苦参根水浸液对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度的苦参根水浸液浸种玉米种子,研究苦参根提取物对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,浸种处理后玉米种子的萌发及胚根和胚芽生长明显受到抑制,且随处理浓度提高抑制作用增强,但随培养时间的延长,对种子萌发的抑制减弱,适宜的浓度反而会促进植株的生长。25g／L、50g／L的苦参根水浸液能促进根系生长、植株高度增加、茎增粗以及植株生物学量的增加。     

胶茶间作的他感作用现象

研究了橡胶叶片水浸出液对茶树种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，橡胶叶片水浸出液含有对茶树生长有他感作用的物质，其抑制作用效果与抑制物的浓度有直接关系，即高浓度时，抑制茶子萌发及幼苗生长；低浓度时则有促进作用。     

南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液化感作用研究

以黄瓜、西瓜作受体材料,研究南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液的化感作用。结果表明,南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液对受体种子萌发率、萌发指数、幼苗根长、苗高和苗干重存在化感促进或抑制效应。对指标进行综合效应分析,发现南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液化感作用呈现浓度效应及受体差异性,一定浓度水浸液处理对受体种子萌发阶段、幼苗生长阶段及整体生长有促进作用,但西瓜较黄瓜对浓度敏感,0.02 g/mL南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液对黄瓜化感促进强度最大,0.04 g/mL处理下,表现为化感促进强度降低或微弱抑制作用;0.02和0.04 g/mL南瓜根系水浸液及0.04 g/mL根部土壤水浸液对西瓜则表现为强烈抑制现象。     

当归根际土壤水浸提液对黄芪和工业大麻幼苗生长的化感作用

为探讨当归对自身以及黄芪和工业大麻的化感作用,采用生物测定方法,研究了当归根际土壤水浸提液在0.001、0.005、0.010 g/mL 3种浓度处理下对种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明,当归根际土壤水浸提液对自身和黄芪的种子萌发、幼苗生长、叶绿素合成和渗透调节物质的积累均有抑制作用,作用强度随处理浓度的增加而增强;0.005 g/mL处理可提高工业大麻发芽势和发芽率,幼苗株高、根长、鲜重和叶绿素含量显著增加。化感效应指数分析表明,当归有明显的自毒作用,其对黄芪的化感抑制作用最强,对工业大麻的化感抑制作用较弱,建议生产上用工业大麻和当归轮作,以缓解自毒作用引起的连作障碍。     

酢浆草（Oxalis corniculata）植株水浸提液对萝卜和生菜的化感效应

通过采用不同浓度的酢浆草植株水浸提液处理萝卜和生菜种子与幼苗,测定其对不同受体材料种子发芽、幼苗生长和植株保护酶系统的影响,探讨酢浆草植株水浸提液对部分模式蔬菜植物的化感作用,推测其可能的生理机制。结果表明：酢浆草植株水浸提液对萝卜和生菜的种子萌发和幼苗生长表现出较为明显的化感抑制。酢浆草植株水浸提液处理后,萝卜和生菜的种子萌发、幼苗生长均被抑制,抑制程度随处理浓度增加而增强,对胚根的抑制强度大于胚轴。酢浆草植株水浸提液对幼苗各种保护酶活性的影响表现出不同的变化规律,POD和CAT的活性均随处理浓度的增加     

圆叶牵牛对小麦种子的化感作用研究

为了给入侵杂草圆叶牵牛的综合治理提供参考依据,采用生物测定法研究了圆叶牵牛水浸提液对三个小麦品种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,圆叶牵牛内存在化感物质,浸提液处理降低了三个供试小麦品种的发芽率、根长、苗高、活力指数,抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强。小麦幼苗生长对浸提液反应更为敏感,浸提液对幼苗生长的抑制作用大于对种子萌发的抑制作用。相同浓度的浸提液对三个小麦品种的影响程度存在差异,石麦18抗性较强。     

大豆根系浸提液对茎瘤芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

采用室内生物测定方法,研究了不同质量浓度的大豆根系浸提液(10,20,40,80 g·L~(-1))对3个茎瘤芥品种(永安小叶、涪杂2号和涪杂5号)种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:大豆根系浸提液对茎瘤芥具有明显的化感效应,包括促进、抑制和"低促高抑"3种化感作用类型,并具有品种效应和浓度效应。不同浓度的大豆根系浸提液对永安小叶和涪杂2号种子萌发的影响表现为促进作用,而对涪杂5号种子萌发则表现为"低促高抑"的规律;对涪杂2号幼苗根长为抑制作用,但对永安小叶和涪杂5号幼苗根长则呈"低促高抑"的规律;对3个茎瘤芥品种的幼苗苗高和生物量具有促进作用,且随着浸提液浓度的升高而增强。从综合化感效应来看,大豆根系浸提液对3个茎瘤芥品种总体上为促进作用,且对永安小叶的促进作用最大。因此,永安小叶是大豆最佳的接茬品种。     

胡麻残茬水提液化感自毒作用研究

为探讨胡麻不同器官残茬的自毒作用,明确残茬根、茎及叶中的主要自毒物质,分别制备水提液,以蒸馏水为对照,设置不同浓度梯度水提液,用于胡麻种子萌发及幼苗生长实验,通过测定发芽势、发芽率、株高及根重等指标确定自毒效应,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术分析胡麻残茬根、茎及叶中的主要自毒物质。结果显示,胡麻残茬根、茎及叶水提液对自身种子萌发和幼苗生长总体上表现为"低促高抑"作用,且存在浓度效应。随着水提液浓度增加,胡麻残茬叶水提液最先到达临界浓度,其次为茎水提液,最后为根水提液。综合效应显示,胡麻不同残茬器官水提液化感自毒作用强弱关系为:残茬叶>残茬茎>残茬根。胡麻残茬根、茎及叶水提液中分别鉴定出8种、21种和14种化合物,主要包括酸类和酯类,含量最多的自毒物质为棕榈酸和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。胡麻残茬根、茎及叶水提液对种子萌发及幼苗生长具有显著的化感自毒效应,可能是导致胡麻连作障碍的主要原因之一。     

青蒿素对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了解青蒿素对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,运用室内培养皿法,分析了不同浓度的青蒿素溶液浸种后小麦种子发芽率及幼苗高度、根长、整株鲜重、根和茎鲜重及干重、根系活力等指标的变化。结果表明,青蒿素对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长有抑制作用,且浓度越高,抑制作用越显著。与无菌水对照相比,青蒿素浸种处理显著降低了小麦的种子发芽率、苗高、根长、根鲜重和茎的鲜、干重,增加了根干重和根冠比。小麦的根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量随青蒿素浓度的增加而递减,可溶性糖含量则随之递增,叶绿素含量则呈先升高后降低的趋势,以20mg·L-1处理含量最高。此外,青蒿素浸种处理对小麦幼苗各项指标的影响与15mg·L-1多效唑相似。     

外源激素对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同浓度赤霉素（GA3）和吲哚乙酸（IAA）对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,50mg/LGA3和100mg/LIAA对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发、株高、生物量均表现为促进作用,并且GA3对丸粒化披碱草种子发芽率的促进作用较IAA明显,而IAA对丸粒化披碱草幼苗株高、生物量的促进作用较GA3明显。当GA3浓度大于50mg/L时,对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发表现出抑制作用,而IAA各浓度均未对种子萌发表现出抑制作用。GA3和IAA处理对丸粒化披碱草幼苗根冠比均表现为抑制作用。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.