探索促进寄生蜂生殖力的蜜源植物共性特征

通过布局合适的蜜源植物,以提高农田生态系统的害虫防控服务,已成为一种常用的生境管理技术。然而,如何筛选理想的蜜源植物是保护生物防治中迫切需要解决的现实问题。本研究通过室内试验构建蜜源植物对寄生蜂寄生能力影响的数据库,分析了不同蜜源植物的效应值与寄生蜂和蜜源植物关键生态特征的相关性。结果表明,花序类型是筛选蜜源植物的最重要特征,其中复伞形花序植物的花对寄生蜂寄生能力的促进作用最显著,而花单生、头状花序和穗状花序植物的对寄生蜂寄生能力的促进作用不明显。赤眼蜂等微小型寄生蜂的生殖潜力的高低对其取食蜜源植物后的寄生能力影响不显著。寄生蜂的寄主类型、种群类型等不会影响蜜源植物对赤眼蜂的寄生能力。     

Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops

The toxicities of three enzyme inhibitors and their synergistic effects on four insecticides were studied by using the dry film method on field populations of 18 species of insects collected in Jianxin and Shanjie, China, from 2003 to 2005. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of these enzyme inhibitors on the activities of acetylcholinesterases (AChE), carboxyesterases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST), in vivo, were also studied. In general, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl maleate (DEM) showed low toxicities to six herbivorous pest insects, four ladybirds and eight parasitoids. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) exhibited low toxicities to the herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds, but high toxicities to the eight parasitoids. The tolerance to the insecticides in 11 pest insects and natural enemies was mainly associated with the tolerance to PB. PB showed the highest synergism on methamidophos, fenvalerate, fipronil and avermectin in nine species of pest insects and natural enemies. In general, TPP and DEM showed significant synergisms to these four insecticides in four parasitoid species. However, in contrast to their effects on the parasitoids, the synergistic effects of TPP and DEM on the four insecticides by TPP and DEM against four pest insects and one ladybird varied depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitor. Activity of AChE, CarE or GST could be strongly inhibited, in vivo, by PB, TPP or DEM, depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitors. From the results obtained in this study, mixed-function oxidase (MFO) was thought to play the most critical role in insect tolerances to the tested insecticides in the field. Low competition existed in the evolution of insecticide resistance in the field populations of parasitoids, as compared with herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds. Possible causes of the high synergistic effects of PB on the four classes of insecticides, based on multiattack on the activity of CarE, GST or AChE in the insect species, are also discussed.     

Biological control of exotic pests in Italy: recent experiences and perspectives1

In Italy, successful application of classical biological control began in the 20th century, when Berlese released the predator Rodolia cardinalis in 1901 and the parasitoid Encarsia berlesei in 1906. Later, the ‘inoculative’ method was applied many times, limiting the misuse of insecticides and therefore achieving very positive effects for both the agricultural economy and environmental protection. When the establishment of new natural enemies failed, some exotic pests continued to damage important crops, sometimes disrupting any possibility of applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In other cases, new associations between exotic pests and native natural enemies occurred spontaneously and the importation of new species was not necessary: when no broad-spectrum plant protection products are applied, some palaearctic parasitoids, such as Diglyphus isaea, naturally control the imported American leafminers Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis and some native predators (mainly Orius spp.) often control the exotic western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. However, the introduction of natural enemies from the area of origin of the exotic pest is often the only alternative to chemical insecticides. Since its introduction in 1979, the American Flatid, Metcalfa pruinosa, has been spreading annually into new areas of the Mediterranean, causing severe damage to many crops because none of the indigenous natural enemies are sufficiently effective. Therefore, only the introduction of exotic natural enemies, such as the parasitoid Neodryinus typhlocybae, may reduce the outbreaks.     

植物挥发物在寄生蜂寄主定位中的作用

植物挥发物在寄生蜂的寄主栖息地定位中起着重要作用。在自然状态下,某些健康植物能释放对寄生蜂有吸引作用的挥发物。当植物受到植食性昆虫为害后,可引起植物的间接防御,即产生对一定种类寄生蜂具引诱作用的挥发物来保护自己。此外,害虫的产卵也能诱导部分植物产生引诱天敌的物质。对于植食性昆虫取食植物诱导的挥发物研究较深入,而其产卵对植物挥发物的影响研究较少。本文主要综述近年国内外有关植物挥发物对寄生蜂寄主定位影响的研究概况,可望为害虫综合治理研究提供参考。     

Feldstudie zum Nachweis und zur Regulation von Weizenschädlingen und natürlichen Antagonisten

Wheat insect pests and the beneficial arthropod populations were assessed using sweep net across a large scale winter wheat field in Bad Lausick (Free State of Saxony, Germany) before and after insecticide applications. The insecticides used were Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide). The tested compounds were sprayed twice during the early season growth stage (Elongation- GS 32) and at the heading stage (GS 55), and their effects were evaluated on wheat insect pests. The side effects of these insecticides on associated natural enemies were also studied. Monitoring was conducted for 4 weeks after each treatment. Cereal aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, cereal leaf beetles, cereal bugs and also many natural enemies such as predators (lady beetles, lacewings, syrphids, dance flies and spiders) and parasitoids (parasitic wasps) were surveyed. The dose of these insecticides resulted in reductions of wheat insect and natural enemy populations and this reduction was corrected based on Abbott equation. The results showed that Karate is correlated with the highest percentage reduction (79.5 %) to wheat insect pests. Karate use also resulted in a percentage reduction to natural enemies (30–60 %). Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S is correlated with an equivalent mortality percents (50–65 %) to wheat insect pests and resulted in a smaller percentage reduction of natural enemies (10–40 %) compared to Karate. Thrips and cereal bugs were more affected than leafhoppers. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean.     

我国寄生蜂调控寄主生理的研究进展

寄生蜂是一类重要寄生性天敌昆虫,在害虫生物防治中发挥着重要作用。它们产卵时把自身携带的多种寄生因子(毒液、多DNA病毒等)注入寄主体内,由此调控寄主生长发育、免疫功能、营养代谢等以保证其后代在寄主体内或体上的成功发育。自20世纪80年代以来国内外昆虫学家对多种寄生蜂及其寄主构成的体系开展了寄生蜂调控寄主生理作用及其相关机制的研究,本文主要对我国昆虫学者的相关研究工作进行了总结和整理。     

Parasitoid control of the tomato fruitworm,Helicoverpa armigera,in smallholder farmer fields in Senegal

In Africa, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a key pest of cotton and vegetable crops, particularly tomato. Alternatives to insecticides to control this pest are needed such as conservation biological control. However, knowledge on the diversity and ecology of naturally occurring enemies of H. armigera is limited. A two-year field survey was conducted in a set of tomato farmer fields in the main vegetable-growing area in Senegal (Niayes) to assess the spatial and seasonal occurrence of indigenous parasitoids of H. armigera, and to evaluate the effect of insecticide use on biological control efficiency. No parasitoid emerged from H. armigera eggs. Incidence of larval parasitoids was generally moderate (20%) but highly variable (0%–100%) among fields, independently of host abundance, and negatively affected by the number of insecticide applications. Larval parasitism was largely dominated by the larval parasitoid Meteorus laphygmarum Brues (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), but a positive correlation was found between specific richness or Shannon diversity index of the parasitoid community and parasitism rate. This study is a first step toward development of research and extension programs for conservation of natural enemies in the framework of integrated management of the tomato fruitworm in Senegal.     

合理施用选择性杀虫剂促进瓜绢螟天敌的控害作用

田间小区药效试验表明，乐斯本、氰戊菊酯、抑太保、Bt对葫芦科作物主要害虫瓜绢螟低龄幼虫都有很高的毒杀效果，其中抑太保、Bt效果较为缓慢。室内生测表明，乐斯本对寄生于瓜绢螟卵的赤眼蜂高毒，Bt则无毒。在秋黄瓜作物生长前中期连续施用乐斯本或Bt防治瓜绢螟，施药期间瓜绢螟均可得到较好的控制；但随着季节推移，在施用乐斯本的地块，瓜绢螟卵被寄生率很低，而在使用Bt的地块持续上升，高达70％以上；在停止使用杀虫剂12d后，施用乐斯本的地块瓜绢螟为害严重，而使用Bt的地块虫害被有效控制。结果表明，合理使用选择性农药可对天敌起到显著的保护和促增作用，并使瓜绢螟得到有效控制。     

多杀菌素对菜蛾绒茧蜂的致死和亚致死效应

以对多杀菌素高抗的小菜蛾纯合子品系作寄主饲养菜蛾绒茧蜂,用多杀菌素田间推荐使用浓度(25 mg/L)分别处理处于卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的绒茧蜂,其中卵期和幼虫期通过处理寄主幼虫间接处理,并测定该药剂对成虫的毒力,系统观察该杀虫剂对绒茧蜂各虫期的致死和亚致死作用。与对照相比,绒茧蜂卵期或幼虫期其寄主受药后,可导致蜂幼虫死于寄主体内或啮出寄主的过程中,使结茧化蛹率下降43% ~56%,成虫羽化率下降19% ~33%,成蜂雌性比下降11% ~25%,而成虫大小、寿命和寄生力未受显著影响;在蛹期受药使成虫羽化率下降10%,成蜂寿命缩短,但对成虫寄生力无显著影响;对成虫24 h的LC99为4.31 mg/L。结果表明,多杀菌素可进入寄主作用于其体内的蜂卵和幼虫,或直接作用于蜂蛹和成虫,从而对绒茧蜂各个虫态产生显著的致死和亚致死效应,尤以对成虫高毒。     

Sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin on walking behaviour and response to host kairomone of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis

The lethal doses of the pyrethroid deltamethrin were estimated for the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), and the sub-lethal effects of an LD25 on female walking behaviour were evaluated. Linear speed of treated parasitoids was reduced compared with that of untreated ones for a period of up to 24 h. The sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin on parasitoid response to patches contaminated by a contact kairomone from its host, Nezara viridula L (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), was also evaluated. Both treated and untreated parasitoids responded to host-contaminated patches by increasing residence time and decreasing linear speed. However, treated females showed a significantly lower residence time compared with untreated females. Both treated and untreated females showed a similar decrease over time in the proportion of time spent in the host-contaminated patch. Hence, we hypothesise that the sub-lethal effect of deltamethrin on host foraging may decrease T basalis efficacy in controlling N viridula.     

Side effects of fungicides on the abundance and the species diversity of the natural populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis> and their hymenopterous parasitoids in orchards

Within entomophagous insects, hymenopterous parasitoids are important regulators of natural populations of insects including pests. Pesticide treatments are largely used in orchards for economic reasons. These treatments allow for greater productivity, but they may also impact upon non-target insect populations. Drosophila and their hymenopterous parasitoids are abundant in orchards and are not direct targets of pesticide treatments. In this work, natural populations of Drosophila and their parasitoids were monitored from June to November, and their abundance was reported from two types of orchards. One type was under conventional pesticide treatments, mostly fungicides (“Treated plot”), and the other was under low-input treatments (“Low-input plot”). Five Drosophila species and five parasitoid species were present in both types of orchards. A time effect on abundance was found with two peaks of abundance, one in August and the other in autumn (October), corresponding to a fluctuation of numbers depending on the availability of resources. When comparing insect abundance between the two types of plots, the abundance in the Treated plot was found to be lower than or equal to that in the Low-input plot. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the abundance of two scarce parasitoid species (Leptopilina heterotoma and Asobara tabida) that could lead to their disappearance was also observed. The results are discussed in the context of the diverse lethal and sub-lethal effects of pesticides on the development and reproduction of natural populations of insects and their importance as natural enemies.     

贵州省黔东南地区发现草地贪夜蛾的5种寄生性天敌及其两种重寄生蜂

迁飞性重大农业入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)于2019年入侵贵州省黔东南地区。深入研究害虫的天敌发生情况有利于发掘和利用天敌资源开展生物防治工作。本文将贵州省黔东南地区采集的被寄生卵块和幼虫置于实验室条件下饲育,利用DNA条形码技术鉴定羽化出的天敌昆虫。共鉴定出5种寄生性天敌昆虫,其中卵寄生蜂为夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus,幼虫寄生蜂为菜粉蝶盘绒茧蜂Cotesia glomerata和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum,幼虫寄生蝇为厉寄蝇属寄生蝇Lydella sp.和日本追寄蝇Exorista japonica。另外,还发现了两种寄生于菜粉蝶盘绒茧蜂的重寄生蜂,分别为弯沟啮小蜂属寄生蜂Baryscapus sp.和吉氏金小蜂Nasonia giraulti。本文的发现为筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的优势天敌奠定了基础。     

Diversity of stem borer parasitoids and their associated wild host plants in South Africa and Mozambique

The diversity of lepidopterous stem borers, their parasitoids and their associated wild host plants was studied in South Africa between 2006 and 2009 and in Mozambique between 2005 and 2010. In South Africa, 20 species of parasitoids were recovered from 17 stem borer species collected on 16 wild host plant species. From Mozambique, 14 parasitoid species were recorded from 16 stem borer species collected on 14 wild host plant species. The highest diversity of parasitoids was recorded on stem borers that attacked the host plants Phragmites australis (7 spp.) and Panicum maximum (6 spp.), in South Africa and Mozambique, respectively. Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were the most recorded parasitoid species in South Africa while Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitized most stem borer species in Mozambique. The most common tachinid parasitoid recorded in this study was Sturmiopsis parasitica (Diptera: Tachinidae). Parasitism of stem borers during the off season was previously thought to occur mainly in natural habitats but this study shows that although natural habitats provided refuges for some parasitoid species, stem borer parasitism was generally low in wild host plants, irrespective of whether collections were done during the cropping or off-season. Parasitoid beta diversity did not depend on habitat or host plant species, but was determined by stem borer diversity.     

取食对寄生蜂的影响

寄生蜂是调节昆虫种群动态的重要因子之一,其对寄主害虫产生影响的因素主要有寄生蜂摄入的营养、寄生蜂的寿命和生殖力以及其对寄主的搜寻效率等。寄生蜂的营养主要来源于幼蜂体内营养积累和成蜂取食两个途径。其中成蜂取食又包括取食寄主和取食非寄主食物两个方面。某些种类的成蜂通过取食寄主来获得生存和生殖所需的营养,但是大部分成蜂需要取食糖类来作为其主要能源,而且糖类对寄生蜂的生存和生殖也会产生一定的影响。本文综述了寄生蜂的食物来源、食物营养在寄生蜂体内的分配、取食寄主和非寄主食物对寄生蜂的影响以及寄生蜂在寄主搜寻和非寄主食物搜寻之间的权衡,以期为寄生蜂的饲养和利用提供参考。     

甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒对斑痣悬茧蜂发育及存活的影响

研究了甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒对斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis发育及存活的影响。正在蜕皮的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 2龄幼虫被斑痣悬茧蜂寄生后,当其发育到3龄与4龄时分别饲以95%致死浓度(LC_(95))或10×LC_(95)甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpeiNPV),研究表明:甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒对斑痣悬茧蜂发育及存活产生不利的影响,影响程度取决于寄生与饲毒的间隔期以及饲毒量。被寄生的甜菜夜蛾幼虫发育到第3龄(即被寄生后第1天,1dpp)分别饲以LC_(95)或10×LC_(95) SpeiNPV的处理,没有寄生蜂老熟幼虫从寄主体内钻出;被寄生的甜菜夜蛾幼虫发育到第4龄(4 dpp)分别饲以LC_(95)或10×LC_(95) SpeiNPV的处理,分别有25.62%与16.31%寄生蜂老熟幼虫从寄主体内钻出。甜菜夜蛾是否饲毒对寄生蜂的出蜂率、化蛹率及羽化率影响显著;饲毒浓度影响寄生蜂的出蜂率、化蛹率,但不影响羽化率。甜菜夜蛾饲毒与否对寄生蜂幼虫及蛹的发育历期无显著影响,但饲毒甜菜夜蛾体内寄生蜂幼虫、蛹及成蜂显著小于未饲毒的甜菜夜蛾体内寄生蜂幼虫、蛹及成蜂。     

Effect of the acylurea insect growth regulator teflubenzuron on the endo-larval stages of the hymenopteran parasitoids Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum in a susceptible and an acylurea-resistant strain of Plutella xylostella

The toxicity of the acylurea, teflubenzuron, was assessed against larval stages of the hymenopteran parasitoids, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov and Diadegma semiclausum Hellén in a susceptible laboratory strain and a teflubenzuron-resistant field strain of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. In fourth-instar hosts (L4), when both parasitoid species were in their final larval instar, teflubenzuron significantly (P < 0.05) reduced emergence of adult D. semiclausum but had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on C. plutellae, although a small proportion of the latter were unable to reproduce. Treatment of L4 hosts with teflubenzuron ( > LD₅₀) had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the fecundity of surviving females of D. semiclausum. Similar differential toxicity with teflubenzuron was observed in L2 hosts, when parasitoids were at the egg or early larval instar stage. There was no apparent increased effect of teflubenzuron on either species of parasitoid when highly resistant (c. 4000-fold) L2 hosts (field strain) were treated with concentrations of teflubenzuron two to three orders of magnitude greater than in equivalent experiments with the susceptible host strain. This suggests that host resistance to teflubenzuron confers some protection to both species of parasitoid. Uptake experiments with [¹⁴C]teflubenzuron showed that accumulation of radioactivity was much greater in D. semiclausum than in C. plutellae and this may account for the differential toxicity observed. The results are discussed in relation to the field status of these parasitoid species. The influence of insecticide resistance in the host on endo-larval parasitoids is also considered.     

我国草地螟的寄生蜂及其与寄主的关系

为了阐明草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.（鳞翅目：草螟科）,我国三北地区农业生产重大害虫的天敌资源及其对寄主种群的控制作用,本文对我国草地螟的寄生蜂种类,及其对寄主虫态（龄期）的选择和寄生类型进行了总结。所得的主要结果为：我国已知的草地螟寄生蜂有26属36种。其中属于赤眼蜂科的4种、巨胸小蜂科的1种、茧蜂科的17种和姬蜂科的14种。在这些种类中,有卵期寄生蜂4种,幼虫寄生蜂32种。在幼虫寄生蜂中,有卵-幼虫寄生蜂3种,幼虫-蛹寄生蜂2种。另外,寄生蜂可寄生1～5龄幼虫,但从龄期较低的幼虫开始寄生的种类比从龄期较高开始寄生的多。再加上从1龄开始寄生的部分种类在寄主幼虫发育到5龄时已经成熟,因而可在3龄寄主发现的寄生蜂种类较多,多样性指数也较高。我国草地螟茧中的寄生蜂大多是从幼虫期开始寄生,是否存在从预蛹或蛹期开始寄生的种类尚待明确。最后,这些种类以初寄生、单寄生和内寄生蜂为主,而重寄生、多寄生和外寄生蜂较少,分别为2、4和2种。     

昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

桔小实蝇的寄生蜂及其应用

就桔小实蝇寄生蜂种类、生物学特性、寄主选择行为、农药对寄生蜂的影响及寄生蜂在生物防治中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了较全面的综述.     

利用意大利蜜蜂蛹为替代寄主繁育两种肿腿蜂

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae和松褐天牛肿腿蜂S.alternatusi是天牛和吉丁类害虫的重要天敌?本试验以意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera蛹为替代寄主, 研究了两种肿腿蜂寄生意大利蜜蜂蛹时其子代的发育过程和数量?结果表明, 利用意大利蜜蜂蛹能成功繁育白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂?白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对蛹的寄生率和羽化出蜂的寄主比例与松褐天牛肿腿蜂无显著差异?以意大利蜜蜂蛹为寄主时, 两种肿腿蜂的产卵前期?卵期?幼虫期?蛹期和卵-成蜂发育历期均无显著差异?单头肿腿蜂雌蜂寄生1头蛹时, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(17.61头/窝)和子代总数(18.83头/窝)均显著低于白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(25.10头/窝)和子代总数(26.52头/窝)?两种肿腿蜂的子代性比均具有显著的偏雌特征, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂子代雄性比分别为6.83%和6.35%, 其子代雄蜂数和雄性比例均无显著差异?综上所述, 意大利蜜蜂蛹可作为白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂人工繁育的替代寄主, 这为两种肿腿蜂的规模化繁育提供了参考?