洋河流域径流演变规律及驱动因子分析

以洋河流域为研究区域,基于长期水文气象观测数据和数值分析方法,详细分析了洋河流域径流的年际、年内分配规律及典型丰、枯年份的变化,进而建立了降雨-径流关系模型,就气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响进行了定性和定量的分析。结果表明,洋河流域径流量存在减少趋势,尤其是80年代后下降趋势更明显;径流的减少除了受气候变化影响外,人类活动如工农业生产取水、人口增加导致的生活用水激增以及水库截流蓄水等水土保持措施是导致径流量减少的主要的原因,由于人类活动导致的径流减少量占径流减少总量的83.2%。     

近60年长江源区径流变化特征及趋势分析

为深入了解长江源径流的演变特征和变化趋势,笔者以长江源为研究区,采用集中度、集中期、线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、模比系数差积曲线,研究了长江源区径流的年内、年际、年代际趋势性变化,突变点检测和丰枯周期性。结果显示：长江源区1956—2012年径流量总体呈显著增加趋势,上游径流量年际变化较下游剧烈。长江源径流集中度主要集中在55%~85%,上游集中度高于下游。集中期主要分布在7月下旬—8月上旬且有推后趋势。沱沱河站径流主要受降水和冰雪融水补给,直门达站径流主要受降水、冰雪融水和地下水补给。21世纪以来,长江源径流进入丰水期,直门达站比多年平均增加19.3%,上游沱沱河站增加更为明显,达53.8%。沱沱河站年径流量突变点发生在2005年。直门达站年径流量突变点发生在1961、1968、2008年。1956—2012年沱沱河站有1个完整的丰平枯周期,直门达站有3个丰平枯周期。     

近60年来长江源区径流变化特征及趋势分析

为深入了解长江源径流的演变特征和变化趋势,笔者以长江源为研究区,采用集中度、集中期、线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、模比系数差积曲线,研究了长江源区径流的年内、年际、年代际趋势性变化,突变点检测和丰枯周期性。结果显示:长江源区1956—2012年径流量总体呈显著增加趋势,上游径流量年际变化较下游剧烈。长江源径流集中度主要集中在55%~85%,上游集中度高于下游。集中期主要分布在7月下旬—8月上旬且有推后趋势。沱沱河站径流主要受降水和冰雪融水补给,直门达站径流主要受降水、冰雪融水和地下水补给。21世纪以来,长江源径流进入丰水期,直门达站比多年平均增加19.3%,上游沱沱河站增加更为明显,达53.8%。沱沱河站年径流量突变点发生在2005年。直门达站年径流量突变点发生在1961、1968、2008年。1956—2012年沱沱河站有1个完整的丰平枯周期,直门达站有3个丰平枯周期。     

长江源区长序列径流变化规律及其与气象要素的关系分析

基于长江源区1956-2012年水文气象资料,采用集中期和集中度、突变检验、小波变换等方法,分析了长江源区沱沱河站和直门达站年径流变化的趋势性、突变性和周期性,并从相关性和径流系数变化方面探讨了径流变化对气象要素的响应。结果表明：长江源径流年内分配的集中程度呈弱增加趋势,集中期均呈弱延后趋势。沱沱河站、直门达站1956~2012年年径流量均呈显著增加趋势。沱沱河站年径流在1997年发生突变,直门达站在1961和1967年发生突变。沱沱河站年径流存在20-28年、12年的显著周期。直门达站年径流存在8年、24-28年的显著周期。长江源径流与降水、气温呈显著正相关,与水面蒸发呈显著负相关。降水是三江源径流的主要来源,沱沱河径流组成中冰川消融量占比站较直门达站大。     

博州为水生野生动物营造良好栖息环境

正为保护博州境内水生野生动物资源,使水生野生动物有一个良好的栖息环境,根据相关法规,博州境内的博尔塔拉河、精河、库苏木齐克河、鄂托克赛尔河、艾比湖湖滨区等自然水域常年禁捕,禁止任何单位或个人垂钓、围网捕捞,严禁炸鱼、毒鱼、电鱼、迷魂阵等作业行为。2019年,博州计划在赛里木湖水域、州域内各中小型水库人工增殖放流鱼苗550万尾。博州各     

冶河流域径流减少的驱动因素分析

分析了1970—2000年滹沱河的重要支流——冶河流域径流减少的主要驱动因子气候和地表覆被的变化趋势及其对流域径流的影响。结果表明，30年来，流域降水量减少，流域内的年平均气温上升并达到显著水平。流域1995年有林地和高覆盖草地所占面积同20世纪80年代相比大幅减少，林地和草地的质量有所下降，到了2000年有所回升；流域内农田的有效灌溉面积逐年增加。同时流域的径流量发生了明显变化：年均流量自1966年以来不断减小，尤其是80年代以后下降趋势更明显。以致上游长年有水河流部分河段出现了不同程度的断流。     

南方山地茶园小流域径流演变规律

以分析南方山地茶园小流域降雨对径流的变化规律,为南方小流域水资源可持续高效利用提供理论依据。本研究在福建省安溪县山地茶园小流域的出口设置卡口站,连续3 年（2014—2016 年）对该区域降雨量、径流以及对卡口站中泥沙量进行监测,且对泥沙颗粒组分进行分析。结果表明：该区域受气温影响,降雨多集中在7、8 月,径流受到降雨及气候影响,导致径流的补给年内分配差异较大。随着土壤由湿润到水分饱和,入渗量逐渐减小,径流量增大,雨水对地表的冲刷能力增强,径流量由小变大使得大颗粒泥沙被冲刷。另外,在卡口站入口处的颗粒分布从上层到下层呈增大的趋势。该区域降水逐年递增,径流量主要受到气候的变化,随降水量增大而增大。随着人类活动的增大,对该区域径流量也有一定的影响。     

博斯腾湖流域植被覆盖变化及驱动因素分析

植被覆盖变化对于气候变化背景下的区域生态水文响应研究具有重要现实意义。利用博斯腾湖流域2001—2013年16天合成MODIS NDVI影像及30 m分辨率ASTER DEM数据,对博斯腾湖流域植被NDVI时空变化及驱动因素分析。结果表明：（1）博斯腾湖流域植被生长季开始于4月下旬,结束于10月下旬。2001—2013年植被生长季内流域植被NDVI呈不显著的减少趋势,且891~1500 m、3501~4000和4001~4808 m范围呈增加趋势,1501~3500 m范围植被NDVI呈减少趋势。（2）博斯腾湖流域2001—2013年植被NDVI以减少趋势为主,占流域面积的61.80%,呈增加趋势的区域占流域面积36.60%。增加区域主要分布在流域东南部焉耆盆地、博斯腾湖的东南侧与西北侧,以及流域西北部的中部部分区域,其他为减少趋势分布区域。增加区域分布在891~2000和3501~4808 m范围,其他高程范围呈减少趋势。（3）博斯腾湖流域植被覆盖变化受到气候变化与人类活动的双重影响,但高海拔区域植被覆盖变化主要与气候变化有关,而低海拔区域植被覆盖变化受人类活动影响居多。     

沈阳市降水序列趋势变化及周期分析

为了掌握沈阳降水特征、趋势变化和周期演变规律,利用1951—2012年近62年降水观测资料,并将资料序列划分为若干子序列,采用相关检验、线性趋势拟合、距平累积和有序聚类等现代气候统计诊断技术,分析年降水的变化特征。结果表明：沈阳年降水量62年长序列及年际逐一增加子序列呈现减少趋势,截止2012年倾向率为-17.578 mm/10 a,减少降水量109.0 mm;年际逐一减少时子序列降水倾向率变化较小,且不显著。20世纪50年代是降水量丰富期,对降水趋势变化影响显著。30年滑动平均序列以1953—1982年降幅最大,速率为-84.822 mm/10 a。在1951—2012年序列中,1964年和1975年出现2次降水突变减少,分别使平均降水量减少116.2 mm和70.8 mm。年降水量的多雨年和少雨年均存在10~12年周期性。研究结果对从新认识沈阳降水资源变化趋势提出了新的见解,也为气象、水利及农业部门提供参考。     

青海湖流域水位和农牧业特征对气候暖湿化特征的响应研究

为揭示青海湖水位变化及农牧业特征对气候暖湿化的响应,通过分析流域气象、水位以及草地NDVI变化、建立水位评估模型,计算各因素贡献率,定量评估各要素对湖水位和农牧业的影响。结果表明:流域气候呈显著暖湿化趋势,降水量总体呈弱的增加态势,但2001—2015年增加显著并在2003发生突变;流域内平均气温、最低气温和最高气温均呈显著的升高趋势(P0.01);湖水位从1961年开始,下降趋势显著,速率为-0.5 m/10 a(P0.01);2004—2015年连续上升,上升速率达1.44 m/10 a(P0.01)并在2004年发生了突变;前一年降水量、流量及蒸发量对水位影响大,贡献率大小依次为流量、降水量和蒸发量。因此,2001—2015年的15年里降水量增加及其导致的河流径流量增加可能是水位上涨的主要原因。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...