矮化密植苹果树的冬季修剪技术

对矮化密植苹果园,若仍采用稀植大冠的整形修剪方法,就难以发挥矮化苹果早结果、早丰产的优势。现就如何适应苹果矮化密植栽培的特点,谈谈冬季修剪措施。１树体结构苹果矮化密植园必须充分利用上方空间,使其尽量高而细。株行距２ｍ×４ｍ的果园,宜采用“自由纺锤形”...     

枣树的整形修剪

枣树的整形修剪要做到———因树修剪、随枝作形 ;均衡树势 ,从属分明 ;幼树以整形为主 ,但要做到整形两不误 ,且整形修剪必须在枣园土、肥、水等管理措施综合动用的基础上进行 ,效果才能显著。1　幼树的整形修剪幼树的整形修剪任务是长树 ,争取早结果。1.1　培养主干用平茬截干的方法培养主干 ,对主干不明显的枣苗 ,在次年春枣萌发前 ,距地面 10～ 15ｃｍ处平茬 ,促进主芽萌发 ,萌发后选留壮芽 ,扶去其余的芽。1.2　定干(1)矮化密植枣园定干高度 70～ 80ｃｍ ,枣粮间作园定干高度 1.5ｍ左右。(2 )方法　在定干高度以上留 4～ 5个节间 ,作为…     

仁用杏不同程度的修剪与成枝力萌芽力及座果的关系

在杏扁管理上 ,过去多放任生长 ,不加修剪 ,这样虽然也能早结果 ,但分枝少、产量低、衰老快。用短截培养枝组的办法 ,长势转弱 ,不利于结果 ,而甩放长枝 ,培养串花枝结果的剪法则是符合杏扁生长发育规律的。1　杏扁树成枝力低重剪整形能增加枝量杏扁定植后 ,抽生几个长枝 ,若不加修剪管理 ,这些长枝即进入结果而少分枝 ,致使枝量不足 ,不能迅速成形。杏扁树的修剪反映是 :若甩放不剪除顶芽单轴延长外 ,一般不抽生长枝 ,适度剪截后 ,剪口下抽生 2～ 3个长枝 ,其抽生枝条的数量及长度与修剪轻重有关 (见表 1)。幼树重剪可促生分枝 ,增加枝量 ,…     

矮密苹果春剪技术

当前 ,苹果种植以“矮冠密植”代替了传统的“大冠稀植”,但在生产管理上 ,许多果园却是矮密栽植 ,稀植管理。在修剪上表现为只强调休眠期修剪 ,忽视生长期修剪 ,只注重休眠期短截促枝扩冠 ,忽视生长期修剪的缓势促花作用 ,导致树体结构混乱 ,树势过早衰弱。因而对矮密苹果树在整形修剪上必须实行休眠期修剪与生长期修剪相结合 ,进行四季修剪 ,才能达到早果早丰、优质高产的目标。其中春季修剪尤为重要。1　春剪时期从春季树液流动开始 ,至花后结束 ,即 3月上旬至 4月下旬 ,约 5 0 d左右。2　春剪原则本着因地制宜 ,因树修剪的原则 ,即幼树…     

苹果矮化密植的树形结构及修剪方法

苹果矮化密植的树形结构及修剪方法当前苹果矮化密植幼树的整形修剪应掌握两为主、两结合的原则：即以小冠形为主，以疏剪为主；冬剪和夏剪相结合，长树与结果相结合。当前适宜推广应用的树形主要有自由纺锤形，基部三主枝改良纺锤形两种。１．自由纺锤形这种树形适用于株...     

核桃整形修剪增产技术

核桃整形修剪是早期丰产、长寿稳产、优质高效的一项重要措施。据试验证明 ,在抓好病虫害、土肥水管理的同时 ,仅此一项和同龄树相比 ,幼树修剪后 ,提前三年结果 ;盛果树修剪后 ,二年增产 ,三年产量翻一翻 ;百年老树返老还童 ,继续丰产。其整形修剪技术要点简述如下 :1　主要丰产树形1.1　自然疏散圆头形干高 1.2ｍ左右 ,主枝 5～ 7个 ,分 2～ 3层 ,侧枝10～ 12个 ,成形后树冠半圆形 ,全树高 6～ 8ｍ左右。树体较高大 ,通风透光好 ,寿命长 ,负载量大 ,株产高 ,适宜立地条件好的地方稀植和农果间作形式采用。1.2　小冠疏层形干高 0 .8ｍ左右 …     

矮密苹果夏剪技术的应用探讨

80年代以来 ,苹果“矮冠密植”代替了“大冠稀植”。但在实际生产上 ,很多苹果园却是密植栽培 ,稀植管理。体现在修剪上表现为两个方面 :一方面忽视夏剪 ,强调冬剪。只注重冬剪短截促枝扩冠 ,忽视夏剪缓势促花的作用 ,导致树体满树旺条而不早果。正应“冬剪一次算总帐 ,来年树上烧高香”之说 ;另一方面冬剪时盲目轻剪缓放 ,而夏剪跟不上 ,导致树体结构混乱 ,主从不明 ,能早果但不能丰产 ,树体过早衰弱 ;修剪上这两种极端做法 ,都不能实现早果早丰、优质高产、稳产目标。藁城市在苹果生产中 ,很多果园不同程度存在上述问题 ,表现在幼树阶段 ,…     

冬季修剪措施对薄壳山核桃‘威奇塔’幼树萌芽数、成枝量和果枝量的影响

为了研究冬季修剪措施(包括打头、轻剪、中剪、重剪和长放)对薄壳山核桃成枝的影响,采用4年生薄壳山核桃‘威奇塔’作为试验材料,探讨了不同修剪措施对‘威奇塔’幼树新枝长度、新枝粗度、萌芽数、成枝量、果枝量的影响。结果表明:打头、轻剪、中剪、重剪比长放的新枝长度增加了19.40～33.73 cm,粗度增加了0.41～0.74 cm,萌芽数提高了42.9%～66.4%,成枝量增加了0.53～0.73个,果枝数量提高了1.6～2.8倍。综合各项指标可知,在幼树期使用重剪措施效果最佳,且利于树体尽早进入果期。     

浅谈桃树在榆林沙地栽培的技术措施

一、修剪技术 1、覆膜升温前的修剪疏除扰乱树形的大枝，调整好主枝角度。为保证翌年有较高产量，采用长枝修剪法尽量多留枝、少去枝。疏除或拉平背上中长果枝，放延长枝。长放中长果枝，短截下垂果枝。疏除无花枝、病虫枝、过密枝、重叠枝。     

梯田堰边老龄低产花椒树更新改造研究

以梯田堰边老龄低产花椒为试材,采用随机区组设计进行不同修剪试验。发现刻芽、中截、重截、疏枝修剪处理均能促进新梢生长,提高叶绿素含量,显著提高花椒单株产量、穗重,增加花椒出皮率。以疏枝处理对花椒新梢生长、果实产量品质影响最显著。平茬更新处理的花椒树的叶色浓绿、叶片肥厚、生长壮旺,果实产量和枝量明显高于对照树,复壮效果明显。     

Influence of tree shelters,irrigation and branch pruning on early field performance of micropropagated wild cherry cv. F12/1

The growth potential of micropropagated wild cherry cv. F12/1 under field conditions was assessed. Relatively short trees (19–22 cm tall) were planted in the field just seven months after transfer from tissue culture to soil. Irrigation and shelters promoted shoot heights in the first (establishment) year. If planting techniques can be developed which reduce branch production, then the cost of corrective pruning to achieve clean stems is also reduced. Shelters, but not irrigation almost totally inhibited outgrowth of branches produced in spring. Outgrowth of spring branches by unsheltered trees was strongly influenced by tree height at planting, with shorter trees producing fewer branches. In the second and third years of the trial, pruning branches from trees that had been planted in shelters, resulted in taller trees. By the end of the third year, pruned trees had smaller stem diameters than unpruned trees. These results are discussed with respect to using cv. F12/1 as a productive timber tree.     

南方观花彩叶树状花木的培育及其应用

概述国内外类似小乔木树状花木的生产与应用,探讨如何采用幼苗早期密植和修剪技术把南方观花彩叶灌木育成树状花木;探讨树状花木在园林中的观赏特点与应用。     

染井吉野樱的引种栽培技术

介绍了染井吉野樱引种栽培技术和大树移栽技术：栽培环境选择以土层深厚、排水性能良好的沙性土壤为佳;栽植早期为尽快成景株距以4m为宜,树龄达8～10年后株距应保持在8～10 m;做好水肥管理和整形修剪,包括施足基肥和追肥,做好除萌等修剪;喷洒合适的杀虫剂防治病虫害;大树移栽采用B2活力素进行灌根处理.     

常德市太浮山森林公园野生樱花林

常德市太浮山森林公园野生樱花林面积350hm2,约10万株,有尾叶樱(Cerasus dielsiana)、微毛樱(C.clarofolia)、崖樱(C.scopulorum)、山樱花(C.serrulata)、麦李(C.glandulosa)共5种,花期从2月上旬至3月下旬延续2个月,是目前国内发现的面积最大、种类最多、花期最长的野生樱花林。建议管理部门在重视旅游配套设施建设的同时,将打造国内外最大的野生樱花观赏园列为该公园的建设重点。       

温州蜜柑幼树枝梢生长综合措施效应

该试验以两年生温州密柑幼树为试材，进行了以修剪为主，配合施肥及间作绿肥等措施的试验。结果表明：采用适度修剪配合勤施薄施氮肥及间作绿肥等措施可以显著地促进枝梢生长和分枝数的增加。为温州蜜柑提早成形、提早结果提出了有效的栽培技术措施。     

百合引种栽培的初步研究

百合(Lilium spp.)为百合科(Liliaceae)百合属(Lilium L.)球根草本植物。百合花茎刚直挺秀，叶色翠绿，花形奇特，色泽高雅，为世界著名切花、盆花及园林布景的花卉。荷兰每年出口数以亿计的百合种球，百合切花的销售额名列切花类的第5名，总额达4．8亿美元。国内的花卉业虽然起步较晚，但发展速度很快，近年来，国内各大城市对百合花的需求量越来越大，     

Impact of artificial pruning on growth and secondary shoot development of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Producing high value veneer wood requires that the tree bole be branch-free. This can be accomplished by natural or artificial pruning. Since wild cherry does not self prune well, pruning artificially is the only practical option. The study analysed the effect of conventional whorl-wise pruning and selective pruning, on height growth, diameter growth and secondary shoot development of wild cherry. Four pruning treatments were applied on cherry trees in summer 2007, one group of cherries was left unpruned to serve as a control: treatment C1 (upper 5 whorls left), C2 (upper 3 whorls left), S1 (removal of branches larger than 3 cm or with an angle to the stem < 40°), S2 (removal of branches larger than 2 cm or with an angle to the stem < 40°), N (unpruned). Data showed that height growth was not affected by pruning. In contrast, diameter growth at breast height of the C2 pruned cherry was reduced by approximately 5% (SE = 2.7%) in the year of pruning (trees were pruned in July). This pruning treatment produced significant (p = 0.028) nine percent less diameter growth than the control in the second year following pruning. The diameter increment of the C1 pruned trees with five whorls left after pruning and the selective pruned cherries were only about 4% (SE = 4.0%) smaller than the control after two years. This loss was statistically not significant. Analyses showed that on selective pruned trees the survival rate of secondary shoots was significantly reduced compared to those on whorl-wise pruned trees. Significant differences in the size of the secondary shoots were only found between the C1 and S1 (p < 0.05) pruned trees. We did not find differences in the total number of secondary shoots per tree among pruning treatments. Solely from a tree growth perspective, the moderate whorl-wise pruning treatment C1 and the selective prunings were equally effective in minimizing the reduction of diameter growth and are recommended in practice. However it was found that the survival of secondary shoots was reduced on selective pruned trees although the amount of pruning work needed in selective pruning was slightly greater than conventional moderate pruning.     

Effects of induction treatments on flowering in Populus deltoides

Stimulation of early flowering is required to shorten breeding cycles of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. var. deltoides), a commercially important and fast-growing hardwood species. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the influence of various treatments on flowering in rooted cuttings from mature and juvenile trees. A combined treatment of water stress, root pruning and paclobutrazol was applied to 3-month-old rooted cuttings from mature trees. These cuttings had been subjected to root restriction and long days. All treated plants flowered, whereas no untreated plants formed flower buds. One-year-old rooted cuttings from juvenile trees did not flower when treated with either paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol plus water stress, paclobutrazol plus root pruning, or paclobutrazol plus girdling. This was true both under continuous or periodic growth. Assessment of the lack of flowering in juvenile trees may require an integrated approach that investigates environmental or physiological stimuli, assimilate shift, gibberellic acid type and concentration, and flowering-time gene activity in the new shoots of mature and juvenile cottonwood trees.     

Quantitative assessment of fungal colonization in Norway spruce after green pruning

In July and in October of 1978, 1979, 1980 five Picea abies stands in Baden-Württemberg, Germany were green-pruned up to a tree height level of c. 10 m. In 1993–94, 30 pruned trees and five control trees from each stand were harvested for investigation. The quality of pruning proved to be excellent because only few branch collar, bark injuries or too long branch stubs were detected. Based on isolations from more than 6000 wood specimens of c. 20 mm³ obtained from 175 trees, specific infection rates are given for different tree compartments. Wood decay fungi as well as important blue stain fungi were only rarely present. Tolerable discolourations were limited to the stub containing core of a few trees. Wood formed after pruning showed neither more fungal infections nor other related disadvantages compared with the respective increment from unpruned control trees. Nectria fuckeliana, proved to be the most abundant fungus in pruned trees especially in the branch stubs. Respective infection rates in and close to dry branches were compared. Bacteria could be found in the pruned branch stubs, however, they did not penetrate into the heartwood or sapwood of the stems. Both summer and autumn pruning involve only very low risk of wood deterioration. However, summer pruning shows some advantages with respect to lower infection rates by N. fuckeliana.     

Influence of gaps on some selected tree characteristics of edge trees in Norway spruce plantations

The present study examined branch and stem characteristics of trees growing around gaps in Norway spruce plantations. Trees located at the edge of gaps with a radius of either 5 m or 7 m either unplanted or with supplementary planting were compared to trees in the original closed plantation. The experiment was carried out in two locations in the south of Sweden and the design included four blocks at each location and one replicate of each treatment in each block. The measurements were carried out on standing and felled trees in 2005 at the time of the first thinning. The results indicate a significant effect of gaps and supplementary planting on the diameter of the largest branch, the number of living branches close to breast height, branch basal area, height to the first living branch and taper. The effect of supplementary planting on branch and stem characteristics was greater in large gaps than in small ones. This study indicated that supplementary planting may be useful in affecting stem-form and branch parameters, although other studies have shown that the trees that result from supplementary planting contribute little to total production.