硅对干旱胁迫下野生大豆幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为探讨外源硅对干旱胁迫下野生大豆生长的影响,以野生大豆为试验材料,研究不同浓度外源硅对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗的生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫会使野生大豆鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力及SOD、CAT、POD活性降低,细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量增加。随着硅处理浓度的不断升高,野生大豆鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力逐渐增加;低浓度硅胁迫提高了SOD、CAT、POD活性,降低了细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,随着硅胁迫浓度的不断提高,SOD、CAT、POD活性逐渐下降,细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量先下降再升高。说明一定浓度的外源硅能有效促进干旱胁迫下野生大豆幼苗的生长,提高抗氧化酶活性,降低细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,能够缓解干旱胁迫对野生大豆幼苗的危害,提高野生大豆抗旱能力。     

水杨酸对低温胁迫下大豆幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

以中豆-31为材料,采用水培方法,研究了不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)对4℃低温胁迫下大豆幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,低温胁迫下,大豆幼苗叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力显著降低,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高(P＜0.01);外施SA显著提高了低温胁迫下幼苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和Pro含量,SOD、POD活性和根系活力,显著降低了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量(P＜0.01).由此可见,外施SA可以通过提高大豆幼苗可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、Pro含量以及SOD、POD活性来维持细胞膜的稳定性,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,从而缓解低温胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制,并以1.5 mmol· L-1外源SA效果最好.     

秋茄幼苗对盐度-淹水双胁迫的生理适应

采用潮汐自动模拟系统,探讨盐度-淹水交互处理下,秋茄幼苗叶片生理指标（包括超氧化歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、丙二醛（MDA）、膜透性、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白）的变化特征。结果表明,盐度-淹水胁迫显著影响秋茄幼苗叶片的生理适应特征（p<0.05）。SOD活性、MDA含量及游离脯氨酸含量随盐度升高呈先升后降趋势,POD及CAT活性随盐度升高而持续降低,膜透性及可溶性蛋白含量随盐度升高而升高,短时淹水环境（2～4 h）的SOD活性、游离脯氨酸含量及可溶性蛋白含量高于长时淹水环境（6～8 h）。盐度胁迫的影响效应大于淹水胁迫,水盐胁迫较单一胁迫对秋茄幼苗的伤害更为严重。     

短期干旱胁迫和复水对巴西蕉幼苗生理特性的影响

研究了我国香蕉主栽品种巴西蕉幼苗在短期干旱胁迫和复水情况下叶和根有关生理指标的变化。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,巴西蕉幼苗叶片质膜透性和MDA含量与对照相比显著提高,脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,SOD和POD活性显著提高,根系活力显著下降。复水后,3个胁迫程度下巴西蕉幼苗叶片质膜透性和MDA含量得到不同程度的恢复,与干旱胁迫相比显著下降;脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量、SOD和POD活性与对照相比显著提高;根系活力3个胁迫程度得到不同程度的恢复,其中轻度胁迫恢复最好,且比常温对照显著升高。表明抗旱锻炼提高了巴西蕉幼苗的抗旱性。     

低温和UV-B复合胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

为揭示UV-B辐射与早春低温复合环境对小麦生理生化的影响,以小麦品种龙麦26为材料,分析了低温、UV-B及二者复合胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量。结果表明,与对照(正常生长条件)相比,低温下小麦丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著降低,原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、脯氨酸含量未发生显著性变化;UV-B处理诱导MDA和脯氨酸含量及POD、PAL活性显著增加,但显著降低F_v/F_m和可溶性糖含量,CAT和SOD活性没有发生显著的变化;低温和UV-B复合处理后SOD和PAL活性显著增加,而F_v/F_m、CAT和POD活性及可溶性糖含量显著下降,MDA和脯氨酸含量却没有显著变化。以上结果说明,小麦幼苗不同代谢生理指标对低温、UV-B及二者复合胁迫响应程度和方式不同。     

冻害胁迫下水处理对茶树抗寒生理指标的影响

为探究水处理对茶树冻害胁迫的效应,以中茶108为材料,在不同水处理条件下,采用人工气候室模拟冬季冻害的发生,测定茶树叶片中多项生理生化指标的变化规律。结果表明,茶树叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量均受低温胁迫诱导,开始降温时,除丙二醛含量下降外,其余均呈上升趋势。“低温—冻害—低温”胁迫过程中,浇水处理的茶树叶片中POD和SOD活性,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均高于不浇水处理,丙二醛含量变化趋势则与之相反,不同处理间差异极显著;CAT活性无显著差异。浇水处理有利于茶树多个抗寒生理指标的改变。     

木霉菌T216发酵产物对杂交水稻幼苗抗寒性的影响

用适当浓度的木霉菌T216发酵产物对杂交早稻金优402和金优974进行浸种处理,3叶1心时进行连续96h 8℃的低温胁迫,以研究其对水稻幼苗抗寒性的影响.结果表明,木霉菌T216发酵产物浸种可提高秧苗可溶性糖、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量、根系活力及过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等保护酶系的活性,减轻低温胁迫造成的膜脂过氧化水平和电解质渗漏,增强杂交水稻秧苗抵抗低温胁迫的能力.     

干旱胁迫对持绿性甘蔗细茎野生种叶片生理和生物量的影响

以高持绿性甘蔗细茎野生种(云瑞08-254)和低持绿性甘蔗细茎野生种(云瑞09-525)为试验材料,在干旱胁迫和正常浇水两个条件下,研究干旱胁迫对甘蔗叶片生理活性和生物量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,云瑞08-254的叶片SOD、CAT和MDA含量都明显增加,而云瑞09-525叶片SOD、CAT、POD和MDA含量均明显降低;云瑞08-254的相对电导率增幅显著小于云瑞09-525,云瑞08-254的质膜受损程度相对较小;与云瑞09-525相比,云瑞08-254在干旱胁迫后脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量升高幅度较为明显,且本身即具有较高的脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。在干旱胁迫条件下,持绿性甘蔗细茎野生种能通过产生保护性物质降低对干旱的敏感性,通过调节SOD、CAT和POD活性以及MDA、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量以及持绿生物量的变化,从而减轻干旱的伤害,表现出更好的抗旱性。     

EBR对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生理指标及抗氧化酶和水孔蛋白基因表达量的影响

以玉米自交系Mo17为材料,用不同浓度的EBR处理150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫的玉米幼苗,测定其叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和根系活力等指标,同时通过荧光定量PCR测定CAT酶基因和ZMPIP2-4基因的表达.结果 表明,EBR处理后,玉米幼苗的POD酶活性...     

干旱胁迫对中粒种咖啡幼苗膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以苗龄约8个月的中粒种咖啡袋育苗为材料,测定3种干旱胁迫强度下咖啡幼苗叶片的生理指标变化,旨在了解其对干旱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:在轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量为55%~60%),与对照相比,中粒种咖啡幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性极显著增加,而丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率没有显著变化。但在中度干旱或重度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量为40%~45%或25%~30%),可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性显著或极显著减少,而可溶性糖、脯氨酸的积累减缓,MDA含量和相对电导率迅速上升。在适度干旱胁迫下,中粒种咖啡幼苗可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力来增强其对干旱胁迫的耐性。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。