我国干旱区草场种子库研究进展

土壤种子库是指存在于土壤上层凋落物和土壤中全部存活种子的总和。土壤种子库研究是植物种群生态学和植被生态学研究的热点之一。我国干旱区分布着大面积的草场，土壤种子库的研究对于草场的研究发挥着十分重要的作用。本文系统介绍了我国干旱区草场种子库研究的方法和内容，旨在为以后草场种子库的研究提供思路。     

抚育间伐对人工林影响的研究进展

抚育间伐对人工林有重要影响。针对抚育间伐对人工林的林下植被多样性、生物量、凋落物分解、土壤肥力和森林生态系统碳储量影响的研究进行综述,并提出今后的研究重点应该放在抚育间伐后人工林的生物多样性和生物量的长期定位研究,抚育间伐调控人工林凋落物分解的机制和对人工林生态系统碳储量影响的研究等方面,并需要开展各地区主要森林类型、多种立地条件和不同密度森林的抚育间伐研究。     

土壤种子库研究进展

土壤种子库是指地表植被种子成熟后落在土壤中并未萌发, 但仍具有活性的休眠种子的总量。在不同植被类型中, 土壤种子库具有不同的种子密度大小和不同的垂直与水平结构, 并随季节与年份产生变化, 有一定的动态特征。土壤种子库与地表植被结构和演替有着密切关系。除了气候、地表环境与林龄等非生物因素, 火灾、外来种入侵等各种天然与人为的干扰因子等对土壤种子库也产生一定影响。未来的研究趋势主要集中在土壤种子库的年际变化、持久性种子库、稀有物种保护与全球变化对其影响等方面。     

林下植被组成和功能研究进展

林下植被作为森林生态系统的一个重要组成部分, 在维护森林多样性、推动森林生态系统流程和功能中扮演着重要的角色。目前, 关于林下植被的研究已有上百年历史, 其中在森林群落分类、更新演替、养分循环及稳定生产力等方面做了大量研究。文中从林下植被的定义及其组成、演替和功能等方面综述了近年来林下植被的研究进展, 并探讨了如何综合研究演替以及干扰对林下植被组成的影响、林下植被对气候变化的可能响应以及如何将林下植被作用及功能的研究理论应用于近自然人工林建设和管理实践中。     

毛竹林下植被管理与利用研究综述

林下植被作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的物种多样性和稳定性维持、立地生产力维护及养分循环等具有重要影响。针对集约经营毛竹林生物多样性锐减、立地生产力衰退、生态环境恶化、竹林产品产量和质量下降等问题,为促进毛竹林下植被科学管理,提高毛竹林可持续经营能力,总结了毛竹林下植被物种多样性-稳定性维持机制、人工干扰对毛竹林下植被的影响、毛竹林下植被生态功能、基于经济价值的毛竹林下植被开发利用等研究现状,提出了林下植被群落结构与功能、林下植被演替与多样性维护、林下植物型复合经营模式构建与应用等毛竹林下植被管理策略及今后的重点研究方向。     

森林凋落物分解过程中酶活性研究进展

凋落物的分解是生态系统养分循环的重要过程.森林凋落物和土壤中的酶在森林凋落物分解过程中起着重要的作用.本文对森林凋落物分解过程中酶活性的测定方法及影响因素进行了综述,结论为:提取技术的不断提高使得对森林凋落物分解过程中的酶进行定量测定及精确测定其活性成为可能;森林凋落物分解过程中的酶活性受生物因素、非生物因素及凋落物自身化学组成的影响;微生物群落是影响酶活性的主要生物因素,土壤有机质、温度和湿度等是影响酶活性的重要非生物因素;对凋落物分解与酶系统相互作用机制的研究将成为凋落物分解过程中酶活性研究的一个发展趋势.     

围栏封育对华北落叶松人工林草本层和土壤的短期影响

以河北省木兰围场国有林场常年受到放牧影响的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林为研究对象,通过1年的围栏封育后,测定了林下草本层多样性、生物量、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度及含水率等指标,以探究围栏封育对森林林下植被、土壤及凋落物的短期影响。研究结果表明:1)围封样地较对照样地草本多样性指标略有下降,而群落中植物的优势度发生了较大改变;2)与对照样地相比,围封样地草本层的总生物量提高了约4.5倍,地上生物量提高约4.9倍,地下生物量提高约3.9倍;3)围栏封育改变了土壤的物理性质,0～20 cm土壤容重降低,土壤总孔隙度提高,土壤持水量增加;4)围封样地凋落物厚度增加,自然含水率显著增加。结果表明,短期封育对林下植被和土壤产生了有益影响。     

庞泉沟自然保护区河岸林群落的土壤种子库特征

以人工拣种结合种子萌发法研究了庞泉沟自然保护区9种河岸林群落的土壤种子库特征,结果表明: 9种群落的土壤种子库密度间于684±108 - 2 696±266粒·m^-2,69.27% - 88.65%的种子留存于0 - 5 cm的层次,沙棘灌丛的种子库密度最大,乌柳灌丛最小;离河岸10 m和20 m处的种子库密度大于岸边、离河岸30 m和40 m处;种子库包含的40种植物以多年生草本为主,灌木和草本种多为耐干扰种,存在典型的湿地植物,但种子储量以先锋种白桦最丰;辽东栎无完整种子,白桦、华北落叶松、云杉和油松的种子活力保持期为1 - 2年,多数草本的种子活力保持期超过2年;按照群落土壤种子库的相似性,将群落划分为林分开始期、林分排除期、下层再现期和老熟期4个演替阶段。演替后期群落的种子库密度、丰度以及与地上植被的相似性都小于前期群落。土壤种子库是森林自然更新及种群恢复的重要基础,本文对于研究地区河岸林的保护和重建具有重要的理论意义。     

植冠种子库沙生适应性的研究简报

在沙区植被恢复研究中,植冠种子库作为沙生植物的主要特征之一逐渐体现出它独具特色的生态功能。为了探讨风沙干扰下的植冠种子库在种群繁衍过程中的作用及揭示沙生植物的适应机制,通过选择具有植冠种子库的典型沙生植物,采用实验室分析、模拟试验、野外调查等方法,系统研究植冠种子库在个体和景观尺度对种子库时空格局的影响、植冠种子库对种子萌发和幼苗出土的调节作用。结果表明,植冠种子库通过调节繁殖体传播、种子库时空格局、种子萌发和幼苗出土减缓季节性干旱、风蚀沙埋对种子供应和幼苗生成造成的威胁,提高沙生植物补员和定居的成功率。     

贡嘎山冷杉纯林枯落物储量及其持水特性

林下枯落物是指覆盖在林地土壤表面的未分解、半分解植物凋落物 ,它是森林植物地上各器官的枯死、脱落物总称 (陈奇伯等 ,1 994)。林下枯落物的存在 ,不仅能促进森林生态系统的物质循环和养分平衡 ,而且在水土保持、水源涵养等方面具有较大作用。因此 ,研究林下枯落物储量及其持水特性就成为森林生态系统研究中的重要内容。国内外许多学者在不同区域对多种森林类型下的枯落物特性作了研究 ,在枯落物的凋落量、凋落动态、分解速度、对土壤结构的改变、对养分元素循环的影响、截持降水、抑制土壤水分蒸发、增强土壤入渗、影响地表径流和土壤侵…     

Effect of the lectin PHA on the feeding behavior of the grain aphid

The electrical penetration graph (EPG) method was used to quantify the effect of the lectin PHA (phytohemagglutinin) on the feeding behavior of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Addition of PHA to an artificial diet affected aphid probing behavior. In general, increasing concentrations of PHA in sucrose-agarose gels significantly reduced the number of aphid probes and extended their duration. Aphids feeding on the gels with lectin (without concentration 50 μg · cm⁻³) had a prolonged activity (EPG pattern C) that was corresponded to prolonged penetration of the epidermis and mesophyll for aphids feeding on plants. Such insects also showed a significant reduction in salivation and passive ingestion from gels and a reduction in the total number of gel penetrations. At concentrations ≤250 μg · cm⁻³, PHA reduced feeding behavior on gels, and the EPG data were interpreted to correspond with reduced salivation into phloem sieve elements (EPG pattern E1) and reduced ingestion of phloem sap (EPG pattern E2). PHA also delayed the onset of the first E1 and E2 patterns. At higher concentrations (≥500 μg · cm⁻³), PHA completely stopped salivation and passive ingestion from gels. Similarly, higher concentration of PHA strongly reduced activity on gels that corresponded to activity in xylem (EPG pattern G); high PHA delayed the onset of the first G pattern and reduced total time of pattern G activity.     

Analysis of the factors influencing the acetylation rate of wood

Factors influencing the rate of acetylation were examined based on the swelling of wood in the reaction solution and the dimensions of the wood sample. The activation energy of acetylation was also estimated. In a swelling test, it was found that wood swells thoroughly in acetic anhydride even without pyridine above 60°C. Therefore, pyridine may facilitate the acetylation process as a catalyst and not as a swelling agent. The weight gain, x (%), attained at reaction time t (h), for various compositions of acetylation solution or dimensions of wood sample were analyzed by applying an original rate equation [x = a × (1 – e^–kt )^1/n ], where a is the ultimate weight gain (%), k is the rate constant (h^–1), and n is a measure of the hindrance against the diffusion of reagent. The optimum volume fraction of pyridine in the pyridine-catalyzed acetylation was about 0.2. Accompanied by a rise in pyridine content, the reaction showed increased diffusion-controlled behavior. The rate constant, which is not affected by the dimensions of the wood sample, was estimated from which an activation energy of about 130kJ/mol was calculated.     

On the effect of the loading time on the strength properties of wood

Summary One of the most important tasks of wood engineering concerning the determination of permissible stresses in the design of wooden structural parts is to take into consideration the influence of the duration of loading on the strength properties of structural timber.On this subject a number of investigations were carried out and published in Japan. Most of the publications, however, were written in Japanese and were published in Japan only. In consequence, practically no access was gained to the international literature in this field.The present paper intends to give a summary report of the above results. They were deseribed more in detail by the author in a book written in Japanese.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Einbeziehung des Einflusses der Belastungsdauer auf die Festigkeitseigenschaften von Bauholz gehört zu den wichtigsten Aufgaben des Holzbau-Ingenieurs, wenn er sich mit der Frage der zulässigen Spannungen beim Entwurf von Holzbaukonstruktionen beschäftigen muß.Zu dieser Frage wurden in Japan eine Reihe von Untersuchungen durchgeführt und veröffentlicht. Die überwiegende Zahl dieser Arbeiten wurde jedoch in japanischer Sprache verfaßt und deshalb ausschließlich in Japan publiziert. Sie fanden deshalb so gut wie keinen Eingang in das internationale Schrifttum dieses Fachgebietes.Die vorliegende Arbeit soll zusammenfassend hierüber berichten. In ausführlicher Form wurden die dargestellten Ergebnisse vom Verfasser in Buchform, in japanischer Sprache veröffentlicht.

     

Role of the gelatinous layer (G-layer) on the origin of the physical properties of the tension wood of Acer sieboldianum

The tension wood (TW) properties of a 70-year-old specimen of Acer sieboldianum Miq. were analyzed by using the G-fiber model that was proposed in our previous report. The roles of the G-layer on the origins of (1) a high tensile growth stress, (2) a large longitudinal Young’s modulus, and (3) a high longitudinal drying shrinkage in the TW xylem are discussed on the basis of the simulations using the G-fiber model. The results suggest that the G-layer generates a high tensile stress in the longitudinal direction during xylem maturation; the longitudinal Young’s modulus of the green G-layer becomes significantly higher than that of the lignified layer; furthermore, the G-layer tends to shrink extraordinarily more than that of the lignified layer during moisture desorption.This report follows the previous report “Role of the gelatinous layer on the origin of the physical properties of the tension wood.” J Wood Sci (2004) 50:197–208. Part of this paper was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999, and at the 2nd International Conference of the European Society for Wood Mechanics, Stockholm, May 2003This revised version was published online in July 2005. On pages 228–230 the character was replaced by a vertical line.     

On the constitutive equations of the orthotropic theory of creep

Summary Creep equations have been formulated for the multi-axial state of stress for an orthotropic medium, based on an invariant proposed by Hill for theory of plasticity. Anyone of the numerous creep laws suggested from time to time by different investigators on the basis of experiments can then be used in these equations giving a complete set of equations for the solution of creep problems in orthotropic medium. Two simple applications are also discussed. An example in which principal axes of stress do not coincide with axes of anisotropy tension of a bar is discussed. Another example, that of compression under conditions of plane strain, illustrates variation of stress with time although load is kept constant. It is shown that in this case {ie142-1} relaxes to the final value {ie142-2} after a few times the retardation time.

---

Zusammenfassung Gleichungen zur Berechnung von Kriechdehnungen wurden für den mehrachsigen Spannungszustand orthotroper Stoffe aufgestellt, deren Grundlage eine von Hill für die Plastizitätstheorie vorgeschlagene Konstante bildet. Jedes der zahlreichen Kriechgesetze, die von verschiedenen Autoren auf Grund von Versuchen immer wieder vorgeschlagen wurden, kann mit Hilfe dieser Gleichungen Anwendung finden und bildet ein vollständiges Gleichungs-system zur Lösung von Kriechproblemen in orthotropen Stoffen. Desgleichen werden zwei einfache Anwendungsmöglichkeiten erörtert. Ein Beispiel wird dargestellt, in welchem die Haupt-Spannungsachsen nicht mit den Achsen der anisotropen Zugspannung in einem Balken zusammenfallen. Ein weiteres Beispiel mit Druckbelastung veranschaulicht bei Annahme einer ebenen Dehnung die Änderungen des Spannungszustandes mit der Zeit, wenn die Belastung konstant bleibt. Es wird gezeigt, daß sich in diesem Fall {ie142-3} bis zu dem Endwert {ie142-4} ermäßigt nach einer Zeit, die einem Mehrfachen der Retardierungszeit entspricht.

---

---

The second author gratefully aknowledges the grant of a C.S.I.R. fellowship.     

Recent progress in the study of the rheology of wood

Summary The literature on wood rheology published during the last decade is reviewed. Creep, relaxation, and response to dynamic loading are discussed in relation to stress, moisture content, and temperature. Work on creep-rupture life and on wood-based materials and mechanical wood-joints is included. It is pointed out that in the future more critically designed experiments, more emphasis on quantitative information, and more work on wood-based materials are needed.

---

Zusammenfassung Das über die Rheologie des Holzes innerhalb der vergangenen 10 Jahre publizierte Schrifttum wird eingehend referiert. Kriechen, Relaxation und Verhalten unter dynamischer Beanspruchung werden im Zusammenhang mit Spannung, Holzfeuchtigkeit und Temperatur erörtert. Arbeiten über Zeitstandfestigkeit, über Holzwerkstoffe und mechanische Holzverbinder werden in die Betrachtungen mit einbezogen. Der Verfasser weist darauf hin, daß es in Zukunft notwendig sein wird, exakter geplante Versuche durchzuführen, daß mehr Wert auf die Gewinnung quantitativer Daten gelegt werden muß und die Kenntnisse über das Verhalten von Holzwerkstoffen erweitert werden müssen.

     

On the distribution of the diastereomers of the structural elements in lignins: the steric course of reactions mimicking lignin biosynthesis

Summary Stereochemical studies on the formation of the diastereomers of arylglycerol--aryl ether structures during lignin biosynthesis have been carried out with model compounds. The addition of water to quinone methides of the -syringyl ether type gives arylglycerol -syringyl ethers with a predominance of the erythro isomer when the pH of the medium is low. Since erythro forms of arylglycerol -syringyl ethers are prevalent in hardwood lignins, this indicates that the pH of the medium in which lignin biosynthesis occurs is lower than has been assumed until now. Equilibration studies with non-phenolic model compounds of the arylglycerol-guaiacyl ether and -syringyl ether types under acidolysis conditions indicate that the erythro predominance observed in the syringyl ethers in lignins does not correspond to equilibrium conditions. A remarkable resistance to acidolysis is observed in the model compounds of etherified syringylglycerol -syringyl ether type.     

Applicability of the losipescu shear test on the measurement of the shear properties of wood

We examined the applicability of the Iosipescu shear test for measuring the shear properties of wood. Quarter-sawn board of sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) and shioji (Japanese ash,Fraxinus spaethiana Lingelsh. were used for the specimens. Iosipescu shear tests were conducted with two types of specimen whose longitudinal and radial directions coincided with the loading direction. The shear modulus, yield shear stress, and shear strength were obtained and were compared with those obtained by the torsion tests of rectangular bars. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The Iosipescu shear test is effective in measuring the shear modulus and the yield shear stress. (2) To measure the shear strength properly by the Iosipescu shear test, the configuration of specimen and the supporting condition should be examined in more in detail.     

外力作用下4种植物根系易损部位的研究

[目的]为探讨根系在轴向拉力和径向折力下的易损部位。[方法]以3 4 a的柠条、沙柳、沙棘和白沙蒿为研究对象,采用TY8000伺服控制材料试验机测定4种植物侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗拉力与抗折力。[结果]表明:在1 4 mm根径范围内,4种植物侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗拉力、抗折力均与直径呈幂函数正相关,抗拉强度、抗折强度均与直径呈幂函数负相关;同径级时,每种植物单根的抗拉强度和抗折强度均表现为侧根分支处小于相邻直根,4种植物侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗拉强度为柠条((23.70±3.97)、(28.02±4.40)MPa)沙柳((14.86±1.28)、(20.33±1.76)MPa)沙棘((10.60±2.40)、(15.86±3.90)MPa)白沙蒿((5.07±1.25)、(8.80±1.74)MPa),侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗折强度为:柠条((33.66±7.74)、(47.06±4.41)MPa)沙柳((17.31±1.91)、(27.54±3.82)MPa)沙棘((3.97±1.23)、(8.75±1.70)MPa)白沙蒿((2.18±0.39)、(6.15±1.01)MPa)。[结论]无论受轴向拉力还是径向折力,4种植物根系易损部位均为侧根分支处。造成垂直根模型(WWM)和纤维束模型(FBM)预测根系固土能力偏高的补充原因为:(1)模型根系全部计入直根的抗拉力,忽略了侧根分支处,而侧根分支处是根系固土的薄弱点。(2)模型假设所有根系为轴向受拉的杆件。实际根土复合体发生剪切时,根可能承受轴向拉力,也可能承受径向折力。对于抗折强度小于抗拉强度的植物,模型必然高估根的实际固土能力。     

Factors affecting the dynamics of the population of Fagus crenata in the Takakuma Mountains, the southern limit of its distribution area

The refugee population of Fagus crenata in the Takakuma Mountains, Kyushu, Japan, represents the southern limit of this species' distribution area. Because this population is the most exposed to the global warming effect, records of this population are likely to provide useful information on the response of this species to global warming. The aim of this study was to record the present status of this valuable population, enabling judgment of its sustainability. The density of successive F. crenata trees and saplings was low regardless of the coverage of dwarf bamboo. Moreover, the proportion of empty nuts observed was considerably high, suggesting to be the likely major factor limiting recruitment of saplings or successors in this population. Radial growth of F. crenata was shown to have been decreasing for the past 50 years, and there was a significantly negative correlation with the warmth index. The decreasing growth rate and poor regenerative ability caused by the high proportion of empty nuts suggest the possibility that this population will degrade further in the future, possibly being replaced by shrubs and small tree species.