影响砂姜黑土麦田土壤氮素转化的生物学因素 及其对供氮量的响应

砂姜黑土是我国典型的中低产田土壤类型,研究其在土壤微生物驱动下的氮素转化过程及其机制,可为定向调控土壤氮素转化过程,提高氮素利用效率并减少其负面效应提供科学依据。试验设置0 kg·hm~(-2)、120 kg·hm~(-2)、225 kg·hm~(-2)和330 kg·hm~(-2) 4个供氮量,分别于冬小麦越冬期、拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期测定小麦根际土壤氮转化相关微生物作用(氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用)强度和土壤氮素转化相关酶(脲酶、蛋白酶)活性,土壤净氮素矿化速率、土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量的变化,研究影响砂姜黑土麦田土壤氮素转化的生物学因素及其对不同供氮量的响应。结果表明,土壤氮素转化微生物及酶活跃时期为拔节到灌浆期,灌浆期之后土壤氨化作用强度、硝化作用强度、脲酶及蛋白酶活性降低;土壤净氮素矿化速率与土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性的活跃期较为一致,在开花前后达到最高。除脲酶活性随供氮量增加持续上升外,土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及蛋白酶活性均随供氮量的增加,在225 kg·hm~(-2)处理下达到最高,进一步增加供氮量至330 kg·hm~(-2),微生物作用强度及酶活性均表现出不同程度的下降。可见,砂姜黑土土壤氮素转化的活跃期与小麦需氮高峰期基本一致,有利于冬小麦的生长。但由于砂姜黑土中土壤硝化作用强度较低,土壤硝化能力有限,从而降低了氮素可利用性,且增加了土壤氨挥发损失的潜在风险。在一定范围内增加供氮量,有利于土壤氮素的转化,但供氮过多(330 kg·hm~(-2))则不利于砂姜黑土供氮能力的提高。

Biological factors influencing nitrogen transformation in wheat fields of lime concreted black soils and their response to different nitrogen supplications

Lime concretion black soil is a typical low-yield field soil in China. It has heavy clay structure and poor permeability, which cause imbalances in effective nutrient supply, low capacity soil nutrient supply and poor production performance. In order to improve crop yields, chemical fertilizer (especially nitrogen fertilizer) has been excessively applied during production seasons. This has led to wastage of agricultural resources and environmental pollution. Soil microbes have always played a predominant role in the processes of soil nitrogen transformation. To provide scientific basis for directional adjustments to control the processes of soil nitrogen transformation, improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce related negative effects, the processes and mechanisms of nitrogen transformation driven by soil microorganisms were studied. A filed experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2015 in Xiangcheng, Henan Province, China. The experimental setup was a single factorial design with four nitrogen rates (0 kg·hm^-2, 120 kg·hm^-2, 225 kg·hm^-2 and 330 kg·hm^-2). The biochemical action intensity of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms (ammonification, nitrification and denitrification), urease activity, protease activity, net nitrogen mineralization rate, and content of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen of rhizosphere soil were determined at different wheat growth stages to explore the biological factors influencing nitrogen transformation and their response to different nitrogen application in wheat fields of lime concretion black soils. The results showed that the active period of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms and enzymes was from jointing stage to grain-filling stage. After that, the ammonification intensity, nitrification intensity, urease activity and protease activity decreased. Similarly, the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate reached the highest level at flowering stage. Except for urease activity which increased with increasing nitrogen application, the intensity of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms and the enzymes activities reached the highest point under the 225 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen treatment, and then, decreased with further increasing nitrogen application (330 kg·hm^-2). Consistent with dynamic changes in soil nitrogen transformation microbes and enzymes activities, the contents of soil ammonium and nitrate reached the highest point at heading stage and flowering stage, respectively. Under moderate nitrogen application conditions, soil ammonium content had an increasing trend. But under excess nitrogen application, there was no significant enhancement in soil nitrate content. It was clear that the active period of soil nitrogen transformation was consistent with the critical period of nitrogen demand for wheat, which was beneficial for winter wheat growth. However, due to low nitrifying bacteria activity, nitrification capacity was limited. This, in turn, reduced nitrogen availability and increased potential risk of ammonia volatilization from soil. Increased nitrogen application was beneficial for soil nitrogen transformation, but only within a certain range. Excess nitrogen application (330 kg·hm^-2) was not conducive in terms of improving the capacity of supply or release soil nitrogen in lime concretion black soil.