不同种群小菜蛾乙酰胆碱酯酶性质研究

小菜蛾乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的性质研究表明,不同种群小菜蛾成虫与幼虫AChE活性相比,差异极显著,成虫是幼虫的5～7倍;武汉种群小菜蛾成虫和幼虫AChE与底物的亲和力最小。小菜蛾谷胱甘肽鄄S鄄转移酶(GST)的性质研究表明,宣化、武汉、云南3个田间种群GST活性较高,明显高于台湾敏感品系;北京种群GST活性较低,与台湾敏感品系近似。此研究为进一步分析小菜蛾不同种群、不同虫态抗药性差异提供了依据。     

小菜蛾抗性稳定性及抗性治理对策研究

试验表明，福州地区田间小菜蛾已对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯及拟除虫菊酯产 生高抗性。脱离选择压力3代后，小菜蛾的抗性水平迅速下降。Bt预处理可提高抗性和敏感小菜蛾幼虫 对有机磷的敏感性，尤其对抗性小菜蛾增效极显著，对敏感小菜蛾AChE的 Ki值则影响不 大。据此提出在抗性治理中，应轮用或换用不同毒理机制的杀虫剂，且其间隔至少为2～3代。     

田间菜蛾绒茧蜂对有机磷敏感性监测及毒理机制分析

对甲胺磷敏感性的田间监测结果显示,绒茧蜂存在着抗性演化,毒力生物测定结果与AChE的K_i值的监测结果呈明显的相关性,每年9月至次年2月期间AChE敏感性最低,8月期间敏感性最高。甲胺磷可显著地抑制绒茧蜂AChE、CarE和GSTs的活性。PB和TPP对AChE的活体抑制率极低,但PB可强烈抑制CarE的活性,而TPP仅在高浓度时对CarE有较显著的抑制作用,PB对甲胺磷有显著的增效作用,而TPP对甲胺磷无增效作用。AChE的K_m、V_(max)及K_i值研究结果表明,田间绒茧蜂对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯的抗性与AChE对杀虫剂的不敏感性有关。由此认为,绒茧蜂对有机磷的抗性主要与其最重要的靶标酶AChE的敏感性改变及多功能氧化酶有关。     

小菜蛾和绒茧蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶对甲胺磷和甲基异柳磷敏感性监测

对 ACh E的 K m、Vmax和 Ki值的研究结果表明 ,田间小菜蛾和绒茧蜂对甲胺磷和甲基异柳磷的抗性与 ACh E对杀虫剂的不敏感性有关。田间监测结果表明 ,每年 9月至次年 2月期间 ,由于田间杀虫剂选择压较高 ,小菜蛾 ACh E对有机磷较不敏感 ,而在每年的 6月至 8月期间 ,ACh E敏感性有所升高 ,达到全年的最高点。寄生于同一虫源的绒茧蜂 ACh E敏感性的变化也呈明显的相关性。绒茧蜂 ACh E的敏感性显著高于小菜蛾 ,尚未达到高度不敏感水平。当田间选择压极高时 ,可导致小菜蛾 ACh E呈高度不敏感 ,此时绒茧蜂 ACh E也表现出较高的不敏感性。     

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对小菜蛾羧酸酯酶的影响

就阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella Linneae羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性的影响进行了研究。用亚致死剂量的阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯分别处理阿维菌素敏感和抗性小菜蛾,使敏感品系CarE比活力上升,抗性品系CarE比活力下降。酶动力学研究表明,两种药剂亚致死剂量处理对小菜蛾CarE与底物α-NA亲和力的影响存在差异。在敏感品系中,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯处理前后CarE的Km值无明显变化;抗性品系中,用阿维菌素亚致死剂量处理后,小菜蛾体内CarE的Km值显著高于对照,即其对α-NA的亲和力比对照组明显降低,高效氯氰菊酯处理组CarE的Km值与对照相比无明显变化。     

药剂对小菜蛾抗性及敏感品系乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用比较

采用浸叶法测定了云南通海、元谋和澜沧的小菜蛾plutella xylostella田间种群对常用杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,云南上述地区小菜蛾田间种群对各类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。对有机磷类药剂的抗药性为1.74~31.1倍;对菊酯类药剂的抗药性为7.41~764倍;对阿维菌素类药剂则产生了 5.60~4.06×104倍的抗性。通过离体和活体试验测定了药剂对小菜蛾头部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的抑制作用。敌敌畏和灭多威对通海抗性品系AChE离体和活体内的抑制中浓度(I50)分别是敏感品系的209、26.5倍和2.21、2.16倍;敌敌畏对通海小菜蛾种群的离体和活体内抑制中时间(IT50)小于敏感品系,分别是敏感品系的0.32和0.17倍;而灭多威对通海小菜蛾种群的离体和活体内抑制中时间(IT50)则大于敏感品系,分别是敏感品系的1.37和1.74倍。     

不同防治田内不同发育期拟环纹豹蛛乙酰胆碱酯酶及羧酸酯酶的活性比较

利用紫外分光光度法研究了生物防治田和化学防治田内不同发育期拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的活性特征。结果表明,化防田拟环纹豹蛛各发育时期AChE活性均较生防田中的低,其各发育期AChE的Km值也均明显高于生防田种群。从整个发育期来看,幼体的AChE活性最高,卵囊的最低,说明不同发育阶段AChE活性存在较大差异。而CarE的活性正相反,化防田种群卵囊、幼蛛、雌成蛛和雄成蛛的CarE活性均高于相应生防田种群,且幼蛛的CarE活性高于相应成蛛,生防田种群每一发育阶段CarE的Km值也均高于相应的化防田种群。表明化防田中的拟环纹豹蛛有可能对部分农药产生了一定程度的抗药性。     

常用杀虫剂对菜蛾绒茧蜂的影响及毒理机制研究

田间采集试虫室内测定结果表明,敌敌畏、灭多威和杀虫双对菜蛾绒茧蜂Apanteles plutellae高毒,乙酰甲胺磷对绒茧蜂毒性较低,而氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氟虫腈、阿维菌素、定虫隆和Bt则是低毒的。菜蛾绒茧蜂AChE的Km及Vmax值分别是小菜蛾的0.22和2.08倍,AChE对敌敌畏的敏感性(K/em>i值)分别是小菜蛾的10.37倍。100 mg/L的胡椒基丁醚(PB)或磷酸三苯酯(TPP)均可使氰戊菊酯明显增效,其中PB的增效作用显著高于TPP。体内抑制实验结果表明,PB和TPP对绒茧蜂AChE活力无显著影响,低浓度(100 mg/L)的PB即可显著抑制绒茧蜂的α-NA和β-NA CarE活力,且抑制率高于TPP,TPP仅在高浓度(1 000 mg/L)时对绒茧蜂的两种CarE活力有显著抑制作用。由此推断,与小菜蛾相比,菜蛾绒茧蜂对有机磷的高敏感性与其显著较高的AChE敏感性有关;此外,多功能氧化酶的解毒代谢在菜蛾绒茧蜂对氰戊菊酯的耐药性中具重要作用。     

诱杀植物香根草对稻蛀茎夜蛾幼虫解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响

香根草能够有效诱集水稻害虫稻蛀茎夜蛾Sesamia inferens雌成虫在其上产卵,但孵化出的幼虫在香根草上不能完成生活史。为了初步明确香根草对稻蛀茎夜蛾幼虫生理生化水平的影响,本研究分析测定了取食香根草后稻蛀茎夜蛾幼虫体内解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶AChE活性的变化。结果表明:与取食水稻的幼虫相比,取食香根草后幼虫解毒酶谷胱甘肽硫转移酶GSTs和AChE活性显著提高。其他两种解毒酶,羧酸酯酶CarE和细胞色素P450酶活性无显著差异。取食香根草后,4龄幼虫GSTs比活力约为取食水稻的2.1倍;2龄幼虫AChE比活力约为取食水稻的2.9倍。本研究结果表明香根草可能存在某些有毒活性物质或者次生代谢物质,诱导了稻蛀茎夜蛾体内GSTs和AChE的活性,这可能是稻蛀茎夜蛾取食香根草后的应急防御机制之一。此研究结果为深入阐明香根草在生理、生化水平上对稻蛀茎夜蛾幼虫的影响奠定了基础,为开发以香根草为基础的稻蛀茎夜蛾绿色防控新技术提供了理论依据。     

抗联苯菊酯枸杞蚜虫羧酸酯酶活性及4种常用杀虫剂对酶的抑制作用

采用玻璃管药膜法,测定了联苯菊酯对中国内蒙古地区枸杞蚜虫的毒力,同时研究了不同抗性水平枸杞蚜虫羧酸酯酶（CarE）的活性,比较了敏感种群Ⅰ和高抗性种群Ⅴ的Km和Vmax值,以及毒死蜱、三唑磷、灭多威及氧乐果4种常用杀虫剂对联苯菊酯不同抗性水平枸杞蚜虫CarE的抑制作用。结果表明:与实验室饲养的敏感种群Ⅰ（LC50值为0.057 mg/L）相比,不同地区枸杞蚜虫对联苯菊酯均产生了一定程度的抗性,其中种群Ⅴ的LC50值为4.344 mg/L,抗性倍数达76.2,已达到高抗性水平。随着对联苯菊酯抗性水平的提高,枸杞蚜虫CarE的比活力逐渐增大,高抗性种群Ⅴ的比活力[0.533 μmol/（min·mg）]是敏感种群Ⅰ[0.287 μmol/（min·mg）]的1.9倍。进一步比较敏感种群Ⅰ和高抗性种群Ⅴ的Km和Vmax值,发现Km值几乎无变化,但高抗种群Ⅴ的Vmax值是敏感种群Ⅰ的2.08倍。4种杀虫剂对不同抗性水平枸杞蚜虫CarE的抑制作用不同,但均随着试虫抗性水平的升高,抑制中浓度（I50）值增大。表明羧酸酯酶在枸杞蚜虫对联苯菊酯的抗性中具有重要作用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.