基于风蚀模型的河北省土壤风蚀风险评价

[目的]对河北省空间范围开展土壤风蚀风险评价研究,以期为研究区基于土壤风蚀的土地退化和大气污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,采用第一次全国水力普查中推荐的风蚀模型,对研究区2009年的土壤风蚀风险进行评价。[结果]河北省土壤微度侵蚀面积所占比例最大,约占河北省总面积的65.36%,主要分布在河北平原、太行山地和冀北山地;其次为轻度侵蚀,约占河北省总面积的12.46%,主要分布在坝上高原和冀西北间山盆地;中强度侵蚀的风蚀面积最小,合计不足河北省总面积的0.1%,主要为分布在研究区北部的沙地类型;极强侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀没有分布。[结论]河北省土壤风蚀强度呈现出明显的空间差异性,干燥,风速大,植被覆盖度低的冀西北地区风蚀强度最大,湿润、风速小、植被覆盖度高的冀东北地区风蚀强度最小,南部平原和太行山区风蚀强度中等。     

山西省不同生态区NDVI时空变化及其影响因素

利用MODIS-NDVI数据研究了2000—2012年山西省生长季平均NDVI的时空变化特征,并分析了气候变化和人类活动对生长季平均NDVI变化的影响。结果表明:（1）13 a来山西省山地落叶阔叶林生态区、农业与草原生态区、汾河谷地农业生态区生长季平均NDVI均呈显著增加趋势,增长率分别为0.052/10 a,0.079/10 a,0.049/10 a。（2）山西省植被变化存在明显的空间差异,改善区占全省面积的73.76%,主要分布在太行山、太岳山、吕梁山、中条山等地区;而退化区占全省面积的3.29%,主要分布在太原盆地及临汾盆地的边缘地区。（3）NDVI变化是气候变化和人类活动共同影响的结果。不同生态区NDVI对气候变化的响应不同。其中,前一年11月至5月降水增多可能是山地落叶阔叶林生态区NDVI增加的主要原因,前一年12月至1月气温降低和2—5月降水增多可能是农业与草原生态区NDVI增加的主要原因,5—9月气温降低和前一年11月至8月降水增多可能是汾河谷地农业生态区NDVI增加的主要原因。而人类活动对NDVI变化的影响主要表现在退耕还林、防护林建设、采矿、城市扩张等方面。     

藏西南高原植被NDVI时空变化及其与海拔梯度的关系

青藏高原植被分布不仅与区域水热条件密切相关,而且受海拔和地形的共同影响,认知植被与海拔梯度的关系对青藏高原生态保护具有重要科学和现实意义。基于MODIS NDVI数据和植被类型数据,分析了藏西南高原近21年来不同植被类型生长季NDVI时空变化特征,探讨了植被覆盖与海拔梯度的关系。结果表明:藏西南高原植被类型有森林、荒漠、草原、草甸、高山植被、栽培植被、灌丛和其他植被8种; 随时间推移,各植被类型NDVI均显著增加且在2017年达到最大值。研究区草原、草甸、灌丛和高山植被的增加速率依次为0.006/10 a,0.004/10 a,0.01/10 a和0.006/10 a。除了局地植被呈退化趋势外,绝大部分植被覆盖不断改善。草原、草甸、灌丛和高山植被主要集中分布在海拔4 000 m以上的地区,NDVI在各海拔梯度上均存在较大差异。不同植被类型NDVI随海拔升高均呈现不同的减小趋势,不同年份间同种植被NDVI随海拔梯度变化具有相似的变化趋势。研究结果可为藏西南高原生态建设、植被恢复和畜牧业发展提供一定的科学依据和决策支持。     

1999-2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动

[目的]西南喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱,对其植被覆盖变化及气候驱动机制进行研究具有重要意义。[方法]基于1999—2019年SPOT NDVI数据和同期209个气象站点的气温和降水数据,采用Theil-Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析法、偏相关分析和复相关分析法,探讨西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动。[结果]1999—2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI呈显著上升趋势,整体植被覆盖较好;NDVI变化主要以极显著上升趋势为主,仅5.73%的地区呈退化趋势。NDVI与气温和降水整体上均呈正偏相关关系,气温对NDVI的影响强于降水,且存在空间差异性。NDVI与气温和降水的复相关显著性通过0.05,0.01水平的面积分别占15.12%,5.68%;NDVI主要受气温驱动,占研究区面积的13.90%,其他气候因子驱动类型占比均未超过3%。[结论]揭示了西南喀斯特地区植被覆盖的时空变化特征,明确了气候因子对植被覆盖变化的驱动机制。     

湖北省植被覆盖时空分异季节变化研究

本文从年际变化、季节变化、主要生长季、空间分布特征研究了湖北省1998年4月至2014年3月近16年植被覆盖时空分异变化情况,近16年年均NDVI整体呈上升趋势,多年NDVI季节变化春季与秋季的变化曲线相似,主要生长季NDVI与多年年际总体变化趋势是一致的。湖北省植被覆盖变化具有明显的空间差异,大部分区域植被呈现转好趋势,但局部地区也有退化的现象,其中退化面积只占总面积的3.25%。     

黑河上游植被覆盖时空变化特征及其未来趋势

[目的]分析黑河上游近14a来植被覆盖时空变化特征及其未来趋势,为区域生态保护提供决策参考。[方法]基于2001—2014年MODIS-NDVI数据,采用线性趋势和Hurst指数等数理方法进行定量分析。[结果]研究区植被覆盖整体处于缓慢增加趋势,年际变化呈现"波动—改善"趋势,空间分布呈现自东南向西北逐渐降低的分布特征,且具有明显经向地带性;植被覆盖改善区和退化区的面积分别占47.74%和21.81%,其中改善区主要分布在研究区中部和西北部,以高寒草原改善为主,退化区主要位于研究区东南部,以高寒草甸退化为主;未来的NDVI将向着改善的方向发展。[结论]近14a来黑河上游植被覆盖良好,且未来向着改善趋势发展,但对祁连、民乐和山丹县境内的持续退化区需要采取保护措施。     

湖北省植被覆盖时空变化及因子研究

植被覆盖是影响水土流失的重要因子,本文在对湖北省近16年来植被覆盖在不同类型区变化分析的基础上,系统地分析了植被覆盖在不同坡度、土壤、高程的空间分布与时间变化规律,探讨植被覆盖时空变化自然驱动机制。结果表明:平均海拔高、坡度大的武陵山和秦巴山山地丘陵区年际变化NDVI相对值比平均海拔低、坡度小的江南和长江中游丘陵平原区要高,NDVI年际变化趋势增幅也较大,春、夏、秋三季的NDVI值变化幅度也相对较大。年均NDVI退化和改善的区域主要出现在坡度5°、高程500m的区域,退化的区域最主要是城镇及周边地区,改善的区域最主要是江汉平原等农作物主产区。     

河北省生态环境支撑区生态系统服务价值评估

[目的]研究和评估不同生态区主要生态系统服务功能和价值的变化,为区域的生态保护、自然资源核算和生态补偿等决策提供理论依据和参考。[方法]基于1980,2000和2015年的土地利用数据,采用单位面积价值当量因子法构建土地利用二级分类当量表,计算3个时段河北省各生态环境支撑区的生态系统服务价值。[结果]①1980—2015年河北省土地利用的变化主要表现为农田转为城乡建设用地,其他生态用地转为农田的趋势。②以2015年的价格计算,1980—2015年河北省总生态系统服务价值的年平均值约为3.56×10~(11)元。③1980—2015年河北省生态系统服务价值减少约7.00×10~9元。④单位面积生态系统服务价值最高的生态区为燕山—太行山,其次是坝上高原、海域海岸、京津保,最低的为低平原区。⑤1980—2015年京津保生态区生态系统服务价值下降幅度最大为28.1亿元,降低15.0%。[结论] 2000年后的生态环境建设对恢复和提升河北省生态系统服务功能发挥了重要作用。     

近20年黄河三角洲地区植被覆盖度时空变化及其趋势分析

[目的]探究黄河三角洲地区植被覆盖度的时空动态变化以及植被覆盖度对土地利用变化的响应机制,为地区生态保护、建设与高质量发展提供参考。[方法]基于2000—2019年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据和2000—2020年5期土地利用数据,采用slope趋势分析和相关性分析等方法,分析了2000—2019年东营市植被覆盖度的时空动态变化及其对土地利用类型变化的响应。[结果]植被覆盖度在东营市南部地区、黄河沿岸以及黄河故道地区较高,而北部和东部沿海地区较低。在时间上,2000—2019年东营市NDVI为0.25～0.33,植被覆盖度呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在2010年达到最高水平。在空间上,东营市植被覆盖度改善区域面积大于退化区域,其面积占比分别为44.86%,37.94%。[结论]草地和未利用土地向城乡、工矿、居民用地和水域转化是造成植被覆盖退化的主要原因。     

基于CA-Markov的渭河流域NDVI时空变化模拟及预测

为综合分析流域植被覆盖的时空变化特征,进而为生态环境保护提供科学参考,以渭河流域作为研究区域,首先基于MODIS NDVI中国月合成数据计算研究区年际NDVI值,并进行等级划分;而后利用CA-Markov模型,以NDVI等级作为元胞类型,计算了不同时期各等级的转移矩阵,由此模拟了2015年NDVI的空间分布;对比模拟NDVI结果和原始影像数据,评价模拟精度,并预测了2020年和2025年NDVI的空间分布状况。结果表明:(1)利用CA-Markov模型模拟渭河流域NDVI的空间变化,得到2015年模拟结果的Kappa系数为0.785 0,叠置分析的准确度为73.4%,符合精度要求,可以用于NDVI空间分布的预测。(2)渭河流域植被覆盖存在明显的空间差异性,低度植被覆盖区、较低植被覆盖区主要分布于陇中和陕北黄土高原地区;中度植被覆盖区主要分布在泾河和北洛河河谷地区,较高植被覆盖区主要分布在关中平原、子午岭等地,高度植被覆盖区主要分布在秦岭、六盘山等山区。(3) 2015—2025年,预测流域植被覆盖状况将进一步改善。其中,低度植被覆盖区、较低植被覆盖区和中度植被覆盖区面积将有所减少,空间上整体向北迁移;较高植被覆盖区和高度植被覆盖区面积进一步增加,空间上向北扩张。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.