甘薯对不同形态氮素的吸收与利用

为探讨氮素形态对甘薯氮素吸收、利用及其氮素生产效率的影响。在大田生产条件下,分别施用酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮肥料,研究了甘薯生长发育过程中吸收根活力变化和氮素吸收动态、收获期氮素积累量和分配以及块根产量。结果表明,与酰胺态氮处理相比,铵态氮和硝态氮处理的吸收根活力和氮素积累起始势较高,氮素积累量、肥料氮素利用率及其生产效率也较高,块根产量提高了16.37%和10.52%。与硝态氮处理相比,铵态氮处理的氮素积累量较低,肥料氮素在块根中的分配比例较高,块根产量、氮素生产效率和肥料氮素生产效率分别提高了5.30%、13.28%和5.29%。甘薯施用铵态氮肥有利于高产和高效。     

干旱胁迫下钾素对甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下施钾量对不同生长时期甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响,为甘薯的抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种‘泰中6号’为材料,以硫酸钾（K₂SO₄）为供试肥料,水分处理设土壤最大持水量的60%～70%和30%～40%,依次代表正常供水（W1）和干旱胁迫（W0）;钾肥设K0、K1、K2、K3四个水平,K₂O用量分别为0、120、240和360 kg/hm2。分析了不同生长时期甘薯干物质含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量、内源激素含量及收获期块根产量。【结果】干旱胁迫下甘薯植株干物质含量、块根和淀粉产量显著降低,施钾有利于甘薯植株干物质含量的提高、块根的膨大和淀粉的生成和积累,甘薯植株和块根干物质含量、块根淀粉含量和积累量最大均为K2处理,较K0提高幅度最大分别达到31.7%、43.6%、10.6%和50.6%。相同钾用量条件下,干旱胁迫下块根单薯重显著高于正常灌水,单株结薯数显著低于正常灌水。正常灌水条件下施钾后甘薯叶片可溶性糖含量降低,而块根可溶性糖含量升高,干旱胁迫下施钾使甘薯叶片和块根可溶性糖含量增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到31.4%和36.0%。干旱胁迫下施钾后甘薯叶片和块根IAA、ABA、ZR和GA含量显著增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到12.7%、15.7%、12.0%、10.4%和21.4%、15.6%、65.7%、13.0%,促进了甘薯植株碳水化合物含量和干重的提高,块根淀粉积累速率增大。【结论】干旱胁迫下施钾促进了干物质向块根的分配,提高了甘薯块根单薯重,从而增加了单位面积甘薯块根产量。干旱胁迫下钾素提高甘薯块根和叶片内源激素（ABA、IAA、ZR、GA）含量,块根内源激素含量的增加促进了块根淀粉的合成和积累,叶片内源激素含量的增加促进了地上部茎叶生长、茎叶干物质积累和叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,增强了甘薯的抗旱性。     

氮肥减量分施促进甘薯根系分化与块根膨大

【目的】研究减氮运筹对甘薯根系生长发育、块根分化建成的影响,并讨论其与产量形成的关系,为高产高效甘薯栽培提供理论和技术依据。【方法】2016年和2017年在安徽省农业科学院本部试验基地黄棕壤上以商薯19和徐薯22为供试材料进行盆栽试验。以常规习惯基施氮100 kg/hm2 (FP) 为对照,在减氮20%的条件下,设置3种氮肥施用方式:全部基施 (JS)、全部块根形成期 (移栽后35 d) 追施 (KS)、50%基施+50%块根形成期追施 (FS)。于移栽后35 d(块根分化建成后期)、80 d(块根膨大期) 和收获期挖根取样,调查不定根数、不定根根长、粗根和单株有效薯块的根径范围、根尖数、根表面积、根体积等,测定根系活力、地上部和根系生物量。【结果】与FP处理相比,JS处理降低了单薯重,使块根产量显著降低,KS处理显著增加了单株有效薯块数,使块根产量分别提高7.61%(商薯19) 和11.74%(徐薯22),FS处理提高了单株有效结薯数和单薯重,使块根产量分别增加22.10%(商薯19) 和21.37%(徐薯22)。同时,FS处理较FP处理增加了块根形成期和块根膨大期根系总长度、根系表面积、根系体积和根尖数目,增强了根系活力,提高了地上部、根系及有效薯块干重和根系/地上部干重比值。相关分析表明,块根膨大期甘薯根系形态特征参数均与单薯重和产量呈显著或者极显著正相关。【结论】将施氮量由100 kg/hm2减至80 kg/hm2,并将其中一半氮肥在块根形成期追施,可有效促进甘薯根系生长和有效薯块的早期形成,保证单株结薯数,同时还可维持生育后期较高的根系活力,提高块根膨大期生物量和分配比例,有利于薯块的膨大和产量的增加。     

氮肥施用量对甘薯产量和品质性状的影响

【目的】氮是影响作物产量和品质性状的重要因素,合理施氮是提高作物产量和改善品质的主要途径。研究施氮量对甘薯块根产量形成、营养品质和淀粉糊化特性的影响,对于明确江苏徐淮地区甘薯种植的适宜施氮量具有重要意义。【方法】本文选用淀粉型甘薯品种徐薯22和兼用型甘薯品种徐薯28为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm2。调查了甘薯不同生育期的叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和产量构成要素,采用分光光度法测定了块根主要营养品质指标,利用Tech-master型RVA快速测定淀粉谱粘滞特性,分析明确施氮量对块根主要品质指标和淀粉糊化特征值的影响。【结果】施氮N 60 kg/hm2增加了各生育期甘薯的叶面积,提高了甘薯的光合势,显著增加了块根产量(徐薯28增产16.38%,徐薯22增产9.31%),过量施氮(N 240 kg/hm2)则产量降低。施氮并未显著降低块根中的淀粉和直链淀粉含量,但明显增加了可溶性糖和蔗糖含量。施氮显著提高最高粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度和消减值。相关分析显示,直链淀粉含量与最高粘度值和崩解值呈极显著或显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.90**和-0.71*);直链淀粉含量与消减值呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.73*)。【结论】综合考虑甘薯的产量和品质,在本实验条件下甘薯较为适宜的氮肥用量约为60 kg/hm2。     

钾素对食用型甘薯糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨钾素提高甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础。选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置不同施钾处理,于2009～2010年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。采用甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样的方法,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性。结果表明,与对照比较,施用钾肥能显著提高块根产量、可溶性糖及各糖组分含量,其中K2O用量为24 g/m2处理增幅最大,为最适用量。进一步研究发现,适宜供钾处理显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为10.31%和34.13%,同时提高了块根中蔗糖合成酶、不溶性酸性转化酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅为16.47%和3.66%,在提高源端光合产物供应的同时促进蔗糖在库端的卸载,促进块根中淀粉和可溶性糖的积累;适宜供钾处理还提高了块根中-和-淀粉酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅分别为26.06%和14.64%,促进淀粉向可溶性糖转化。此外,适宜供钾处理还显著提高了生长前期和后期块根中可溶性酸性转化酶活性、以及生长后期块根中蔗糖-蔗糖果糖基转移酶活性,促进了葡萄糖、果糖和果聚糖在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量分别提高了13.52%和3.02%。即钾肥能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、促进块根对蔗糖的吸收、促进淀粉水解,是其提高块根可溶性糖含量的生理原因。     

氮肥形态对马铃薯氮素积累与分配的影响

采用田间试验的方法,研究了不同氮肥形态对氮素在马铃薯不同器官中的吸收和运转分配及产量的影响。试验结果表明:铵态氮肥对马铃薯地上干物质积累量的增加作用最明显,施氮处理马铃薯块茎干物质积累量比对照增加50.37%～71.38%;马铃薯各器官中含氮量随生育期推进逐渐下降,其中,茎和叶下降幅度较大;马铃薯各器官中氮含量生育前期表现为叶片>地上茎>根,进入块茎形成期以后,则叶片>根>地上茎>块茎。施氮在马铃薯生育前期有利于茎对氮素的吸收和储存,后期又可以促进茎中的氮素向叶片和块茎转移。施氮各处理产量较对照增加19.28%～63.86%,NH4+-N处理对氮的吸收、积累与分配影响最大,且产量最高,达到39 410.2 kg.hm-2。     

腐植酸钾对食用甘薯品种钾吸收、利用和块根产量的影响

甘薯属于喜钾作物,增施钾肥是提高甘薯块根产量的重要措施之一;而腐植酸具有促进作物生长、提高肥料利用率等作用。为探讨腐植酸与钾肥配合施用对食用甘薯钾吸收利用以及块根产量的影响,本研究利用自行制备的两种腐植酸钾肥料,选用食用甘薯品种“北京553”于2005年在山东农业大学农学试验站进行了研究。试验采用块根膨大过程定期取样和收获期测产相结合的方法,观察了块根膨大过程中植株地上部鲜重/块根鲜重（T/R）比值、叶片和块根含氮量/含钾量（N/K）比值以及块根膨大速率的变化及其与块根产量的关系,同时分析了钾素生产效率和钾肥利用率在处理之间的差异。结果表明,施用适量钾肥可以降低植株T/R比值以及叶片和块根的N/K比值,提高块根膨大速率,提高收获期生物产量及其干物质在块根中的分配率,增产24.18%。但是,施用钾肥降低了钾素生产干物质和块根的效率。施用适量腐植酸可以降低块根N/K比值,提高叶片N/K比值,提高块根膨大速率以及收获期的生物产量,增产5.70%。同时,施用腐植酸提高了钾素产干物质和块根的效率。与等量氧化钾对照比较,在块根膨大前、中期,施用腐植酸钾可以降低植株T/R比值以及叶片和块根的N/K比值,提高块根膨大速率;块根产量提高8.11%～9.50%。同时,腐植酸钾肥料的吸收利用率和农学利用率都显著提高。     

钾营养对甘薯某些生理特性和产量形成的影响

田间试验结果表明 ,适量供钾可增加甘薯功能叶和块根中的ATP含量 ,增加块根中的脱落酸 (ABA)含量 ;提高叶片中可溶性碳水化合物的装载效率和块根中可溶性碳水化合物的卸载效率 ,促进碳水化合物由叶片向块根的运输 ;增加块根中的淀粉含量 ,提高块根干重与单株干重的比率 ,促进块根迅速膨大 ,增加块根产量     

钾营养对甘薯块根薄壁细胞微结构、14C同化物分配和产量的影响

选用徐薯 18号为材料 ,通过大田试验研究了供钾水平对甘薯块根薄壁细胞显微和超微结构、块根呼吸速率和ATP含量、14C同化物分配和产量等的影响。结果表明 ,施用适量钾肥 ,甘薯块根薄壁细胞膜结构完整、清晰 ,内含较多的线粒体和质体 ,胞质较丰富 ;块根的呼吸速率和ATP含量较高 ,有利于提高块根“库”的活性。适量供钾 ,增加单位体积块根内的淀粉粒数 ,提高块根淀粉含量 ;促进光合产物由叶片向块根的运输 ,提高了14C同化物在块根中的分配比例 ;促进块根迅速膨大 ,增加单薯重 ;提高块根产量     

不同土壤肥力水平下施氮对甘薯产量与氮肥利用率的影响

为探明不同土壤肥力条件下施用氮肥对甘薯产量和氮肥利用率的影响,选取鲜食型甘薯品种烟薯25号为试验材料,采用大田试验,研究了施氮对不同土壤肥力下甘薯产量及产量构成因素、干物质积累规律和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:不施氮条件下,甘薯蔓数、最大蔓长度、叶面积指数和产量均表现为高肥力中肥力低肥力(P0.05)。3种土壤肥力条件下,增施氮肥均能显著增加甘薯蔓数、最大蔓长度和叶面积指数(P0.05),但对最大蔓节间数影响不显著。高肥力、中肥力和低肥力地块分别在施氮量为50,100,150kg/hm~2时获得最高产量,分别较不施氮处理(N0)增产16.06%,29.63%和33.33%。与地力条件无关,增施氮肥均能提高甘薯地上部干物质累积量。中、低土壤肥力条件下,甘薯氮累积量随施氮量增加逐渐增加,而高土壤肥力条件下呈先增加后降低的趋势;高肥力地块氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而逐渐降低,中肥力地块先增加后逐渐降低,在100kg/hm~2时氮肥利用率最高,低肥力地块逐渐增加。综合产量和氮肥利用率,可知高肥力、中肥力和低肥力地块甘薯适宜施氮量分别为50,100,150kg/hm~2。     

EFFECT OF LATE-SEASON FERTILIZATION ON NUTRIENT RESERVES AND CARBOHYDRATE ACCUMULATION IN BAREROOT LARIX OLGENSIS SEEDLINGS

It is not clear about the interactive effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium additions on carbohydrate accumulation in tree seedlings in the late-season of fall. In late September of 2009, 0 or 60 kg nitrogen ha^?1 urea (46-0-0) was applied with 30 and 60 kg phosphorus ha^?1 potassium hydrogen phosphate (0-41-45) to transplanted bareroot Changbai larch (Larix olgensis Henry) seedlings. One month after first fertilization, seedlings receiving nitrogen addition had higher nitrogen and phosphorus, but lower potassium, concentrations in combined stems and roots. The higher rate phosphorus and potassium treatment increased nitrogen concentration in coarse roots (diameter > 5 mm) without nitrogen addition and improved potassium reserves. Fertilization did not affect seedling growth and whole-plant carbohydrate accumulation. In conclusion, we recommend a fertilizer regime of 60 kg N ha^?1 urea and 60 kg phosphorus ha^?1 potassium hydrogen phosphate applied in fall to improve nutrient reserves and increase root carbohydrate accumulation in Changbai larch seedlings.     

SUBSOIL ROOT GROWTH OF FIELD GROWN SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) DIFFERING IN NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY PARAMETERS

In a two-year (1999–2000) field experiment four Swiss spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (cvs. ‘Albis’, ‘Toronit’ and ‘Pizol’ and an experimental line ‘L94491’) were compared for genotypic differences in the root parameters that determine uptake potential and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE):root surface area (RSA) and its components, root length density (RLD) and the diameter of the roots. The genotypes were grown under no (N0) and under ample fertilizer nitrogen (N) [ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃); N1; 250 kg N ha^?1] supply. Root samples were taken from all the genotypes at anthesis from the subsoil (30–60 cm). Genotypic effects on RLD and RSA were evident only in 2000 and large amounts of N fertilizer usually diminished root growth. Adequate soil moisture in 1999 may have favored the establishment of the root system of all the genotypes before anthesis. Parameters of NUE for each genotype were also determined at anthesis and at physiological maturity. ‘Albis’ the least efficient cv. in recovering fertilizer N (ranged from 36.5 to 61.1%) with the lowest N uptake efficiency (0.47 to 0.79 kg kg^?1) had the lowest RLD and RSA in both seasons. Among genotypes ‘Toronit’, a high-yielding cv., efficient in recovering fertilizer N, exhibited the higher NUE (22.4 to 29.3 kg kg^?1) and tended to have the highest values of RLD and RSA. Nitrogen fertilization also led to an increase in the proportion of roots with diameters less than 300 μm and decreased the proportion of roots with diameters of 300 to 700 μm. These trends were more pronounced for cv. ‘Pizol’ in 1999 and for cv. ‘Toronit’ in 1999 and 2000. By anthesis in a humid temperate climate, there are no marked differences in the subsoil root growth of the examined genotypes. Some peculiarities on the root growth characteristics of the cultivars ‘Albis’ and ‘Toronit’ may partially explain their different NUE performance.     

不同时期施钾对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控

【目的】通过甘薯不同时期施用钾肥的大田试验,探讨不同时期施用钾肥对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控效应。【方法】选用典型的食用型甘薯品种"北京553",以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,于2011 2012年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行大田试验。试验处理为:不施用钾肥(CK)、全部钾肥基施(JS)、全部钾肥封垄期追施(FS)和全部钾肥高峰期追施(GS)。分析不同时期施用钾肥对功能叶光合产物的输出能力、运输茎的农艺特性、源-库间光合产物运输的渗透动力(茎顶-基部间碳水化合物、氨基酸和K+浓度梯度)及块根中光合产物积累特性的影响。【结果】施用钾肥可显著提高块根鲜薯产量和干重,提高块根膨大速率,其中,基施和封垄期追施钾肥处理增幅较大。基施钾肥显著降低生长前期(栽秧后50 d左右)功能叶碳水化合物含量和蔗糖/淀粉比值,提高生长中后期(栽秧后110 d、170 d左右)功能叶中蔗糖和蔗糖/淀粉比值,增幅分别为10.01%和27.14%(2011),16.16%和61.57%(2012),提高该时期功能叶蔗糖的输出能力。基施还提高生长前期基部茎粗,两年增幅均在20%以上,增大光合产物运输的横截面积;基施和封垄期追施钾肥处理提高生长中后期分枝数,基施处理两年增幅的均值为36.53%和48.44%,封垄期追施的为19.60%和46.17%;同时,降低生长中后期源-库距离,提高有效距离(51—200 cm)所占比例。茎顶部到基部间氨基酸和K+浓度逐渐降低,施用钾肥能提高该浓度梯度的降幅,提高渗透动力,以基施和封垄期追施效果较好,其中,氨基酸浓度两处理的平均增幅分别为87.58%和39.56%,K+浓度的平均增幅分别为272.81%和75.58%。基施钾肥显著降低生长前中期茎基部蔗糖和淀粉含量,基施和封垄期追施钾肥可显著降低生长后期茎顶部和基部蔗糖含量,同时降低淀粉含量。【结论】施用钾肥可减少生长前期功能叶中淀粉的合成,保证块根中光合产物的充足供应,扩大运输通道的横截面积,提高茎部运输的渗透动力促进茎基部光合产物的卸载,及时形成较强的库,提高生长中后期功能叶蔗糖含量和可运输态(蔗糖)的比例,增加光合产物运输通道数量,降低运输距离,提高运输有效性,并提高茎部运输的渗透动力,促进茎基部光合产物卸载,促进块根的膨大,形成高产。在本试验条件下,基施钾肥处理最优。     

长期施氮对谷子根系内生真菌群落特征的影响

为探讨长期施氮对作物运输根和吸收根内生真菌群落特征的影响及其机制。以农田长期定位施肥试验(1995—2019年)为基础,通过高通量测序技术,研究长期5个施氮肥处理(CK、N1、N2、N1P、N2P。其中CK、N1、N2施氮量分别为0,55.2,110.4 kg/hm~2)对谷子不同功能根内生真菌群落组成和结构的影响。结果表明:CK处理中吸收根的OTUs数和真菌多样性(shannon指数和Chao 1指数)均显著高于运输根(P0.05)。门水平上,吸收根的Ascomycota和Glomeromycota丰度显著高于运输根(P0.05),但Mortierellomycota和Basidiomycota丰度显著低于运输根(P0.05)。在属水平上,优势菌属Mortierella和Bipolaris在吸收根内的相对丰度显著低于运输根(P0.05),但Fusarium和Minimedusa显著高于运输根(P0.05)。高氮施肥吸收根和运输根的OTUs数、Chao 1指数分别提高了23.62%,23.87%,其他施肥则相反。施肥运输根的shannon指数提高了7.12%～19.62%,吸收根则相反。施肥吸收根致病菌属(Bipolaris、Fusarium、Magnaporthiopsis、Microdochium)的相对丰度分别增加了52.99%,40.74%,133.06%,200.00%,运输根中抗病菌属(Minimedusa)的相对丰度提高了40.16%～97.11%。施肥谷子根系碳、氮、磷含量分别提高了2.33%～11.63%,13.30%～94.66%,3.89%～263.92%,氮磷肥配施处理的影响尤为显著(P0.05)。施肥运输根生物量提高了106.67%～336.41%,吸收根的生物量降低了35.20%～60.20%。长期施肥通过提高土壤速效磷、全磷、可溶性氮和根系碳含量而提高吸收根内生真菌丰度,通过提高根系生物量而降低运输根内生真菌丰度,低氮磷配施肥(N1P)对土壤养分含量及菌群发展影响最大。探明长期施氮肥对黄土丘陵区谷子不同功能根系内生真菌分布格局变化的影响,为作物的高产优质及农田土壤生态环境的良好构建提供理论依据。     

不同灌溉施氮肥方式对香蕉根系生长的影响

试验通过在渗滤池中种植香蕉，研究了滴灌施氮肥和浇灌施氮肥两种施肥方式对香蕉根系生长的影响。结果表明，合理施用氮肥能显著促进香蕉根系的生长，如在滴灌施氮肥条件下香蕉二级根的根表面积比对照增加了52％；对香蕉而言，滴灌施肥技术是一种理想的灌溉施肥方式，与浇灌施肥相比，它能显著增大香蕉二级根的根表面积，其增幅达15％。     

Light-sucrose interaction stimulates nitrate uptake by wheat roots

To improve nitrate uptake efficiency and minimize fertilizer waster, nitrate uptake control was investigated. In the previous work, we found that illuminating shoots can stimulate nitrate uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. “EM18”) roots, which is thought to be via a signal carried through phloem, maybe a sugar. We also found that sucrose could show features of a specific signal of nitrate uptake. A noninvasive technique method with a high-time resolution (minutes) has enabled us to make the comparison between illumination and sucrose supply. Interestingly, the results showed when plants were in the light, the stimulation by external sucrose was less than that in the dark, indicating light affected nitrate uptake co-operatively with externally supplied sucrose. The interaction between light and externally supplied sucrose showed that the mechanism of light effect on nitrate uptake involved sucrose. This work was useful for further investigating its molecular mechanism and ultimately improving nitrogen use efficiency.     

Effect of mineral nutrition on contents of organic constituents in sweet potato plants during growth

Although chinese yam plants are an important crop in Japan, relatively little is known about their content of the organic constituents. IZAWA and NATAKE (1,2,3) showed some aspects of the effect of the fertilizer treatment on the organic composition of chinese yam plants at various phase of their vegetation. Many reports on chinese yam plants have appeared; nevertheless, the nature of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism has remained unknown. However, there are a number of excellent reports (4, 5, 6) which directly or indirectly have a bearing on these biochemical phase in sweet Potato plants. Therefore, the objectives of the Present study were twofold : a) to determine the contents of sugars, starch, alcohol-insoluble solids, and various nitrogen constituents in sweet potato plants during growth as affected by mineral nutrition, and b) to compare the effect of mineral nutrition on sweet potato plants with its effect on chinese yam plants.     

施氮量对甜玉米产量、品质和蔗糖代谢酶活性的影响

以甜玉米扬甜2号和超甜135为材料,设置纯氮N 0、75、225、375 kg/hm2 4个处理,研究不同施氮量对甜玉米产量、品质和蔗糖代谢酶活性的影响.结果表明,施氮显著提高甜玉米扬甜2号和超甜135鲜穗产量,两品种均以施N 225 kg/hm2产量最高,比不施氮分别增产65.15％、99.61％.甜玉米籽粒发育过程中可溶性糖和蔗糖的含量随吐丝时间呈单峰曲线变化,施氮明显提高籽粒可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,施氮量为N 225 kg/hm2时最高.氮肥对甜玉米质构特性有较大影响,施氮量增多,籽粒的硬度显著增加;脆性随着施氮量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,其中以氮肥用量在N 225 kg/hm2最大.籽粒中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)合成方向活性的变化趋势与蔗糖含量变化一致,SS分解方向活性随籽粒灌浆进程逐渐变大.合理施氮可提高甜玉米籽粒中SPS和SS合成方向活性,增加糖分,改善品质.     

腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤钾素含量和甘薯吸收利用的影响

利用腐植酸和硫酸钾制备一种腐植酸钾肥(HA-K),沙柱淋溶试验结果表明其对钾素具有一定的缓释作用。为阐明施用腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤不同形态钾素含量的影响,在田间小区试验条件下,研究了腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤不同形态钾素含量以及甘薯产量和对钾素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与不施钾（空白对照）相比,施用腐植酸促进了甘薯对钾素的吸收,降低了甘薯全生育期土壤中的速效钾和缓效钾含量以及生长前期土壤有效钾含量,但是提高了甘薯生长中、后期土壤有效钾含量。与施等量氧化钾对照相比,施用腐植酸缓释钾肥促进了甘薯对钾素的吸收,降低了甘薯全生育期土壤缓效钾含量和甘薯生长前、中期土壤速效钾和有效钾的含量,提高了甘薯生长后期土壤速效钾和有效钾的含量。与施等量氧化钾对照相比,施用腐植酸缓释钾肥显著提高了钾肥吸收利用率(REK)、农学利用率(AEK)、偏生产力(PFPK)和甘薯块根产量,增幅分别为20.09 %,42.69 %,5.89%和22.83%。     

Screening of Tanzanian sweet potato germplasm for yield and related traits and resistance to sweet potato virus disease

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) is a versatile crop globally serving as food, feed and raw material for industries. Designed selection for higher yields and related traits is crucial to identify complementary sweet potato clones for breeding. The objective of this study was to determine phenotypic variation among diverse sweet potato collections with regard to yield, dry matter content (DMC) and sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) resistance and to identify suitable clones for breeding. A total of 144 sweet potato genotypes were evaluated at 2 sites in Tanzania using a 12?×?12 simple lattice design. Data collected included 10 quantitative and 17 qualitative agro-morphological traits and virus reaction. Results indicated differences among genotypes for most traits studied. The mean DMC was 36% with clones Zapallo and Ukerewe exhibiting the lowest and highest values of 29% and 45%, respectively. The mean storage root yield of clones was 5.1?t/ha with genotype Jewel expressing the highest yield of 11.3?t/ha. Genotypes Resisto and Mataya were early flowering at 40 and 50 days, respectively, while Ex-Mwanza and Kandoro did not flower at all. Fifty-eight per cent of the genotypes showed resistant reaction to SPVD, while 31% and 11% were moderately susceptible and susceptible to the disease, respectively. A positive correlation was observed for the number of roots and fresh root yield. Seven clones including Simama, Ukerewe, Mataya, Resisto, 03–03, Ex-Msimbi-1 and Gairo were selected for high storage root yield and related traits or SPVD resistance. The selected genotypes are recommended as potential parents for sweet potato breeding.