大白菜花粉直感效应研究

为了研究大白菜中是否存在花粉直感效应,以14S116为母本,14S443、14S375、14S120、14S502、14S393、14S536为父本,配置杂交种;以14S193为母本,14S443、14S125、14S116、14S375、14S531为父本,配置杂交种;以92S24A为母本,8407、72M、Da T511、Da164-2-1、14S126、14S375、山东4号、芥菜、Da秦3为父本,配置杂交组合。测定杂交当代角果的果荚长、果荚宽、果喙长、种子形状、单荚种子数以及千粒质量,获得中亲优势、杂种优势和父本效应。另外,JY3与JY4、JY5与JY6、JY19与JY20、Bre与夏胜、92S24与夏胜、14S375与14S116进行互交,测定千粒质量,得到中亲优势、杂种优势和父本效应,并观测了部分组合的种子形状和种皮颜色。结果表明:花粉在杂交当代直接影响组合千粒质量、荚果的果荚长、果荚宽、果喙长、种子形状及单荚种子数,也表现出杂种优势和超亲优势。     

Effects of S1-recurrent selection for protein yield on seven agronomic traits of oat

Summary Three S₁-recurrent selection programs (designated HG, HP, and HGP) for increasing protein yield of oat (Avena sativa L.) were conducted for five cycles of selection. The selection criteria in each program (line of descent) emphasized different components of protein yield; high grain yield in HG, both high protein concentration of the groats (caryopsis) and high grain yield in HP, and high protein yield per se in HGP. Heading date and height were restricted to no net change. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomic performance of these three lines of descent and the correlated responses in agronomic traits due to selection. Thirty to sixty random S₀-derived lines from each cycle and ten check lines were grown in hill-plot experiments at two locations in 1989. Grain yield increased in all three lines of descent; HG showed the greatest rate of gain followed by HGP and then HP (0.20, 0.10, and 0.07 Mg ha^-1 per cycle, respectively). Test weight decreased in HGP by 2.6 kg m^-3 per cycle and in HP by 4.0 kg m^-3 per cycle, but remained constant in HG. Cycle 5 (C₅) means for straw yield, height, and seed weight were not significantly different from the C₀ means for any line of descent. Groat percent remained unchanged in HGP, increased from 70.1 to 71.7% in HG, and decreased from 69.9 to 67.6% in HP. Heading date decreased by 3 d in HG and HGP, but remained unchanged in HP. HG compares most favorably with commercial cultivars because of its high yield and acceptable agronomic traits, while HP tends to be low in test weight, seed weight, and groat percent.Abbreviations BM- above ground biomass - GP- groat (caryopsis) percent, fraction of average seed weight that is groat rather than hulls - GPC- groat-protein concentration - GPY- groat-protein yield - GTY- groat yield - GY- grain yield - HD- heading date - HG- selection for protein yield through high grain yield - HGP- selection for protein yield per se - HP- selection for protein yield through high grain yield and high groat-protein concentration - HT- height - PY- protein yield - SDWT- seed weight - SY- straw yield - TWT- test weight     

两用核不育系广占63S和籼粳型父本配组其F1 产量性状与产量的关系

利用光温敏两用核不育系广占63S分别和籼粳型父本测交配组，通过对两种类型F1代的产量性状表现的比较，对两种组配方式32个F1组合的单株产量与产量性状的关系进行相关分析，并对产量性状对单株产量进行了通径分析。结果表明，广占63S与籼型父本配制的组合在结实率和千粒重上优势明显，其单株穗数和单株产量呈极显著正相关，结实率和单株产量呈显著正相关；粳型父本配制组合的结实率和单株产量呈极显著正相关，每穗粒数和单株产量呈显著正相关。两种组配方式后代组合产量性状对单株产量的直接作用也不相同，进而提出了利用广占63S与籼型材料配组比直接利用粳型材料配组更有利于选育出强优势实用型杂交组合。     

Cotyledon angle as a predictor of growth rate of cucumber plant

Summary Experiments conducted in the greenhouse and in the field indicated that plants produced from seedlings of Cucumis sativus L. which displayed their cotyledons in an upward position grew faster than plants which displayed their cotyledons in a downward position. Cotyledon angle was not a function of seed size nor seedling weight at 10 days after planting. An increase in plant height, node number, and fresh weight at later growth stages was associated with an upward cotyledon angle and persisted until time of harvest. Anthesis tended to occur later in plants having a downward cotyledon angle. The number of pistillate flowers was greater in plants with an upward cotyledon angle compared to those with a downward cotyledon angle. Differences in yield (fruit number) were not associated with cotyledon angle.Paper No. 5432 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station of products named, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned.     

Inheritance and linkage of a gene for testa-imposed seed dormancy in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Seed dormancy in the grain legumes may interfere with germination in some situations, yet is not well described. Dormancy in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was investigated to determine the mode of inheritance and whether the gene or genes controlling this trait are linked to other genes. Seeds produced by 235 recombinant inbred lines at the F₆ generation were used for this study. The parents were the cultivar ‘Optica’ and 172, an Afghanistan landrace which possesses extended seed dormancy. Germination was scored on a seed sample from each recombinant inbred line. Segregation patterns indicated that the trait is monogenic. This gene, named doz, is linked to a gene controlling anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin synthesis, sp-b, with the genetic distance estimated to be about 25 cM. No associations were detected between seed dormancy and pod dehiscence, seed lustre or mean seed weight. The implications of the persistence of a gene for seed dormancy in the gene pool of V. faba for the introgression of traits from landraces and cultivars possessing dormancy and for the origins of domesticated V. faba are discussed.     

三种常用抗生素对苎麻种子发芽及子叶再生的影响

本研究测试了卡拉霉素、羧苄青霉素、头孢霉素对于3个不同基因型苎麻子叶再生的影响，还测试了卡拉霉素对于苎麻种子发芽及生长的影响，结果表明：苎麻子叶对于卡拉霉素有着较高的敏感性，20-25mg／L的卡拉霉素就能完全抑制苎麻子叶再生；羧苄青霉素能显著抑制苎麻子叶再生；浓度在500mg／L以下的头孢霉素对苎麻子叶再生没有明显影响。此外，苎麻种子对于卡拉霉素也较敏感，100mg／L卡拉霉素处理30d能使苎麻种子实生苗全部黄化（白化）死亡。     

赤霉素包衣处理对黄瓜种子发芽及幼苗各部位生长的影响

研究了利用赤霉素包衣对两个黄瓜品种种子发芽、幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,用赤霉素作为激素添加剂包衣特早、露丰黄瓜种子,对2种黄瓜种子的发芽率和发芽势等无显著影响,但显著提高了黄瓜幼苗的下胚轴和叶片长度,显著增加了幼苗下胚轴和子叶的干重,对根干重无显著影响.     

Correlated Response to Selection for Protein Yield in Oats After Three Cycles of Recurrent Selection

Three oat (Avena saliva L.) populations (i.e., lines of descent), high grain yield (HG), high protein content (HP), and high protein yield per se (HGP), each developed by three cycles of S, recurrent selection, were evaluated for the effect of selection for groat-protein yield upon other agronomic traits. Selections making up the HG line of descent had high protein yield primarily due to high grain yield, and those selected for HP had high protein yield due to both high protein content and high grain yield. Selection in HGP was on the basis of protein yield per se. Selection caused increases in bundle weight, harvest index, vegetative growth rate, and seed number in all lines of descent. Heading date, plant height, and seed weight were unaffected, whereas groat percentage and test weight were decreased in HP and HGP. Heritabilities were high for heading date, plant height, test weight, and seed weight, moderate for harvest index and bundle weight, and low for groat percentage. Genetic variability generally declined from CO to C3 for all traits. Groat-protein yield and amount of protein per groat increased in all lines of descent. In HG, the increase in groat weight was due primarily to increases in the nonprotein fraction, with groat-protein content actually decreasing. In HGP, groat weight increased due to increases in protein and nonprotein fractions, and groat protein content remained constant. In HP, groat weight and amount of nonprotein per groat decreased, thus increasing groat-protein content. Three cycles of recurrent selection resulted in oat lines with groat-protein yields significantly higher than the highest lines from CO. Utilization of index selection may be desirable to obtain populations of greater breeding value.     

早熟无限结荚习性大豆子粒生长特征

大豆产量潜力受到基因型和环境条件的制约。一种基因型的密度、植株分布决定其对太阳辐射、水分和养分的利用,进而高产的形成。当群体生长所需外界要素之一不能满足时,植株间形成竞争。产量的区域间及年际间差异与这种株间竞争关系密切,最终表现为单位面积内一个或多个产量构成因子的差异,如株荚数、荚粒数、或单粒重(籽粒大小)。本研究探讨籽粒大小在调节不同密度、行距条件下产量差异及年际间产量差异的作用。多点试验表明,籽粒大小在不同节位上及不同籽粒数的荚间差异不大。然而在2粒或3粒荚内,荚基部粒比中部及顶部粒小10%,而且子叶细胞体积差异不大。在改变源库、增强光照或遮阴条件下,籽粒大小发生变化。籽粒大小与子叶细胞数相关。籽粒大小是可塑的,但即使底部节位荚较顶部节位提前15~20 d鼓粒,籽粒大小在所有节位间差异不大,所以籽粒大小与子叶细胞数的关系仍值得探讨。     

Changes in protein electrophoretic patterns during germination of broad beans (Vicia faba L.) with and without hard-to-cook characteristics

Summary Changes in seed proteins over a five-day germination period in a single cultivar of broad bean grown at different locations were examined using aluminum lactate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (AL-PAGE). Seed proteins were extracted in 0.1 M acetic acid containing 10% 2-mercaptoethanol. Extractability of proteins was less in beans which were hard-to-cook. Unlike soft-to-cook, the beans which developed hardness due to growth location showed differences in their electrophoretic patterns and had additional protein spots as revealed by 2-D AL/SDS-PAGE procedure. Continuous but non-uniform disappearance of some proteins and formation of new proteins was observed during germination of half seed segments. Disappearance of protein bands and loss of staining intensity appeared to be more abrupt in beans without hard-to-cook characteristics as compared to those that were hard-to-cook. Electrophoretic patterns of the developing root-shoot axes from soft and hard seeds were almost similar regardless of initial differences in their cotyledon proteins. Shoot/root axes developing from hard seeds showed better growth compared with those of the soft seeds.     

Inheritance studies with nine characters in Capsicum annuum L.

Summary Information obtained from breeding work with relatively small F₂ populations suggests independent segregation in 12 pairs of characters. Anthocyanin pigmentation in the cotyledon is either recessive or dominant, showing either single gene or polygenic inheritance, depending on parental genotypes. When single gene inheritance was observed, pigmentation was independent of resistance to potato virus-y, of the male sterile-1 (ms1) gene and of male sterile-2 (ms2) gene. However, additional observation suggests that one of the genes involved in pigmentation is linked with the male sterile-1 gene.     

Seed protein variation for identification of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivars

Summary Total seed proteins of 24 common buckwheat cultivars and cultivated populations within a molecular weight range of 30 to 54 kDa were analysed by SDS-PAGE. Single seed analysis of six cultivars identified a total of 18 alternative protein bands with different mobilities. Differences of individual protein band frequencies extracted from single seeds among six buckwheat cultivars varied distinctively, indicating high intravarietal polymorphism. The relation between frequencies of protein bands revealed by single seed analysis and their appearance on the bulk seed analyses was demonstrated. Regarding to band mobility rate and relative band intensity among 24 bulk samples analysed, 14 had distinctive electrophoregrams while the other 10 were ranged into four distinct groups. Analysis of endosperm and cotyledon proteins showed that proteins stored in these main seed parts are tissue specific. The observed electrophoretic polymorphism related to proteins stored in the cotyledons while there was no apparent variability with endosperm proteins.     

In vitro selection for oleic and linoleic acid content in segregating populations of microspore derived embryos of Brassica napus

Microspore derived embryos (MDEs) in Brassica napuscontain large amounts of storage lipids which show a genotype specific fatty acid composition (FAC). One cotyledon of regenerating emblyos can be dissected at an early stage during the in vitro culture and used for fatty acid analysis. Thus, in breeding programmes to modify oil quality, only MDEs having the desired FAC need to be regenerated to plantlets and transferred to the greenhouse. In the present study the applicability of this method for the selection of a high oleic acid content and a low linoleic acid content in the seed oil has been tested by crossing a Brassica napus mutant line having a high oleic acid (C18:1) content in the seed oil (75%) with a wild type doubled haploid line with 62% C18:1 in the seed oil. Microspore culture was applied to the F1 plants. In total 59 MDEs were obtained, from which 31 were cultured with and 28 without 15μM abscisic acid for 3 weeksin vitro. One cotyledon was dissected under aspetic conditions and used for fatty acid analysis. The remaining part of the embryos were further regenerated to plantlets and transferred to the greenhouse to obtain seeds after self pollination. Seeds harvested from the doubled haploid lines in the greenhouse were used for fatty acid analysis and also for growing in the field. The abscisic acid treatment of the MDEs generally improved the correlations for linoleic and oleic acid between the MDEs and the seeds harvested in the greenhouse and the field. The correlations ranged from 0.68** to 0.81**.This indicates that selection for high oleic acid can be started already during an early stage of the in vitro culture. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Prospects for commercialisation of F1 hybrid field beans Vicia faba L.

Summary Yields of F₁ hybrids averaged 22% more than the mean of their heavier-yielding inbred parents, and the advantage of hybrids over composite populations varied from 3 to 18%, more in winter than spring beans.From estimates of cost/benefit ratios that included the possibility of poor seedset on male steriles, on average 1 year in 10, it was concluded that hybrid seed might cost more than twice that of conventional varieties, but a 10% increase in yield on a 4t/ha crop would cover this extra cost of seed.Thus, hybrids could still be the more profitable type of variety provided seed rates are low and yield levels high. It is therefore still worthwhile to pursue the goal of stable cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and/or a control of the rate of increase in revertants. Some methods are suggested whereby it might be possible to reduce revertants, improve pollination or exploit heterosis other than with CMS.     

Agronomic performance and genetic shifts of genotype mixtures in peanut

Summary Little information is available on the genetic shifts that may take place when seed mixtures of peanut are grown over time. Five peanut lines with distinct seed coat colors, but similar plant types, pod yields, and maturities, were grown in pure stands for four years. A mixture with equal numbers of seed from each of the five lines was grown each year. All mixtures were subsampled and grown in subsequent years without reconstitution. Yield, 100-seed weight, and total sound mature kernel proportions from the mixtures were higher than the pure stand average of the five lines, but yield and total sound mature kernel proportions were lower than the average adjusted for individual line production. The best component line was significantly better than the mixture for pod yield, 100-seed weight, and proportion of sound mature kernels. Intergenotypic competition shifted the mixture composition to increase the proportion of one of the high yielding lines after only two years, while other high yielding lines in the test either maintained or decreased their original proportion. The two lowest yielding lines in pure stand also decreased in proportion over time.Contribution of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Journal Series No. R-00550.     

菜用大豆籽粒不同部位蔗糖积累及关键酶活性研究

田间种植可溶性糖含量不同的3个菜用大豆品种,在R5.5、R6、R6.2、R6.5和R7期取样,分析籽粒种皮、子叶和胚轴中蔗糖含量及4种关键酶活性动态,结果表明,籽粒不同部位蔗糖积累呈先增加后下降的趋势,R6.2期是高峰期,此时期品种台292、中科毛豆1号和品系121的胚轴蔗糖含量比子叶分别高57.6%、53.6%和44.2%;比种皮分别高71.6%、75.3%和73.6%。由于子叶干重占整粒重90%以上,因此整个籽粒的蔗糖含量主要由子叶决定。子叶的蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性高于胚轴和种皮,在R6.2期表现更加明显,且蔗糖含量高的品系121子叶中SPS活性高于另外2个品种;蔗糖合酶(SS)在籽粒形成期活性变化呈前期高于后期的趋势,最高值出现在灌浆前期R5.5期胚轴中;两种转化酶活性变化差异较大,中性转化酶(NI)活性一直呈不断下降趋势;籽粒不同部位NI活性无明显差异,而酸性转化酶(AI)活性差异较大;胚轴和子叶中AI活性明显低于种皮,且种皮中AI活性与种皮中蔗糖积累显著负相关(r=–0.59)。蔗糖积累与4种关键酶活性的相关分析发现,籽粒中蔗糖的含量并非受某一种酶绝对调控,SPS活性与SS+AI+NI活性总和之差与籽粒中蔗糖的积累显著正相关(r=0.53^**)。     

Recurrent selection for maturity and percent seed protein in Glycine max based on S0 plant evaluations

Summary Progress was evaluated after four cycles of recurrent selection among S₀ plants of Glycine max (L.) Merr. in which selection was either for maturity (MAT) or seed protein (PRO). The two populations, MAT and PRO, were developed from an initial population that was a combination of a line with 48.4% seed protein and two F₂ populations segregating for male sterility. Intermating was facilitated by genetic male-sterility and the selection intensity was 20% in each cycle of the two populations. Selection for early maturity advanced the average maturity a significant 2.7±0.34 days cycle^–1 and reduced seed yield a non-significant 9.1±2.95 g plant^–1 cycle^–1. Selection increased mean seed protein a significant 0.8±0.15 percentage points cycle^–1 and decreased percent seed oil a non-significant 0.5±0.17 percentage points cycle^–1. Correlation coefficients between seed protein and seed yield varied from 0.18 to –0.21 in the four cycles indicating plants with favorable combinations of seed yield and seed protein could be identified. Selection in these two populations would be effective for early maturity and for increased seed protein.     

脱水敏感的黄皮种子在发育过程中的碳水化合物变化研究

脱水敏感的黄皮种子发育至生理成熟时淀粉积累达最大值,但其胚轴中淀粉含量远低于子叶且在种子成熟以后明显下降。花后65d子叶中可溶性糖含量最高而胚轴中可溶性糖随种子发育而一直上升。还原性葡萄糖和麦芽糖含量随种子发育而逐渐降低．非还原性果糖和蔗糖则逐渐增加。生理成熟期子叶中还含有较多的水苏糖和棉籽糖。外源ABA可提高成熟林子子叶中蔗糖的含量和未成熟种子的淀粉含量、但不能提高种子的耐脱水能力。因此我们认为黄皮种子的碳水化合物变化与其所在组织（子叶和胚轴）的不同代谢模式有关,而不是与种子的脱水敏感性有关。     

Effect of Water‐Deficit Stress on Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Sugar Beet

Sugar beet progeny lines screened for both high water use efficiency and high sugar yield under drought stress conditions in the field were assessed for the rate of seed germination and early seedling growth in water deficit stress, induced by mannitol solutions. Seeds of nine different sugar beet progeny lines were grown in three experimental conditions using filter paper, perlite and water agar as substrate. Three levels of 0.0, 0.2 and 0.3 m mannitol concentrations were applied in each experiment. A factorial design was used with three replications. Germination percentage was determined in all experiments. Seedling growth parameters such as cotyledon fresh weight, cotyledon dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight (RDW) and root length (RL) were measured experimentally. Abnormality was only recorded in the filter paper experiment. The results showed that drought stress could be simulated by mannitol solution and significant differences were found between stress levels for seedling characteristics. Distinct genetic variances were found among progeny lines with respect to germination and early seedling growth characteristics, except for cotyledons and RDW. Seedling growth and germination rates severely declined at the highest concentration of mannitol. The rate of abnormality was increased progressively at the germination stage with an increase in mannitol concentration but it was more pronounced in the drought‐susceptible progeny lines. The highest values of relative germination % and relative growth % of RL were obtained for the most tolerant line. In conclusion, seedling characteristics, in addition to other physiological components involved in the seed germination process under specific stress conditions, may be considered for breeding purposes.     

Single gene mutation for green cotyledons as a marker for the embryonic genotype in faba bean, Vicia faba

A new spontaneous mutation is described in faba bean, Vicia faba L., characterized by a marked green colour in the entire cotyledon tissues of the mature seeds, while the wild phenotype is yellow. This seed character reflects the embryonic genotype and is determined by a single recessive allele named i1-1. It is distinct from the y gene, which codes for green testa. As is the case for gene y, the gene i1-1 displays no epistatic effects with the zero-tannin genes zt1 and zt2 which influence seed and flower colour in faba bean. In this allogamous species, such a mutation is a useful tool in cross-fertilization studies.