北移江西种植的木薯品种鲜薯产量及淀粉品质差异研究

2008年和2009年,以华南系列木薯品种SC5、SC6、SC7、SC8、SC9、SC10和SC205为材料,研究北移江西种植的鲜薯产量及其淀粉品质的差异。结果表明:7个木薯品种中鲜薯产量最高的是SC8,居中的依次是SC205、SC7、SC10、SC6、SC9,最低的是SC5;淀粉含量最高的是SC6,居中的依次是SC9、SC8、SC205、SC10、SC7,最低的是SC5。SC8的鲜薯产量和淀粉含量显著高于对照品种SC205,而SC5显著低于对照品种SC205及其余5个品种。与对照品种SC205相比,SC8和SC5的直链淀粉含量、冷冻稳定性、凝沉稳定性和恩氏粘度较高,淀粉颗粒粒径略大,糊化温度略低。SC205的透明度和粘度高于SC5,但低于SC8。综上所述,7个供试木薯品种中以SC8和SC205北移江西种植的适应性相对较强,而SC5的适应性相对较弱。     

低温胁迫对木薯幼苗叶片转化酶及可溶性糖含量的影响

以华南124(SC124)、华南8号(SC8)和阿根廷7号(ARG7)3个木薯品种为材料,研究在持续低温胁迫下木薯幼苗叶片转化酶活性(SAI,NI)及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:可溶性酸性转化酶(SAI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高;低温胁迫均能提高3个品种木薯中SAI酶的活性,但是在耐寒品种ARG7中表现为稳定提高。中性转化酶(NI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高,低温胁迫也能提高3个木薯品种中的NI酶活性,而NI酶活性均表现为短期提高。初步推断,SAI活性与木薯的抗寒存在一定的正相关。低温胁迫后3个木薯品种叶片蔗糖、还原糖和可溶性总糖的含量均升高,且抗寒品种ARG7叶片的还原糖、蔗糖和可溶性总糖含量极显著高于SC124和SC8。     

华南6号木薯的选育

华南6号木薯（Manihot esculenta Crantz,cv,M.SC6)是从OMR33-10品系自然杂交种F1无性系后代中选育而成的。其块根产量约35000kg/hm^2，比现推广品种华南205增产50%，比华南201增产48%；块根干物率为40.5%，淀粉质量分数为32.4%，分别比华南205高2.5%和2.3%。     

6份木薯种质营养成分与食味的初步分析及评价

通过分析评价6份木薯种质块根的主要营养成分与食味,结果表明:不同木薯种质的营养成分含量差异较大;ZM8229的可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量分别为2.29％、2.53％,均高于其余5个品种,达极显著差异水平；华南9号的β-胡萝卜素、维生素C含量分别为0.55、19.04 mg/hg,高于其它品种,分别达极显著和显著差异水平;华南8号的蛋白质含量为2.31％,高于华南6068、GR911、华南9号、华南101,达极显著差异水平；食味综合评价最好的为华南9号;木薯块根的干物率与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,因此木薯干物率可作为选育高淀粉木薯品种的重要参考指标.     

生长期对广西产地华南9号木薯品质特性的影响

根据GB/T 5009测定华南9号(SC9)木薯含粉率、氢氰酸、无机砷(As)和铅(Pb)，根据GB/T 15686测定SC9品种的单宁含量，研究不同生长期对种植在广西武鸣、隆安、合浦、崇左、桂林和梧州6个地方的SC9木薯含粉率、氢氰酸、单宁、As及Pb含量的影响。结果表明：种植在不同地方的SC9木薯含粉率、氢氰酸和单宁会随着生长期的延长表现出不同的变化趋势，其含粉率在生长期为8、9、10个月时较高，氢氰酸含量在生长期为10、12个月时相对较低，大部分地区的SC9木薯单宁含量在生长期为9个月和10个月时最低；SC9鲜木薯中的As和Pb含量分别为0.08～0.26、0.24～0.55 mg/kg。此结果表明，SC9木薯在生长期10个月时获得了高含粉率、低氢氰酸、低单宁含量的木薯块根，较适合用于食用木薯淀粉的加工生产。     

刚果(布)耐花叶病高产木薯品种筛选

木薯花叶病对非洲国家每年的木薯生产造成很大损失。为获得耐花叶病木薯品种,对17个木薯栽培种（包括6个华南系列品种）在中国援刚果（布）农业技术示范中心进行了适应性试验。结果表明,K-265的产量最高,为42.15 t/hm2,8个月后发病率较轻,为12％,属于耐花叶病的高产木薯品种,适宜在刚果（布）大面积推广种植。I93产量中等,为25.95 t/hm2,但叶片的花叶病发病率最低,是1个高耐花叶病毒病的木薯品种,在刚果（布）花叶病高发地区可推广种植。华南系列木薯品种除SC101外,其他5个品种均属高感花叶病品种,产量在7.90～13.26 t/hm2,不适合在刚果（布）推广种植。     

6个木薯品种生长发育及产量性状的初步研究

以华南205(SC205)为对照品种,研究华南5号(SC5)、华南6号(SC6)、华南7号(SC7)、华南8号(SC8)和华南9号(SC9)的生长发育及产量性状。结果表明,在整个生长过程中,SC7生长最快,其次为SC6,最慢的是SC9;SC8、SC5、SC7和SC6的产量分别比SC205(CK)增产24.71%、20.63%、10.71%和6.76%;而SC9的产量比SC205(CK)减产10.14%; SC8淀粉含量最高, 其次为SC5,分别为30.05%和29.80%,分别比SC205(CK)高1.9     

木薯新品种‘华南10号’的选育

木薯新品种‘华南10号’(Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv.M.SC10)是1988年由中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所利用‘CM4042’为母本与‘CM4077’杂交而来的杂种后代,经无性系多代选育而成,2006年经全国草品种审定委员会审定通过.其块根产量38.87 t/hm2,比现有当家品种‘华南205’增产46.06％,块根干物率为41.44％,比‘华南205’高2.04个百分点;断倒率平均仅4.4％,而‘华南205’的断倒率平均达19.6％,比对照品种低15.2个百分点.该品种具有良好的丰产性和广泛的适应性,是一个高产、优质、抗风性强的饲用和工业应用型木薯新品种.     

木薯新品种‘华南16号’的选育

新品种‘华南16号’（‘SC16’）（Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. SC No.16）是以木薯品种‘华南8号’（‘SC8’）为母本和引进品种‘Q10’（I93/0665）为父本进行人工杂交获得F₁杂交种子,经实生苗试验、初级品比、高级品比、区域试验和生产性试验等选育而成。其鲜薯产量在区域试验和生产性试验分别为50.15 t/hm²和45.82 t/hm²,比我国主栽品种‘华南205’（‘SC205’）分别增产55.45%和35.85%;块根淀粉率分别为25.42%和26.10%,略低于‘SC205’（对照）;鲜薯氰苷含量为29.70 μg/g,属于甜木薯品种。综合试验结果表明,‘华南16号’是1个株型优良、高产,且能够密植与机械化采收的工业用、食用兼饲用的新品种,适宜在我国广西、广东沿海、海南,以及东南亚地区推广种植。     

4个木薯品种地上部分生物量的观测

通过在云南怒江干热河谷区观测木薯华南7号(SC7)、华南5号(SC5)、华南205(SC205)、桂热4号(GR4)4个品种年内7～10月地上部分株高、主茎粗、叶片数的生物量,分析不同品种的株高、主茎粗、叶片数的年生长规律及差异。结果表明：4个品种在被观测时期内,随着生育期的延长,株高、茎粗、叶片数均呈增长趋势;且4个品种不同时期的生物量也存在差异。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.