去早果枝对转基因抗虫棉生长发育与衰老进程的调控效应

 以转基因抗虫棉品种为材料,设置了2个播期和4种去早果枝方式（去基部1个、2个、3个果枝及不去果枝的对照）处理,研究去除早期果枝对棉花生长发育及衰老进程的影响。2年结果表明,去早果枝推迟了棉花的生育进程;去掉1个早果枝处理总果枝数与对照无差异,但去掉2个、3个果枝后明显低于对照,总果节数差异不显著;去早果枝显著提高了第1播期棉花叶面积指数和干物质积累量,去1个、2个和3个果枝处理的干物质积累量在2年中平均比对照高13.5%,17.5%,19.0%,但在第2播期差异不明显;去早果枝降低了第1播期棉花脱落率和烂铃率并提高了棉花的子棉产量,脱落率在2年中平均比对照降低4.5,5.8和9.0百分点,烂铃率平均降低2.2,4.5,4.8百分点;去1个和2个果枝处理的子棉产量在2年的第1播期中比对照平均高9.6%和8.1%,但在第2播期增产不明显,甚至减产。     

Lint Yield Compensatory Response to Main Stem Node Removal in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Hail storm damage to the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants can destroy vegetative and reproductive structures, modify canopy architecture and impact lint yield. Field studies were conducted at University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center in 2011, 2012 and 2013 to examine cotton plant architecture changes and compensatory growth in response to removal treatments of uppermost nodes on main stem (terminal bud removal, 2 node removal and 4 node removal) as simulation of hail damage at the node 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 growth stages. Main stem node removal caused significant decrease in leaf area and biomass, especially at early growth stages. However, significant lint yield reduction only occurred by removing 2 nodes at the node 4 stage and removing 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2011, removing terminal bud at the node 12 stage in 2012 and removing terminal bud, 2 nodes and 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2013. The lint yield reduction did not exceed 13 % in all three growing seasons. Yield loss due to main stem node removal was mainly compensated by increased boll number on the vegetative branches at early growth stages and on fruiting branches at late growth stages. Yield compensation from vegetative branches increased with number of main stem nodes removed. This study suggests that the cotton crop has a strong compensatory ability to plant structure damage due to its indeterminate growth and longer growing season in the region.     

Applying Plant Growth Regulators at Early Stages Affects Maturation of Cotton

[Objective] Early initiation and early maturity are the foundation of high yield and good quality of cotton. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of plant growth regulators applied at the seedling and squaring stage on the early initiation of flower bud and the rate of the opened cotton boll (ROCB) during later development period, and to provide practical measures for hastening the maturity of cotton. [Method] Several plant growth regulators were applied from cotyledonary to squaring stage under greenhouse and field conditions, water was used as the control. The first fruiting branch node (indicating the initiation of flower bud), the number of bud prior to blooming and the ROCB at mid-term of boll maturation period (23 September, 2017) were compared among treatments. [Result] Under greenhouse conditions, gibberellic acid (GA₃) applied at the cotyledonary stage with 140 μmol·L^－1 as well as the three consecutive applications of sodium nitrophenolate (CSN, 2.23 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary, two-leaf and four-leaf stage made the first fruiting branch node move down by about 0.9 nodes. In field experiments, the application of gibberellin₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇, 288 and 576 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by about 0.4 nodes. Also, the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, 44.4 μmol·L^－1) at the three-leaf stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by 0.2 nodes. However, there was no significant correlation between the first fruiting branch node and the ROCB in late September. Moreover, the application of Brassinolide (BR, 0.10 μmol·L^－1) at the bud stage increased the ROCB in late September, which was mainly associated with the increased boll set in the lower and middle fruiting branches. [Conclusion] The reasonable distribution of bolls (concentrated in the lower and middle fruiting branches as well as inner fruiting sites) is more important for the earliness of cotton than lowering the first fruiting branch node.     

短季棉霜前皮棉产量及其相关性状的关联度分析

对短季棉霜前皮棉产量及其相关性状的关联度分析,可知霜前花率和衣分对霜前皮棉产量的影响较大,单株铃数和单株果枝数次之,铃重、果枝始生节位、株高、子指和生育期等对霜前皮棉产量的影响较小.选育过程中要分清主次,抓主要性状的改良,改进霜前花率和衣分并与其它性状相协调,提高霜前皮棉产量.     

Analysis of the Main Decision Characters of Cotton Yield in Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin

[Objective] In order to improve the efficiency of variety selection and reduce the cost of experiment, it was necessary to select the multi-objective characters comprehensively and make clear the effect of each objective character on the yield of seed cotton. [Method] Through the statistical analysis of 8 years, 607 breeding materials (339 conventional varieties and 268 hybrids) of Guoxin Rural Technical Service Association in Hejian City, Hebei Province, the effects of plant type, yield, maturity and fiber quality on the yield of seed cotton were comprehensively evaluated. [Result] Correlation analysis, regression analysis and general analysis showed that boll weight, lint percentage, first fruiting branches node, percentage of seed-cotton before frost and growth period had significant effects on seed cotton yield in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin. The correlation coefficient between percentage of seed-cotton before frost and seed cotton yield were the highest (r＝0.320 97), and the boll weight decision coefficient was the largest (R²＝0.30), which were the main traits affecting the seed cotton yield. Plant height had the largest direct effect on seed cotton yield, but the total effect was the smallest after indirect effects of other variables (r_2y＝－0.04). Both regression and general analysis showed that neither fiber length (upper half mean length) nor micronaire had significant effects on seed cotton yield. [Conclusion] During the breeding of new cotton lines in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin, boll weight and lint percentage can be used as important agronomic characters for breeders to improve. Shortening the growth period and increasing the percentage of seed-cotton before frost can increase yield. Plant height and first fruiting branches node affect seed cotton yield through interaction with other traits. Neither the fiber length nor the micronaire value have a significant effect on the seed cotton yield, which can be increased simultaneously with the yield during the breeding process.     

施氮量对滨海改良盐土棉花钾累积利用的影响

以长江流域大面积种植的转基因棉湘杂棉8号为材料,在江苏省大丰市稻麦原种场(33.2°N,120.5°E)滨海改良盐土上研究施氮量(0、150、300、375、450、600 kg N hm–2)对棉株钾素吸收、利用和分配的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥提高不同生育阶段棉株钾的吸收量,以盛花到见絮期的钾积累增量最大,并改变生育期间的钾吸收比例,使出苗到盛花期的钾吸收比例降低,盛花到吐絮期的钾吸收比例升高;同时,增加施氮还降低生育后期中上部果枝钾浓度的下降速率,但对下部果枝影响较小。随施氮量增加,各部位果枝氮对钾吸收的边际效应(每增施1 kg氮促进钾的吸收量)呈先升高后降低趋势,且果枝部位越高,基于最大边际效应的施氮量越高。在300~375 kg hm–2施氮量范围内,干物质和钾在经济器官中的分配比例提高,钾浓度和钾累积量动态特征参数比较协调,中部和上部果枝氮素对钾吸收的边际效应和钾的皮棉生产效率较高,利于高产形成。高于375 kg hm–2的施氮量导致皮棉产量增幅下降,氮素对钾吸收的边际效应和钾的皮棉生产效率较低;低于375 kg hm–2的施氮量降低干物质和钾经济系数,不利于高产形成。     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

引进前苏联陆地棉种质资源主要农艺及经济性状鉴定研究

针对国内棉花生产发展的需要,在石家庄地区自然条件下,我们对引进前苏联的１２９份和国内的７２份陆地棉种质资源的农艺性状、产量及产量因子和纤维品质等性状进行了系统的同步鉴定研究,结果表明：引进材料同国内材料相比,生育期相差不大,引进材料具有株高较矮、果枝节位较低,铃重较高,纤维较整齐,强度高,细度好的特点,而且,在果枝数、叶枝数、单株铃数、单铃重、衣分、子指、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率等性状的变异潜力和变化幅度均大于国内种质资源。通过系统同步鉴定,筛选出早熟、矮秆、高衣分、高子指、长纤维、高强度和细度好等不同特性的优异材料４４份,改善了我国棉花种质资源缺乏的现状。     

甘肃彩色棉花抗旱性农艺性状指标的筛选鉴定

以抗旱性不同的白棉、棕棉和绿棉品种(品系)为试验材料, 通过水分亏缺控制试验, 采用主成分分析和逐步回归分析方法, 调查其主要农艺性状指标与抗旱性的关系。结果表明, 干旱胁迫下, 各彩色棉花的籽棉产量、株高、叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、收获指数、茎粗、籽指和上半部分纤维长度均相应的降低; 抗旱指数与株高、果节数、单株成铃数、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、籽指、单铃重、收获指数、茎粗呈极显著正相关; 单株成铃数、单铃重和花铃期叶片数可作为不同色彩棉花简单、直观的抗旱性鉴定指标, 有效果枝数、株高、果节数、收获指数和籽指也可作为彩色棉花抗旱评价指标。     

钾肥分期施用对棉花产量及构成因素影响

为研究棉花需钾规律,找出合理的施钾方法,以‘华杂棉H318’为试验材料,大田研究了钾肥施用时期和比率对棉花产量及构成因素的影响,以及棉花在移栽期,初花期,盛花期3个时期对钾肥的需求规律。大田试验3个钾肥施用时期分别为A（基肥）、B（初花肥）、C（盛花肥）;各实验处理钾肥分两次施入,3个施钾时期组合(T)分别是AB（基肥和初花肥）、AC（基肥和盛花肥）、BC（初花肥和盛花肥）;两次钾肥施用量之比(R)有4种,分别是2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3。试验结果表明,钾肥初花期和盛花期追施（BC处理）可提高棉花子指和单株结铃数。钾肥基施时,初花期追施（AB处理）比盛花期追施（AC处理）更有利于提高单铃重、果枝数以及整体衣分。钾肥基施和盛花期追施（AC处理）产量构成因素的大小在各处理间居中,但籽棉产量却是最高。当钾肥施入比率为1:2时,可提高子指、衣分、单株结铃数、果枝数和籽棉重。所以,棉花在移栽期对钾肥需求量较少,但钾肥是移栽期必不可少的肥料,初花期和盛花期是钾肥需求量最大的时期,也是生殖生长的高峰期,对提高棉花产量具有决定作用。钾肥分两次施入,钾肥基施和盛花期追施效果较佳;适当加大盛花期钾肥施入比率（即A1C2处理）,对棉花生长和发育的效果最佳,对提高产量具有重要意义。     

棉花最佳成铃模式的研究

本文在1987年试验基础上,1988年继续应用二次正交旋转组合设计的方法,对密度、氮素、单株果枝数及缩节安化控四项农艺措施进行综合研究,根据研究结果建立了产量、成铃分布、亩果节回归模型。通过数学模型筛选出亩产子棉225kg以上的优化农艺措施组合方案,给出了该优化组合最佳的成铃模式和分布特点。此外,还给出了该优化组合的亩果节数、蕾铃脱落率的动态变化曲线,为该优化方案实施时提供诊断指标和参数。     

留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育及产量的影响

为探索留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育和产量的影响，于2004—2005年以两个不同熟性的抗虫棉品系K640和K9918为材料，在济南和临清进行了留叶枝去早果枝试验研究。结果表明，与正常整枝（去叶枝）相比，留叶枝去早果枝显著促进了两个品系的株高增长和叶面积扩展，叶面积系数提高了24%~94%。早熟品系K640在2004年和2005年分别比正常整枝增产7.4%和15.6%，而中早熟品系K9918的产量在2004年与正常整枝相当、2005年减产12.0%。留叶枝去早果枝显著减少了伏前桃比例，而相应提高了伏桃和秋桃的比例。留叶枝去早果枝对平均衣分影响不大，但显著影响铃数。分析认为，留叶枝去早果枝对棉花生长发育和产量的效应主要是通过提高叶源、降低库源比实现的，只有在叶源相对不足的情况下采取该措施才有增产作用。     

抗虫棉多茎株型栽培技术研究

为探讨棉花高产简化栽培新途径,通过十年连续田间试验,对棉花株型调控技术、不同株型不同部位及叶枝的成铃质量、多茎株型适宜的种植密度及品种适应性进行了研究。结果表明：利用叶枝塑造的株型为多茎倒伞型,其株型调控技术是留叶枝早摘心,主茎12 台果枝打顶、叶枝7 月5 日（初花期）摘心处理籽棉产量最高,较其他处理增产9.0%~10.9%;叶枝成铃单铃重高于多茎株型及常规株型下部1~4 台果枝结铃单铃重,纤维品质无明显差异;多茎株型栽培适宜的密度适应范围是3.3 万株/hm2~5.1 万株/hm2;多茎株型品种适应性广,叶枝发达的杂交棉品种增产潜力更大。多茎株型栽培高产简化技术关键是：扩行距、适密度、留叶枝、早摘心。     

Plant Growth Promoter Effects on the Growth and Yield of Transplanted Cotton in Northern Jiangxi

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of six plant growth promoters on the growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and to determine which is most beneficial for enhancing cotton yield in northern Jiangxi Province, China. [Methods] Foliar treatments of naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellin, cytokinin, brassinolide, sodium polyphenol sodium and amine fresh ester were applied at the three-leaf, squaring, first flowering and peak flowering stages of transplanted cotton in the northern Jiangxi region. Cotton growth and development in response to these promoters were investigated, and a pure water spray served as the control. Yield, yield component and agronomic trait data were collected during various growth periods. [Results] Cytokinin and sodium nitrate significantly facilitated the growth of cotton during the early and middle seasons. A more rapid boll setting was achieved by sodium nitrophenolate during the peak flowering stage. Amines promoted cotton growth throughout the plant’s lifecycle, and the plant leaf area and biomass values were the greatest among all the treatments. The brassinolide treatment resulted in a stronger resistance to adverse environmental stresses, and it produced larger bolls and higher cotton yields. Although naphthalene acetic acid had little effects on the growth and development of cotton during the early and middle seasons, a final yield increase was evident. Gibberellin negatively affected the late growth of cotton and led to smaller plant architectural structures and boll weights. The combination of brassinolide and amine fresh ester did not present any advantage over their independent applications. [Conclusion] The growth and development of cotton were significantly increased by the independent foliar applications of six plant promoters at the seedling, squaring, first flowering and peak flowering stages, resulting in seed cotton yield increases of 2.43%–10.4% under seedling transplanting conditions in northern Jiangxi Province. Therefore, we suggest that cytokinin or sodium nitrophenolate can be applied at the cotton seedling and squaring stages and that brassinolide or amine ester can be applied at the flowering and fruiting stage     

控释氮肥对不同部位棉铃素质及纤维品质的影响

设计100％树脂包膜尿素基施、50％普通尿素+50％树脂包膜尿素基施和棉花控释专用肥基施3种控释氮肥处理,以100％普通尿素为对照,研究等氮条件下,不同控释氮肥处理对棉花(鲁棉研28号)不同结铃部位棉铃素质及纤维品质的影响.结果表明,与普通氮肥处理相比,控释氮肥处理对棉株3～5果节和中上部果枝的棉铃素质及纤维品质影响显著,呈现出铃重增加、衣分降低的趋势,而对其他部位棉铃素质及纤维品质无显著影响.控释氮肥处理显著增大了纤维马克隆值,增加了纤维比强度,提高了纤维成熟度,但对纤维长度影响不显著.3个控施氮肥处理以100％树脂包膜尿素基施处理和棉花控释专用肥基施处理影响最显著.     

Effects of Removal of Redundant Buds and Topping of Fruiting Branches on Source-Sink Activity,Yield, and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] Removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches are important pruning measures for cotton production. The effects of the two procedures on source–sink activity, yield, and fiber quality were studied to provide a scientific basis for a simplified pruning method. [Method] A field trial was carried out in bottomland of the Yellow River valley, Zhengzhou, Henan Province in 2014–2015 using cotton ‘Lumianyan 28’. Treatments consisted of removal of redundant buds, decapitation of fruiting branches, and removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches in combination (RDR treatments). Redundant buds and tops of fruiting branches were retained in the control (CK). The source–sink size and activity, yield traits, fiber quality, and economic return were recorded. [Result] The RDR treatments increased the leaf area index and total dry matter accumulation, and increased the sink-source ratio at advanced growth stages compared with CK. In the middle growth period, the RDR treatments increased indoleacetic acid (IAA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) content in the leaf. Moreover, the RDR treatments increased IAA content and SOD activity, and decreased ABA content in seeds of pre-summer bolls and summer bolls, whereas the IAA and ABA contents and SOD activity in fibers showed the opposite trend to that of seeds. The lint yield following removal of redundant buds, decapitation of fruiting branches, and combined removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches was increased by 4.43%, 5.17%, and 9.31%, respectively, but no significant difference was observed among these treatments. Decapitation of fruiting branches had amore marked effect on yield than removal of redundant buds, and these two treatments applied in combination had a cumulative effect on yield. The RDR treatments had no significant effect on fiber quality. Decapitation of fruiting branches increased economic return, but removal of redundant buds reduced economic return, and the effect on economic return of removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches in combination was inconsistent. [Conclusion] The RDR treatments generally improved the source–sink relationship, enhanced source and sink activity, and increased cotton yield. However, the increase in yield and economic benefits were less marked. We recommend simplified pruning techniques without removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches for large-scale cultivation of cotton.     

翻耕深度对膜下滴灌棉花农艺性状及产量的影响研究

为了探明翻耕深度对新疆膜下滴灌棉花生长的影响,通过设置3个翻耕深度（10 cm、30 cm和50 cm ）处理,研究不同翻耕深度对棉花农艺性状及产量构成的影响。结果表明,翻耕深度对棉花生育进程影响显著,翻耕30 cm和50 cm分别比翻耕10 cm全生育期延长20天和25天。同时翻耕深度增加使棉花株高、果枝数、主茎叶片数和单株铃数均显著增加,LAI增大。翻耕深度增加,棉花中、下部结铃比例减小,上部铃比例显著增加,同时皮棉产量显著增加,翻耕30 cm比10 cm增加52.9%,翻耕50 cm比30 cm增加9.2%。而收获株数和单株结铃数增加是皮棉产量提高的主要原因。综合分析认为,深翻耕有利于连作棉田棉花生长及产量水平提高。     

应用缩节安(DPC)调控棉花株型的定位定量效应研究

缩节安(1,1-dimethyl piperidinium chloride, DPC)是棉花生产中广泛应用的植物生长延缓剂,其调控棉花茎枝生长的定位定量效应尚缺乏系统的量化研究。本研究2013—2014年在田间条件下分别于棉花现蕾期、盛蕾期后、盛花期前、盛花期后和打顶后单次应用不同剂量的DPC,测量了DPC作用有效期内的棉花株高和主茎生长速率,探究了所有主茎节间及所有果节对DPC的响应。结果表明, DPC处理对棉花主茎节间的影响范围为N节(应用DPC时的主茎节)以下1～4个和N节以上0～6个(打顶条件下),对果枝的影响范围为N节以下1～11个和N节以上0～5个,其中N节以下果枝受影响的果节多于N节以上果枝。将盛蕾期后和盛花期前2次应用DPC的效应叠加,其影响范围几乎可以覆盖全部主茎节间(果枝始节以上)和全部果节。DPC应用剂量与其作用强度并不总存在较好的线性关系。DPC的定位定量效应除了与应用时间和剂量有关,还受到温度、降水等环境条件和棉株生物量、源库关系的影响。     

不同温度下外施6-BA和ABA对棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)产量和纤维品质的影响

以棉纤维比强度高的科棉1号、比强度中等的美棉33B 2个品种为材料,于2006-2007年在江苏南京设置大田分期播种试验,使棉铃发育处于不同温度条件,于棉株7～9果枝第1、2果节棉铃开花时喷施6-苄基腺嘌呤(6BA)和脱落酸(ABA),研究不同的铃期日均最低气温条件下6-BA和ABA对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明:由晚播造成的低温降低了棉花产量及纤维品质。外施6-BA、ABA对棉株中部果枝铃铃重和纤维品质影响最大。正常播期下,外施6-BA可增加中部果枝棉铃铃重,外施ABA降低铃重,但二者对其纤维品质影响较小;迟播时,外施6-BA可提高中部果枝棉铃铃重,ABA处理的作用则相反,二者均可提高纤维长度和比强度、优化麦克隆值。不同的温度条件下,外施6-BA均提高了单株铃数、单株平均铃重和皮棉产量,外施ABA则降低了棉花单株铃数和产量。外施6-BA和ABA对高强纤维品种产量和纤维品质的影响较中强纤维品种更为明显。低温下,在棉铃发育初期喷施6-BA对改善棉纤维品质的效果最好。