转移矩阵法评价土壤团聚体的稳定性

团聚体稳定性是土壤的基本性质,反映了土壤肥力的高低。在3个合理假设的基础上,通过建立干筛和Yoder法湿筛结果之间的转移矩阵,并通过不同径级团聚体的保存率构造了团聚体稳定性指数。该稳定性指数与文献结果具有良好的一致性,说明了转移矩阵方法可用于土壤团聚体稳定性的评价。同时利用该方法分析了不同径级团聚体抗破裂能力大小,发现降雨模拟、干湿循环(1次)、干湿循环(10次)和Yoder湿筛法影响的团聚体粒径并不相同。>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量虽然在整体上与团聚体的稳定性具有良好的相关性,但并不是随着>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量的增高,每个径级范围的团聚体稳定性增强。该方法可充分利用团聚体分析所得的信息,为进一步认识土壤团聚体的稳定性提供方法支撑。     

丹江口库区不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体稳定性及分形特征

为分析南水北调(中线)丹江口库区不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体稳定性及其分形特征,揭示人类活动对土壤结构的影响,以库区内不同土地利用方式(水田、旱地、果园、人工林地、自然林地)土壤为研究对象,经干筛和湿筛法测定团聚体组成,以土壤团聚体稳定性指标(大团聚体含量(R0.25)和团聚体破坏率(PAD))、土壤团聚体直径指标(平均质量直径(MWD)和几何均重直径(GMD))以及分形维数(D)作为评价指标,对比分析丹江口库区不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性。结果表明,对土壤团聚体组成的测定,湿筛法相对干筛法重现性更好,能更真实反映土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性。各土地利用方式总体上表现为林地(人工林和自然林)土壤稳定性和抗蚀性更好,其MWD和GMD值相对较高,D值相对较低;相反,旱作农地(果园和旱地)土壤团聚结构及其稳定性较弱,其MWD和GMD值相对较低,D值相对较高。说明各团聚体稳定性指标均能从不同角度反映不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体MWD、GMD值和D值与各粒径团聚体含量呈明显线性关系,在土壤团聚化过程中,土壤团聚体从微团聚体(0.25 mm)—中等团聚体(0.25~5 mm)—大团聚体(5 mm)的转化中,0.25,1,5mm粒级是较为关键的临界点。     

快速湿润过程中钾和钙离子浓度对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

为探索土壤团聚体稳定性对电解质的响应情况,该文研究湖北省2种土地利用方式下(林地、耕地)的3种类型土壤(黄褐土、黄棕壤、棕红壤)团聚体,在不同浓度(0、0.005、0.01、0.02、0.05、0.08、0.10、0.20 mol/L)电解质(KNO_3、Ca(NO_3)_2)溶液中快速湿润时的稳定性和破碎过程。结果表明:1)浓度低于0.1 mol/L时,团聚体稳定性随电解质浓度增大而减小;2)团聚体稳定度AS随湿润时间呈双指数衰减,与纯水相比,棕红壤和林地黄褐土的破碎过程受电解质溶液影响尤为显著,黄褐土和耕地黄棕壤在电解质溶液中迅速全部破碎;3)初始阶段团聚体破碎能量与土壤粉粘比和有机质含量呈负相关,与铁铝氧化物含量呈正相关。总之,团聚体稳定性随电解质溶液浓度增大而减小,且相对于纯水,团聚体在电解质溶液中破碎更快。     

鄂南第四纪粘土红壤团聚体的稳定性及其稳定机制初探

用湿筛法和LeBissonnais法研究了鄂南第四纪红粘土母质发育的两种侵蚀程度的红壤团聚体的稳定性,并且分析了影响供试土壤团聚体稳定性的土壤性质。结果表明,轻度侵蚀的耕作土壤团聚体的稳定性较低,在水的作用下易崩解成较小粒径的水稳性团聚体;强度侵蚀的土壤表层团聚体的稳定性较高,崩解后产生较多的水稳性大团聚体。引起土壤团聚体破坏的主要作用机制是土壤团聚体中的闭蓄空气爆破引起的消散作用;研究区第四纪红壤团聚体的主要胶结物质是土壤中的粘粒、游离氧化铁铝和无定形铁。由于供试土壤中有机质含量很低,在本研究中,有机质含量与土壤团聚体稳定性之间没有显著正相关关系。     

天然沸石对黑土团聚体含量及稳定性的影响

通过天然沸石改良黑土试验,采用干筛法、湿筛法分别测定土壤中机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量,分析了不同掺配量天然沸石对土壤平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD0.25)、0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA0.25)的影响,结果表明:在黑土中加入天然沸石能够提高黑土湿筛时的MWD和GMD,提高0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量;在天然沸石掺配量为15%时对提高土壤中0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量的效果最好,且主要以增加2~1、1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体为主;改良后土壤团聚体的团聚度提升,结构稳定性增强,说明用天然沸石改良黑土能够提高黑土抗侵蚀能力。     

青藏高原不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体组成及稳定性特征

[目的]探究青藏高原不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体分布特征及稳定性的影响，为改善高寒地区土壤质量提供科学依据。[方法]选取青藏高原5种不同土地利用方式(农田、人工林、湿地、灌丛、裸地)为研究对象，采用干筛法和湿筛法测定土壤团聚体粒径分布以及土壤有机碳(SOC)、总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)、pH,并计算大团聚体重量的百分含量(DR_>0.25,WR_>0.25)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)等土壤团聚体稳定性指标，研究了高寒地区不同土地利用方式下团聚体组成及其稳定性特征。[结果]相较于机械稳定性团聚体，土壤水稳定性团聚体更易受到土地利用方式的影响，且更能反映西藏地区土壤团聚体结构稳定性；农田耕种增加了具有机械稳定性的土壤大团聚体含量，但不具有水稳定性；人工林和湿地的土壤团聚体具有较高的水稳定性特征。相关性分析表明，土壤团聚体MWD与SOC,TN含量呈显著正相关；土壤团聚体MWD,GMD值与各粒径团聚体含量总体上呈线性相关，且对于机械稳定性团聚体，1 mm是正负相关的临界点，对于水稳定性团聚体，0....     

添加水稻秸秆对不同类型土壤团聚体分布和稳定性的影响

以不同类型土壤(红壤、潮土、砂姜黑土)为研究对象,通过室内模拟试验,研究水稻秸秆添加对3种类型土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响。培养温度为28℃,培养时间为120d。研究结果表明:未添加水稻秸秆的3种类型土壤(对照组),微团聚体(250μm)占主体,2 000μm粒级水稳性团聚体含量最少。与对照相比,添加水稻秸秆后促使2 000μm粒级水稳性团聚体显著增加(p0.05),大团聚体(250μm)占主体。红壤、潮土、砂姜黑土试验组250μm水稳性团聚体比对照组增加的比例分别为35.6%,41.1%,22.0%,潮土的增加比例最为明显。3种类型土壤水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD),几何平均直径(GMD)显著增加(p0.05),分形维数(D)值、土壤不稳定团粒指数(ELT)显著减少,土壤结构和抗侵蚀能力明显得到改善,潮土的稳定性指标变化最为明显,团聚体结构改善效果最好。3种类型土壤0.25mm(R0.25)水稳性团聚体含量与GMD,MWD间呈极显著正相关关系(p0.001)。     

日光温室蔬菜栽培对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响——以陕西省泾阳县日光温室土壤为例

土壤的团聚状况是土壤重要的物理性质之一,团聚体的数量是衡量和评价土壤肥力的重要指标。用干筛法、湿筛法及带水振荡法对日光温室土壤和露地土壤的团聚体含量进行了测定,并进行了比较。根据干筛法测得的各级团聚体含量及平均重量直径(MWD)的评判,日光温室土壤大于10 mm团聚体的机械稳定性低于露地土壤。根据大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、水稳性团聚体的MWD值、团聚体的破坏率及团聚体的原始稳定系数和崩解速率等指标评判,日光温室土壤团聚体的水稳性高于露地土壤。日光温室蔬菜栽培年限长于5 a后,土壤中团聚体的机械稳定性显著降低,水稳性显著提高。     

应用Le Bissonnais法研究黄土丘陵区土壤团聚体稳定性

 以黄土丘陵区森林草原过渡带燕沟流域植被自然恢复过程中6种植被类型为研究对象,应用LeBissonnais(LB)法测定了不同植被类型下土壤水稳性团聚体,对比分析了LB法3种处理的测定结果与传统湿筛法(Yoder)的差异性。结果表明:在LB法3种湿润处理下,快速湿润处理(FW)对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体以0.05～0.5mm为主;慢速湿润处理(SW)对团聚体的破坏程度最小,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体主要以>2mm团聚体为主;而预湿后扰动处理(WS)对团聚体的破坏程度介于FW和SW之间,处理后土壤团聚体粒径分布比较均匀。说明该区土壤团聚体破坏的主要机制是土壤孔隙中的气泡爆破产生的消散作用。退耕100a期间,植被群落由1年生草本(4a)—多年生灌草(16 a)—半灌木(29 a)—灌木(55 a)—乔木(100a)方向演替过程中,土壤水稳性团聚体由小粒径向大粒径方向转变,土壤结构趋于稳定。LB法3种处理中,FW处理与SW处理所测得>0.5mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径与土壤有机质和物理性黏粒之间存在显著的相关性,而WS处理未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。说明土壤有机质和物理性黏粒主要影响消散和黏粒膨胀引起的崩解作用,而对机械干扰引起的团聚体破坏无明显影响。LB法3种处理中,慢速湿润方法所获得土壤团聚体稳定性特征更接近湿筛法,适宜于黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体的测定。     

应用Le Bissonnais法测定富铁土中团聚体的稳定性及其意义

土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性是衡量土壤抗蚀性和土壤质量的重要指标,应用LeBissonnais法对富铁土团聚体的稳定性和物理学机制进行了研究。结果表明,LeBissonnais法测定的团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)与常规湿筛法测定的>0.25mm团聚体含量、MWD和>2mm团聚体破坏率(PAD)呈极显著正相关。富铁土中5～2,2～1,1～0.5mm团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)处理后,稳定性团聚体的粒级分布随处理方式和初始团聚体大小的不同而不同;经FW处理后,大多数团聚体崩解;团聚体崩解产物的MWD表现为FW相似文献   

Wet sieving versus dry crushing: Soil microaggregates reveal different physical structure,bacterial diversity and organic matter composition in a clay gradient

Soil microaggregates contain particles of different sizes, which may affect their potential to store organic carbon (OC). A variety of methods can be used to isolate microaggregates from the larger soil structures, among which wet sieving approaches are widely employed. We developed a novel dry crushing method that isolates microaggregates along failure planes due to mechanical stresses rather than hydraulic pressures and compared the mechanical stability, OC contents and microbial community composition between dry-crushed and wet-sieved samples with contrasting clay contents. Dry-crushed samples exhibited a higher stability and bacterial diversity compared to wet-sieved samples. As a result, the dry-crushed microaggregates had different size distributions when analysed dry and after wetting. In the dry state, dry-crushed microaggregates were larger and contained more sand-sized primary particles within the aggregate structures. The wetting of dry-crushed aggregates caused a disintegration of larger microaggregates and sand-sized primary particles into smaller microaggregates that contained finer particles. In the soils with lower clay contents, the diameter of dry-crushed microaggregates was 40 μm larger due to more sand-sized primary particles remaining within the aggregates. Depending on how much volume in microaggregates is occupied by large primary particles, the OC concentration increased in the soil with higher clay content. Wet-sieved size fractions also showed a similar pattern of OC distribution, whereas more primary particles were observed outside of aggregates. Wet sieving approaches disperse the soil into OC-rich aggregates and might be preferable if OC dynamics are investigated. Differences in bacterial community composition in dependence on clay content were more pronounced in dry-crushed microaggregates. If intact aggregate architectures are of interest for the isolation of soil structural units, the presented dry crushing method might provide an advantageous alternative that also better preserves bacterial diversity.     

Potassium influence on soil aggregate stability

Improving soil aggregate stability (SAS) is important for crop production and environmental protection. Here we aim to quantify the effects of potassium (K) on SAS and to examine SAS as a function of potassium adsorption ratio (PAR) and cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS). The soils were treated with the incremental K and analyzed for their aggregate stability, clay dispersion, PAR, and CROSS. The influence of K on SAS, therefore, was tested statistically and fitted functionally. The results showed that K decreased clay dispersion and improved SAS. Also, SAS as a function of PAR fit an inverse exponential regression. Based on the coefficients of determination (R²) of the obtained functions, SAS can be explained by PAR with the accuracy above 94%. Increasing CROSS according to K also caused higher SAS, implying that K is considered as a flocculating inducer for kaolinitic tropical soils.     

Vermicompost and Gypsum Amendments Improve Aggregate Formation in Bauxite Residue

Improving aggregate formation and stability of bauxite residue is essential for the development of a soil on the residue. Effects of gypsum and vermicompost on related chemical and physical conditions of bauxite residue were studied in a laboratory incubation experiment. The addition of gypsum at 2% and 4% w/w reduced pH and exchangeable sodium percentage while increasing exchangeable calcium content. The addition of vermicompost reduced bulk density while significantly increasing porosity and total organic carbon. Vermicompost had a positive effect on the formation and stabilization of water‐stable aggregates in the residue, while gypsum was more beneficial to silt‐sized microaggregate flocculation. Amendments also enhanced the erosion resistance of bauxite residue. Furthermore, wet sieving using the modified Le Bissonnais' method revealed that in comparison with differential clay swelling and mechanical breakdown, slaking was the major disaggregation mechanism of residue aggregates. The combination of gypsum and vermicompost converted the residue from a sheet‐like structure to a granular macroaggregated structure while converting microaggregates from a grain to a granular or prismatic structure. The findings of this work suggest that application of gypsum and vermicompost to bauxite residue may directly influence aggregate size distribution and its micromorphology, resulting in the improvement of both aggregate stability and structure. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长期向上耕作对坡耕地土壤水稳定性团聚体的影响

为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡耕地不同景观位置内土壤结构稳定性的影响。以常规顺坡向下耕作和长期向上耕作的坡耕地为研究对象,通过对土壤水稳定性团聚体、有机碳含量等指标的测定,分析了不同耕作方式引起土壤不同分布模式对水稳性团聚体特征空间变异性的影响。结果表明:长期向上耕作平均质量直径值(MWD)在不同景观位置均高于常规向下耕作。在坡耕地1m和20m位置,向上耕作MWD比向下耕作分别显著(p0.05)增加了31.94%,23.54%,在5,10,15 m位置分别增加了0.87%,2.99%,3.03%。几何平均直径值(GMD)和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA0.25)的变化趋势与MWD类似。两种不同耕作方式引起土壤结构特征显著变化主要发生在坡顶和坡底位置,而中坡仅仅起类似于传送带的作用传输来自上坡(向下耕作)或下坡(向上耕作)的土壤。向上耕作比向下耕作的团聚体破坏率(PAD)值降低了25.29%,表明向上耕作显著减少了对大团聚体(0.25mm)的破坏程度。结果显示长期向上耕作显著减少了耕作侵蚀,增加了土壤结构稳定性。     

渭北不同园龄苹果园土壤团聚体状况及演变趋势研究

为了探索果业生产和果园管理措施对土壤质量的影响,选取了渭北旱源苹果主产区彬县10a幼龄和21a老龄苹果园0~40 cm土壤为研究对象,以农田为对照,采用干筛法和湿筛法研究了不同种植年限果园土壤团聚状况与演变趋势。结果表明:渭北地区土壤机械稳定性团聚体以0.25 mm微团聚体为优势级别,仅0~20 cm处随园龄递增果园土壤团聚化趋势较为明显,0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量(DSAC0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著增大,团聚体分形维数(D)递减,但是,10~0.25 mm和5~1 mm最有价值团聚体和团聚体系数(KCTP)均在递减。渭北土壤水稳性团聚组成中约60%为0.25 mm微团聚体,在0~30 cm处土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD、GMD和WSAC0.25呈现为农田(对照CK)10a果园21a果园,随园龄递增有明显增大趋势。0.25 mm团聚体的破坏率(PAD0.25)随园龄增加显著增大,递增幅度随土层深度增加而递减。相关分析表明,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)与机械稳定性团聚体各项指标呈极显著相关,土壤碳酸钙含量、黏粒含量与水稳定团聚体多项指标呈极显著相关,PAD0.25与土壤理化性质呈显著相关。研究表明,果树种植在表观上明显提高了渭北地区表层0~20 cm土壤机械稳定性大团聚体数量,增强了土壤抗风蚀能力,但却显著降低了土壤团聚体的农艺质量及其稳定性,果园土壤团聚体的农艺质量显著退化与有机物及碳酸钙含量递减有着直接关系。     

用激光衍射法评价有机物和和碳酸盐对土壤团聚的作用

>Aggregation in many soils in semi-arid land is affected by their high carbonate contents.The presence of lithogenic and/or primary carbonates can also inffuence the role of soil organic matter(SOM) in aggregation.The role of carbonates and SOM in aggregation was evaluated by comparing the grain-size distribution in two carbonate-rich soils(15% and 30% carbonates) under conventional tillage after different disaggregating treatments.We also compared the effect of no-tillage and conventional tillage on the role of these two aggregating agents in the soil with 30% of carbonates.Soil samples were treated as four different ways:shaking with water(control),adding hydrochloric acid(HCl) to remove carbonates,adding hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) to remove organic matter,and consecutive removal of carbonates and organic matter(HCl + H2O2),and then analyzed by laser diffraction grain-sizing.The results showed that different contributions of carbonates and SOM to aggregate formation and stability depended not only on their natural proportion,but also on the soil type,as expressed by the major role of carbonates in aggregation in the 15% carbonate-rich soil,with a greater SOC-to-SIC(soil organic C to soil inorganic C) ratio than the 30% carbonate-rich soil.The increased organic matter stocks under no-tillage could moderate the role of carbonates in aggregation in a given soil,which meant that no-tillage could affect the organic and the inorganic C cycles in the soil.In conclusion,the relative role of carbonates and SOM in aggregation could alter the aggregates hierarchy in carbonate-rich soils.     

不同胶结物质对黄绵土团聚体形成的影响

通过室内培养试验,采用PAM、腐殖酸、壳聚糖、硫酸铝4种土壤结构胶结剂对促进黄绵土0.25mm团聚体形成大团聚体的过程和效果开展研究。结果表明:(1)从新形成土壤团聚体的粒径分布来看,4种胶结剂均有利于0.25mm粒径的团聚体形成更大的团聚体,尤其是对于增加5mm的土壤团聚体含量效果明显;(2)4种胶结剂施入0.25mm黄绵土团聚体,均可有效地增加黄绵土团聚体的平均重量直径和几何平均直径,提高了团聚体稳定性,且随胶结剂施用浓度的增加呈升高趋势;(3)不同胶结剂对促进黄绵土团聚体形成的能力表现为腐殖酸≈PAM壳聚糖硫酸铝。研究结果可为合理利用外源胶结剂改善土壤结构提供一定的科学依据。     

典型岩溶山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

[目的]了解岩溶山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响。[方法]通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了广西壮族自治区平果县果化镇典型岩溶峰丛洼地荒地、草地、灌丛、林灌4种不同植被覆盖下土壤的基本理化性质、团聚体的分布及稳定性特征。[结果](1)土壤中0.25mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤的容重显著负相关,与全土有机碳含量极显著正相关;(2)土壤水稳性团聚体以2~1,1~0.5和0.25mm粒级的含量居多。0.25mm粒级的团聚体,在草地、灌丛和林灌中明显高于荒地,在表层土中明显高于下层土;(3)随土层深度的增加,土壤团聚体的破坏率增大;土壤团聚体的破坏率:草地灌丛林灌荒地,草地和灌丛的平均重量直径和几何平均直径明显高于荒地和林灌。[结论]植被的恢复提高了团聚体的稳定性,且草地和灌丛土壤的团聚体稳定性更高,更有利于水土保持,可以作为该区域水土保持的主要植被类型。