冻融对土壤氮素转化和N2O排放的影响研究进展

在中、高纬度及高海拔地区,土壤冻融现象常有发生。冻融作用通过影响土壤理化性质和生物学性状进而影响土壤氮素转化过程及N₂O的产生和释放,但迄今关于冻融对土壤氮素转化过程影响的研究结果还不尽一致,正效应或负效应均存在,土壤冻融期间N₂O排放对全年N₂O排放总量的贡献程度也存在着较大差异。本文重点论述了土壤冻结或冻融循环过程对土壤氮矿化、固持、硝化和反硝化等主要氮素转化过程的影响机制,同时分析了可引起冻融期间N₂O排放强度变化的四种可能机理（禁锢-释放、环境-底物诱导、N₂O还原酶抑制和化学反硝化增强）。指出在全球变暖背景下研究土壤冻融格局改变影响土壤氮素转化过程及N₂O排放的必要性,并简要提出了若干理论问题及研究方向。     

冻融作用对农田黑土有机氮组分的调控效应

为深入了解非生长季农田土壤有机氮库组成及转化特征,采用Bremner氮素分级法研究了室内模拟冻融条件下(冻融温度、冻融频数、水分含量)农田黑土有机氮组分含量的变化行为。结果表明:冻融作用对农田黑土有机氮组分及其转化过程影响显著,氨态氮和氨基酸氮是土壤酸解有机氮的主要组分。随着冻结温度降低,土壤氨基酸氮含量显著增加,氨态氮和未知氮含量均显著降低,而氨基糖氮含量变化行为因融化温度而异。随着融化温度升高,土壤酸解有机氮组分无规律性变化。随着冻融频数增加,冻融土壤氨基酸氮含量显著降低,未知氮含量显著增加,氨态氮含量先增加后降低,而氨基糖氮含量则无显著性变化。随着水分含量增加,冻融土壤氨态氮和未知氮含量均显著增加,这与氨基酸氮的变化趋势正好相反,而氨基糖氮含量则无显著性变化。可见,较大的冻融温差、适宜的冻融频数和水分含量是影响土壤有机氮库转化的主要驱动因子。冻融作用能够提高土壤酸解有机氮中氨态氮和氨基酸氮的含量及其分配比例,增加土壤可矿化氮量,促进土壤氮素转化,有利于土壤有效氮的累积,为春季作物生长提供足够的氮素。     

农田黑土氮素转化特征对冻融作用的响应

为了深入了解非生长季农田黑土氮素转化过程,采用室内冻融模拟培养试验研究了不同冻融因子[冻融温度(冻结温度:-3、-6、-9、-12、-15℃;融化温度:2、5℃)、冻融循环次数(1、3、6、10、15;其中在-3℃冻结6 d、2℃融化1 d为1个冻融循环次数)、水分含量(10%、20%、30%)]对农田黑土无机氮组分含量及氮素转化速率的影响。结果表明,较大的冻融温差(-15℃/2～5℃)、适宜的冻融循环次数(1～3)和水分含量(20%～30%)是影响农田黑土氮素转化的主要驱动因子。冻融土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、净氮矿化速率和硝化速率均随着冻结温度降低显著增加,均随着融化温度升高无显著性变化。随着冻融循环次数增加,冻融土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、净氮矿化速率和硝化速率均显著降低。随着水分含量增加,冻融土壤铵态氮含量显著增加,这与硝态氮的变化趋势相反,而净氮矿化速率和硝化速率均无显著性变化。可见,冻融作用显著促进非生长季农田黑土氮素转化,有利于土壤有效氮的累积。     

田间一维饱和─非饱和土壤中氮素运移与转化的动力学模式研究

建立并验证了一个排水条件下田间－维饱和－非饱和土壤中ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ和ＮＯ３＾－运移与转化的耦合模型,模型中考虑了有机质的矿化、氮素的吸附、硝化、反硝化、氮气挥发及作物根系吸氮等氮素转化作用过程,同时也考虑了土壤温度和湿度对氮素转化的影响。该模型可用于描述田间土壤中氮素的行为,所得结论可供农业生产实际和环境保护参考。     

影响砂姜黑土麦田土壤氮素转化的生物学因素 及其对供氮量的响应

砂姜黑土是我国典型的中低产田土壤类型,研究其在土壤微生物驱动下的氮素转化过程及其机制,可为定向调控土壤氮素转化过程,提高氮素利用效率并减少其负面效应提供科学依据。试验设置0 kg·hm~(-2)、120 kg·hm~(-2)、225 kg·hm~(-2)和330 kg·hm~(-2) 4个供氮量,分别于冬小麦越冬期、拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期测定小麦根际土壤氮转化相关微生物作用(氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用)强度和土壤氮素转化相关酶(脲酶、蛋白酶)活性,土壤净氮素矿化速率、土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量的变化,研究影响砂姜黑土麦田土壤氮素转化的生物学因素及其对不同供氮量的响应。结果表明,土壤氮素转化微生物及酶活跃时期为拔节到灌浆期,灌浆期之后土壤氨化作用强度、硝化作用强度、脲酶及蛋白酶活性降低;土壤净氮素矿化速率与土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性的活跃期较为一致,在开花前后达到最高。除脲酶活性随供氮量增加持续上升外,土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及蛋白酶活性均随供氮量的增加,在225 kg·hm~(-2)处理下达到最高,进一步增加供氮量至330 kg·hm~(-2),微生物作用强度及酶活性均表现出不同程度的下降。可见,砂姜黑土土壤氮素转化的活跃期与小麦需氮高峰期基本一致,有利于冬小麦的生长。但由于砂姜黑土中土壤硝化作用强度较低,土壤硝化能力有限,从而降低了氮素可利用性,且增加了土壤氨挥发损失的潜在风险。在一定范围内增加供氮量,有利于土壤氮素的转化,但供氮过多(330 kg·hm~(-2))则不利于砂姜黑土供氮能力的提高。     

施用生物炭对农田土壤氮素转化关键过程的影响

生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂,施入土壤后不仅能有效改善土壤结构,提高土壤对营养元素的吸附能力,还可减少温室气体的排放,增强生物固氮能力,因此在农业生产和缓解气候变化方面有着巨大的应用前景。生物炭的输入将直接影响农田土壤氮素的循环和转化,本文结合国内外大量文献,综合分析总结了施用生物炭对土壤氮素转化过程的影响,重点从生物炭对土壤氮素矿化、氮素损失以及硝化、反硝化作用和生物固氮过程的影响过程展开阐述。并在此基础上,提出今后应加强生物炭对氮素转化的作用机理及对环境的长期正负效应研究,特别是对相关微生物群落的多样性、丰度以及土壤酶活性方面的研究,同时提出相关研究应建立在统一的生物炭标准之上,以明确区分生物炭的作用效果及其作用机制。     

基于文献计量学分析土壤氮素矿化研究进展

为了深入了解土壤氮素矿化的研究现状和发展趋势,应用CiteSpace信息可视化分析软件,对Web of Science（WOS）数据库中1990—2020年土壤氮素矿化领域的1804篇文献进行了基础知识框架、研究热点、发展趋势的可视化分析,对土壤氮素矿化研究进展和演变趋势进行了图谱解读和追踪分析。结果表明:土壤氮素矿化研究正处于不断发展阶段;该领域研究具有很强的学科交叉特点,主要涉及环境科学与生态学、生态学、环境科学和农业等学科;其重要研究主题是土壤氮素转化机理及其动力学过程;近期研究前沿主要集中在探究不同土地利用类型或农业管理措施对微生物特性的影响、微生物又影响土壤中氮素迁移转化过程方面;我国该领域研究发展迅速,但还面临在国际上影响力较低等问题。     

冻融对农田黑土可溶性氮库、氮转化过程及酶活性的影响

探讨非生长季土壤可溶性氮库、氮素转化过程及氮代谢关键酶活性如何响应冻融交替,对于支撑土壤肥力保持和农田养分管理具有重要意义。以农田黑土为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养试验分析冻融循环作用下土壤可溶性氮库组分 [可溶性无机氮 (NH4+-N + NO^3--N,DIN)、可溶性有机氮 (DON)、可溶性全氮 (DTN)]、净氮矿化速率 (NNMR)、微生物量氮 (MBN)和氮代谢关键酶活性的变化行为,阐明冻融循环对土壤可溶性氮转化过程的影响机制。冻融循环对农田黑土可溶性氮库、氮素转化过程、MBN及氮代谢关键酶活性影响显著 (P<0.05)。随着循环次数增加,冻融土壤NH4+-N、NO^3--N、DIN和NNMR均显著降低,而DON、DTN和MBN均先升高后降低,在循环次数6时达到最大值,较对照土壤分别增加了4.65%、5.43%和18.38%。随着循环次数增加,冻融土壤蛋白酶活性显著增加,硝酸还原酶活性先增加后降低,以循环次数6的最大 [1.19 NO₂--N     

冻融交替对黑土氮素转化及酶活性的影响

以黑土为试验材料,通过室内培养实验,研究了不同冻融循环(-25—5℃、-10—5℃)对黑土氮素转化速率和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:随着冻融频次的增加,铵态氮含量和硝态氮含量均逐渐增加。除了中强度冻融(-10—5℃)的土壤铵态氮在培养第1周期内的含量最低外,剩余培养周期内,铵态氮含量均表现为中强度冻融(-10—5℃)高强度冻融(-25—5℃)对照组(5℃);硝态氮含量对不同冻融温度的响应差异显著。与对照组相比较,冻融循环整体上降低了土壤的矿化速率和硝化速率,但实验末期有促进硝化的趋势,不同强度冻融对矿化速率和硝化速率影响显著。受土壤温度和冻融交替的影响,土壤的脲酶活性和转化酶活性均低于对照组,且脲酶活性和转化酶活性均表现为中强度冻融高强度冻融(第1周期除外)。综上,冻融作用对黑土的供氮能力和土壤酶活性具有重要影响。     

冻融交替对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤氮素的影响

[目的]探讨冻融作用对毛乌素沙地陕北榆林地区砒砂岩与沙复配土壤氮素的影响,对于提升毛乌素沙地土壤肥力具有重要作用。[方法]通过室内培养试验,探讨不同比例砒砂岩与沙复配土壤氮矿化过程对冻融的响应特征。[结果]冻融交替作用对土壤氮的矿化有显著影响,在冻融1周期时,3种比例复配土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮含量增加较快。在冻融2周期后,复配土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮含量均出现下降趋势。冻融5周期,复配土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮含量均开始呈现稳定增加趋势。冻融10周期后,1∶1,1∶2及1∶5复配土壤铵态氮含量分别增加了10%,49%与11%,硝态氮含量分别增加了14%,39%与34%,其中1∶2复配土硝态氮、铵态氮含量较1∶1,1∶5增加显著,对氮素的保持性能较好。[结论]冻融循环促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮的累积,为早春农作物的生长提供足够的氮素。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.