粒数呈极显著负相关,二者是决定产量变化的重要构成因素。通过解析单穴苗数对产量的多元回归函数,并综合产量实际表现,认为常规粳稻品种(偏大穗型)以育秧田每钵成苗3~4株、大田单穴插植3~4苗为宜。该文揭示了钵苗机栽(插)水稻分蘖成穗规律,并为大面积生产中钵苗育秧适宜用种量和插植苗数提供技术依据。     

机插秧每穴栽插苗数对水稻分蘖与成穗的影响

以水稻晚粳品种武香粳9号为材料，通过对分蘖跟踪挂牌，研究了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗的特点，并与手栽处理分蘖进行比较。试验结果表明，机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗主要集中在0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖和4/1低蘖位二级分蘖；随着栽插密度增加，0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生率均下降，4/1等低位的二级分蘖发生率下降更多，最终成穗率也下降。研究还表明机栽3苗时产量最高,与手栽处理相比，0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生与成穗率及最终产量均高于手栽处理。该文揭示了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗规律。     

麦秸还田配施基蘖氮肥提高机插超级粳稻分蘖成穗及产量

为探究麦秸还田量与不同氮素基蘖肥比例配施对机插超级稻分蘖形成、成穗及产量的影响,在2013年、2014年通过田间小区试验,以超级稻南粳9108为试验材料,在总施氮量300 kg/hm2、氮素穗肥120 kg/hm2的条件下,设计5个氮素基蘖肥比例(基肥:分蘖肥为0∶180 kg/hm2、45 kg/hm2∶135 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2∶90 kg/hm2、135 kg/hm2∶45 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2∶0)和3个麦秸还田量(麦秸还田量分别为0、3 000、6 000 kg/hm2),试验分析各处理机插超级稻的分蘖发生和成穗特性,并在成熟期测定产量结构。结果表明,无秸秆还田处理的机插超级稻主茎一次分蘖发生的起始蘖位为3/0,分蘖发生的主要蘖位为4/0、5/0、6/0、7/0,发生率在73.17%以上;秸秆还田处理的机插超级稻主茎一次分蘖发生的起始蘖位为4/0,分蘖发生的主要蘖位为5/0、6/0、7/0,麦秸还田处理降低了机插超级稻低位分蘖发生率;机插超级稻5/0和6/0蘖位分蘖发生率为100%,不受氮素基蘖肥比例的影响,其他蘖位的分蘖发生率则随着氮素基肥比例增加、蘖肥比例下降而下降;麦秸还田处理降低了机插水稻的分蘖发生率,进而使得成熟期有效穗数减少,但穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量、穗质量及实际产量增加;氮素基肥比例增加促进了单个分蘖每穗粒数和穗质量提高;该试验条件下,氮素基肥45 kg/hm2、分蘖肥135 kg/hm2处理产量最高。该研究揭示了超级粳稻分蘖成穗规律及合理氮素管理,为大面积机插超级粳稻高产高效种植提供技术依据。     

西藏冬小麦成穗率与气候条件的关系

在系统分析研究西藏自治区山南地区多年气候因子对冬小麦成穗率的影响规律基础上，建立了成穗率气候模型。结果表明：山南地区冬小麦三叶一分蘖期间的平均气温偏高有利于成穗率的增加；分蘖一拔节期空气干燥将减少成穗率；孕穗一抽穗期的空气湿度为49％左右、日较差小、阴雨寡照有利于成穗率的提高。     

暖冬春寒年景扬麦158不同栽培方式分蘖成穗特点研究

研究了暖冬春寒严重冻害情况下，扬麦１５８稻田套播、稻后零耕撒播、稻后翻耕撒播３种栽培方式，认为：套播栽培虽主茎冻死率达１００％，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ低蘖位分蘖冻死７６％，但补偿性恢复能力特强，越冬期与春后分蘖占总分蘖的８４．３％，成穗率４３％，成穗占总穗数的９４％；零耕主茎亦冻死１００％，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ低蘖位分蘖冻死５１．９％，一次分蘖穗占总成穗的７２％；翻耕由主茎穗，Ⅰ、Ⅱ低蘖位穗组成     

播种密度和方式对机插籼稻分蘖成穗的影响

为探讨育秧播种密度及方式对机插籼稻分蘖成穗的影响,本研究以常规籼稻黄华占,杂交籼稻F优498为供试材料,在不同播种方式及密度处理下,研究不同育秧处理机械移栽后水稻的分蘖成穗特性。结果表明,机插移栽后主茎4/0~9/0是一次分蘖发生的优势叶位,4/0~8/0是其分蘖成穗的优势叶位,产量贡献率总和达到50%左右;主茎3/0~7/0是二次分蘖发生的优势叶位,4/0~7/0是二次分蘖成穗主体,产量总贡献率为30.20%,其中主茎第5叶位是一、二次分蘖成穗的绝对优势叶位。不同播种方式间,机械条播分蘖发生率和成穗率均高于机械散播和人工撒播,一次分蘖优势叶位产量贡献表现为机械撒播最大(51.90%),机械条播最小(46.50%),二次分蘖优势叶位产量贡献率以机械条播最大(33.30%);在不同密度间,密播主茎及一次分蘖贡献率均大于稀播,但二次分蘖贡献率稀播较大。机械条播和稀播下主茎、一次分蘖、二次分蘖间每穗实粒数、千粒重均高于其余处理,其分蘖成穗的优势主要体现在二次分蘖上。生产上可通过机械条播及稀播的协同调控,充分发挥优势蘖位的作用,提高分蘖发生率及成穗率,进而提高产量。本研究结果可为机插育秧筛选较优的播种方法,同时为机插秧合理利用优势叶位提供理论和实践依据。     

基于机插晚稻分蘖成穗特性获取基本苗定量参数

为精确定量机插晚稻适宜的群体起点,合理利用分蘖成穗,以3个晚稻(H优518、H优159和五优308)高产品种(组合)为材料,研究了机插晚稻分蘖成穗特性及基本苗公式参数。结果表明,机插晚稻1次分蘖集中在主茎第3~7叶位,第3~6叶位为分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位;2次分蘖在3/0~5/0上均有发生,但成穗以1/3和1/4为主;主要依靠1次分蘖成穗,2次分蘖成穗较少;单株分蘖成穗数4.5个左右;主茎及优势蘖位穗部性状较好,穗粒结构协调,产量较高,对群体产量贡献大。晚稻在4叶1心期机插,移栽分蘖缺位叶龄(bn,blemish number)为0.7~0.8,校正系数(a)为0.6左右,有效分蘖发生率(r)在0.8左右。生产中机插晚稻应在保证合理基本苗的基础上,争取分蘖早生快发,在充分发挥1次分蘖的分蘖成穗优势的同时,合理利用低位2次分蘖成穗,以获取适宜的穗数而实现高产。该研究揭示了高产条件下机插晚稻分蘖成穗规律及基本苗公式参数,为大面积生产中机插秧基本苗精确定量及分蘖高效利用提供技术参考。     

暖冬春寒年景扬表158不同栽培方式分蘖成穗特点研究

研究了暖冬春寒严重冻害情况下，扬表１５８稻田套播、稻后零耕撒播、稻后翻耕散播３种栽培方式，认为：套播栽培虽主茎冻死率达１００％，Ｉ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ低蘖位分蘖冻死７６％，但补偿性恢复能力特强，越冬期与春后分蘖占总分蘖的８４．３％，成穗率４３％，成穗占总穗数的９４％；零耕主茎亦冻死１００％，Ｉ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ低蘖位分蘖冻死５１．９％，一次分蘖穗占总成穗的７２％；翻耕由主茎穗，Ｉ、Ⅱ低蘖位穗组成。     

氮肥追施方式对机插杂交中籼稻群体质量及产量形成的影响

通过田间机插试验,在施氮量及其基追比相同的条件下,设置6种不同的分蘖肥和穗肥施用方法,研究不同的追肥方式对杂交中籼水稻机插群体质量和产量形成的影响。结果表明,氮肥作为分蘖肥分次追施对机插杂交中籼稻的群体质量和产量的影响比穗肥的作用明显;在机插后5~7 d和12~15 d分两次追施氮肥作为分蘖肥能够显著提高群体茎蘖成穗率、抽穗期群体叶面积指数和粒叶比,促进抽穗后干物质生产、积累与分配,提高收获指数,优化产量结构,提高机插杂交中籼水稻的产量。     

Optimizing row spacing in wheat cultivars differing in tillering and stature for higher productivity

Five wheat cultivars differing in tillering capacity and stature, Sahar-2006 (SH-06) (tall and low tillering), Faisalabad-2008 (FSD-08) (tall and low tillering), Lassani-2008 (LS-08) (medium stature and low tillering), Abdulstar-2002 (AS-02) (medium stature and high tillering) and Triple dwarf-1 (TD-1) (dwarf and low tillering), were planted in 10-, 20- and 30-cm spaced rows in a two-year study with same plant density. Higher grain yield in 20-cm spaced rows during both years and 30-cm spaced rows during the first year of the study in tall and low tillering wheat cultivars was attributed to more productive tillers, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. However, the higher number of productive tillers resulted in better grain yield of the dwarf and low tillering cultivar under narrow row spacing. Higher leaf area index and crop growth rate were observed in 20- and 30-cm spaced rows 90 days after sowing, thereafter a drastic decrease was observed in 30-cm spaced rows. In conclusion, for harvesting maximum wheat productivity, tall and low tillering cultivars should be planted in 20-cm spaced rows. Medium stature and low tillering cultivars may be planted in 20 or 30-cm spaced rows, whereas low tillering dwarf cultivars should be planted in 10-cm spaced rows.     

Varietal differences in tillering ability of fourteen japonica and indica rice varieties

Field experiments were conducted to clarify the relation between the tillering ability and morphological characters, dry matter production, or nitrogen absorption among 14 rice varieties including different ecospecies with different plant types, and about the same heading time. Tiller number varied widely among the varieties and the number of tillers per plant at the maximum tiller number stage ranged between 14.3 and 39.5 in 1995 and 12.2 and 34.6 in 1996. Among all the varieties, IR 36 followed by Suweon 258 produced the highest maximum tiller number and Dawn produced the lowest maximum tiller number. The plant length and the specific leaf area, i.e. one of the indicators of leaf thickness, showed a strong negative and positive significant correlation, respectively, with the maximum tiller number. The varieties with a shorter plant length produced shorter and thinner leaves which would provide less competition for dry matter and nitrogen between mother stem and tillers and among tillers. This resulted in a higher efficiency of tiller production in the higher-tillering varieties for the same amount of dry matter production and nitrogen absorption. Percentage of productive tillers widely varied among the varieties, ranging from 42 to 73% in 1995 and from 50 to 81% in 1996. Semidwarf indica and japonica-indica varieties showed a lower percentage of productive tillers than the Japanese and tall indica varieties, and high-tillering varieties IR 36 and Suweon 258 produced the highest number of dead tillers, which resulted in the lowest percentage of productive tillers. The number of dead tillers depended mainly on the extent of competition for carbohydrates produced and nitrogen absorbed from the maximum tiller number stage to heading among tillers, although the increasing ratio of dead tillers was higher in indica varieties than in japonica varieties with a decrease in the amounts of these substances.     

直播方式对水稻生理性状和产量的影响及其成本分析

为探讨水稻不同直播方式对产量和生理特性以及成本的影响,该文设置了旱直播、水直播和机条播3种直播方式,研究了水稻的产量表现、群体发育、生理特征以及经济效益。结果表明,与旱直播相比,机条播和水直播的产量分别增加了11.9%和6.3%,氮肥农学利用率分别增加了10.1%和4.9%。从产量构成因素分析,产量的提高主要得益于单位面积穗数的增多。机条播显著提高了茎蘖成穗率、花后与成熟期干物质积累量、生长中后期的茎蘖数、叶面积指数与持续期、群体生长速率、叶片光合速率和根系氧化力。机条播因其机械作业效率高、费用低以及除草成本低使得总成本降低和经济效益提高,说明机条播方式提高了直播水稻叶片光合性能,并促进了地上部群体合理生长和地下部根系活力,从而获得了较高的产量和经济效益。     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

Varietal traits limiting the grain yield of tropical maize III. Significance of tillers for productivity

Four highland tillering varieties were grown on a high plateau in Mexico with three plant densities to examine the contribution of tillers to the grain yield and the following results were obtained:

1) At low densities tillers were as efficient as the main culm in grain production, and grain yield attributed to the tillers was nearly 50 per cent of the total grain yield. However, at high densities tillers were less effective. The contribution of tillers to the total yield was only a few per cent.

2) The proposition was discussed that tillering ability was an important character for obtaining a reasonably high yield at low densities, but was not an important character in seeking a maximum grain yield with a high plant density.     

移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。     

水稻群体分蘖动态模型构建与应用

为定量分析水稻群体茎蘖数量动态变化过程及分蘖动态特征,该研究使用双Logistic模型分别描述分蘖发生与死亡过程,建立水稻群体分蘖动态模型;根据水稻分蘖过程的时序特征定义描述分蘖过程的特征指标,并推导出分蘖特征指标的计算式;基于不同基因型品种、种植方式、种植时期、种植密度下水稻分蘖动态数据集检验模型优度和适应性;并应用分蘖动态模型和指标探索分蘖动态对种植密度的响应规律。结果表明,所建模型对不同基因型水稻品种在不同种植方式、种植时期和种植密度下的分蘖动态数据拟合优度较好,标准均方根误差S_RMSE服从均值小于5%的Gamma分布,并且99%的S_RMSE小于10%。基于所建模型计算的分蘖特征指标（包括模型参数）对种植密度有很好的响应;留一法检验表明模型的预测性较好,观测值与模拟值的R²=0.96。所建模型能够精确描述水稻茎蘖数量演变过程,具有很好的拟合优度、适应性和可解释性,可用于分析基因、环境、农艺措施对分蘖动态的影响,分蘖特征指标可望成为分析基因与环境互作的重要表型参数,对指导水稻精准栽培有重要理论价值和实际意义。     

Quantifying the Interactive Effect of Leaf Nitrogen and Leaf Area on Tillering of Rice

Abstract

Relative tillering rate (RTR) increases linearly as leaf nitrogen concentration (NLV) increases in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Leaf area index (LAI) has a negative effect on the emergence and survival of tillers. The objectives of this paper were to quantify the interactive effect of NLV and LAI on tillering in irrigated rice. Field experiments were conducted at Philippine Rice Research Institute (PRRI) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines during the dry seasons of 1995 and 1998. Two indica cultivars, IR72 and IR68284H, were subjected to various nitrogen (N) treatments. Number of tillers (including main stems), leaf area, and tissue N concentration were measured. The NLV explained a large part of variation in number of tillers m^?2 among treatments. However, the residual, defined as the difference between observed and estimated number of tillers m^?2, was negatively correlated with LAI (P < 0.01). When LAI was considered in addition to NLV, the model explained the variation in number of tillers m^?2 much better, and the correlation between the residual and LAI declined and became insignificant (P > 0.05). The critical NLV and critical LAI for tillering to stop were interrelated; higher NLV was needed to prevent tillers from dying when LAI was high, and vice versa. Use of stem or shoot N concentration instead of NLV gave similar results. Results suggest that LAI, in addition to NLV, should be considered in predicting tillers in rice crop.