石灰和泥炭配施对叶菜吸收Cd的阻控效应

为寻求有效阻控污染土壤上叶菜对镉的吸收、实现叶菜安全生产的技术方法,采用盆栽试验比较研究了石灰与不同用量的泥炭配施对cd污染土壤上3茬叶菜吸收累积cd的影响,并分析了土壤pH值和DTPA提取态cd含量的变化。结果表明：与不施改良剂对照相比,石灰与不同用量的泥炭配施对第2茬生菜和第3茬红苋菜的生长具有促进作用,使土壤pH值升高了0．76~1．14个单位,土壤DTPA提取态cd含量降低了7．55％～32．0％,叶菜地上部cd含量降低了35．5％～67．2％。与单施石灰处理相比,石灰泥炭配施效果进一步提升,土壤pH值提高了0．04～0．32个单位,第2茬土壤DTPA提取态cd含量降低了2．06％~20．6％,前两茬叶菜地上部cd含量降低了11．1％～24．6％。综合3茬结果,石灰、泥炭具有协同作用,两者配比为1：5时对cd的阻控效果最好,且后效可持续到第3茬叶菜。因此,石灰泥炭合理配施可以作为降低中轻度污染土壤上叶菜cd含量的有效措施之一。     

泥炭对菜心-土壤系统中重金属生物有效性的效应研究

以菜心为研究对象,利用盆栽试验,观测在重金属Cu（200 mg/kg）、Cr（300 mg/kg）、Pb（1000 mg/kg）污染的土壤上添加不同用量的泥炭（0%、0.5%、1%、2%、4%、5%）对重金属生物有效性及其土壤形态分布的影响。结果表明,随着泥炭施用量的增加,菜心采收时土壤重金属的形态分布发生了改变,DTPA交换态的重金属明显减少,有机结合态重金属明显增加,菜心根、茎、叶重金属含量显著降低;从总体趋势来看产量有所提高,只是在5%或4%的泥炭施用水平下产量略有下降。说明在0%～5%范围内的泥炭施用量能降低铜、铬、铅重金属污染土壤的生物有效性,0%～3%范围内的泥炭施用量能提高菜心产量。     

Changes of the content of oil products in the oil-polluted peat soil of a high-moor bog in a field experiment with application of lime and fertilizers

A field model experiment on stimulating the activity of native oil microorganisms–decomposers was performed on an oil-polluted area in a high-moor bog under its total flooding in the northern taiga (Western Siberia). For two summer months, the doses of lime and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers applied have caused a decrease in the oil products (OP) content by 54% relative to their initial amount. The decrease of the OP content in the soil profiles was nonuniform, and at the depth of 30–50 cm it was accompanied by the acidification of peat. The stimulation of the activity of aboriginal microorganisms by applying lime and mineral fertilizers led to the development of migration processes with the participation of oil and products of its transformation. These processes differed from those in the soil without application of lime and fertilizers. An original technology of applying lime and fertilizers providing minimal disturbances the upper 50-cm peat layer is suggested.     

秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、铅、镉活性的影响

秸秆还田是我国培肥地力和增加农田土壤碳固定的重要措施,但进入农田的秸秆存在着活化土壤重金属的风险。为了解不同来源的秸秆对污染水平不同农田土壤重金属活性的影响,采取相应措施防止因秸秆还田对农田土壤重金属的激活,开展了盆栽和田间小区试验研究秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、镉、铅活性的影响。盆栽和田间试验在轻度和重度污染2种土壤上同时进行。盆栽试验中施用秸秆包括重污染水稻秸秆、轻污染水稻秸秆和轻污染油菜秸秆3种,石灰用量设对照(0 kg·hm-2)和石灰处理(750 kg·hm-2)2个处理;田间小区试验设对照(不施秸秆和石灰)、秸秆还田及秸秆还田+石灰3个处理。动态观察了试验过程中土壤有效态重金属、重金属形态及水稻籽粒中重金属积累情况。结果表明,试验初期(前20 d)秸秆还田显著增加了水田土壤中水溶性有机碳与水溶性重金属的含量;与对照处理比较,水溶性重金属含量以重度污染土壤增幅较为明显。试验后期(60 d后)秸秆还田对土壤重金属的活性的影响逐渐变得不明显。油菜秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量低于水稻秸秆还田,重污染水稻秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量高于低污染水稻秸秆还田。盆栽试验和田间试验的结果都表明,重污染水稻秸秆还田可轻微增加水稻籽粒中镉的积累,但轻度污染水稻秸秆还田与油菜秸秆还田对水稻籽粒镉积累的影响较小;3种秸秆还田对水稻籽粒铅、铜、锌积累的影响不明显。配施石灰可显著降低土壤中水溶性重金属的含量,降低水稻籽粒中重金属的积累。研究认为,在污染农田管理上应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田,在秸秆还田的同时适量配施石灰。     

石灰及其后效对玉米吸收重金属影响的田间实例研究

通过田间试验方法,研究了在铅锌矿废水污染的土壤上施用石灰1 a后,继续施用石灰和石灰后效处理对后续第1、2季低累积玉米（Zea mays）的产量以及重金属Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量的影响,并分析了土壤pH、土壤DTPA提取态重金属含量和土壤重金属全量的变化。结果表明,连续施用石灰和石灰后效均显著提高玉米产量,其中连续施用石灰处理效果最佳,第1季籽粒产量是对照（无石灰）的6倍,第2季是对照的3.8倍。与对照相比,连续施用石灰处理显著降低了2季玉米籽粒Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,石灰后效只能降低第2季玉米茎叶Cd、Pb和Cu含量,而籽粒Cd、Pb含量与对照相比略有升高,说明石灰后效能维持一年半左右。对照处理土壤Cd和Zn全量显著低于石灰处理,可能是土壤中Cd和Zn随着雨水的淋洗向下层迁移造成的。施用石灰可防止Cd和Zn对地下水的污染。     

铅镉高污染土壤的钝化材料筛选及其修复效果初探

本研究以重金属高污染农田土壤(全Pb含量为1 277 mg/kg,全Cd含量为39.0 mg/kg)为研究对象,通过土培试验和玉米苗期盆栽试验,探讨海泡石、石灰、腐植酸、钙镁磷肥、磷矿粉、生物质炭等常用稳定材料不同剂量及复配组合对高污染土壤重金属的钝化修复效应。土培试验结果表明,石灰对Pb和Cd钝化效果最好,其次是海泡石,但两者表现为较高添加量处理间没有显著差异;而低剂量生物质炭和腐植酸显著增加土壤有效态Pb和Cd含量,高剂量生物质炭具有较好的钝化效果。盆栽试验表明,海泡石与石灰配施钝化效果较好,与对照相比,土壤氯化钙提取态Pb、Cd含量分别降低了97.5%、81.4%;玉米根和地上部Cd含量分别降低48.5%、34.0%,Pb含量分别降低35.6%、29.6%;但海泡石与磷材料配施显著增加玉米根Pb含量,对玉米Cd吸收没有显著影响。以上结果表明,重金属高污染农田土壤添加合适的改良剂,可较大幅度降低土壤重金属有效性和植物重金属吸收性。     

不同改良剂对土壤-叶菜系统Cd迁移累积的调控作用

为筛选适合在中轻度镉污染土壤上有效降低叶菜吸收镉的改良剂及用量,采用镉污染菜地土壤进行盆栽试验,研究不同用量的石灰、泥炭和碱渣对小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）生物量、镉吸收量,土壤pH及有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明,3种改良剂对小白菜生长均无显著的抑制作用;与不施改良剂的处理相比,石灰、泥炭显著抑制小白菜对镉的吸收,地上部镉含量与石灰和泥炭用量均呈显著负相关关系（R=-0.668、-0.785,P〈0.05）,碱渣对小白菜地上部镉含量的影响不显著,但显著增加根系镉含量;改良剂均显著提高土壤pH,但对DTPA-Cd影响不同,石灰显著降低DTPA-Cd,泥炭、碱渣均有增加DTPA-Cd含量的趋势;泥炭对土壤-小白菜系统Cd迁移的调控效果最佳,其最佳用量为20 g.kg-1土,石灰次之,碱渣不适合。     

添加物对镉、锌、铅污染土壤上小白菜的生长和养分吸收的影响

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of two amendments, lime and calcium magnesium phosphate, on the growth and Cd,Pd,Zn,Cu,Mn,Fe,N,P and K uptake of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis) in a Cd,Pb and Zn polluted acid soil in the southern part of China. The growth of pakchoi was apparently improved by lime and calcium magnesium phosphate application, the uptake of Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn by pakchoi was significantly depressed and the symptom caused by heavy metals pollution was eliminated. Meanwhile, the absorption of N,K and Mn was also inhibited by these amendments. Soil pH was the main factor controlling the uptake of the heavy metals by pakchoi. This suggests that lime and calcium magnesium phosphate could be used as effective amendments for eliminating the toxicity of heavy metals to the vegetable and inhibiting their absorption by the crop.     

Effects of meliorative additives on the adsorption and binding forms of heavy metals in a contaminated topsoil from a former sewage farm

In a laboratory study, a heavy metal contaminated topsoil from a former sewage farm in Berlin was amended with different additives: lime, ash/gypsum, bark mulch, brown coal and combinations of these treatments. After 8 weeks of incubation, pH of the lime and ash/gypsum treatments increased to 6.2–6.3 compared to 5.2–5.3 in the control and the other treatments. Organic-C content rose from 42 g/kg in the control to 46–53 g/kg in the organic amendments. In reaction to the pH-increase the water soluble fraction of Cd, Cu and Zn was reduced by roughly 60%, 30% and 80% respectively. Cd- and Zn-binding forms as determined with NH₄-acetate- and EDTA-extracts were not affected by the treatments, while the ash/gypsum-treatment increased EDTA-extractable Pb by 17%. The exchangeable Cu-Fraction (NH₄-acetate extract) was reduced in all treatments to 82–93% of the control values, with the greatest effects in the tree bark amendment. The FREUNDLICH adsorption isotherms also show an increased sorption of heavy metals in the lime and ash/gypsum treatments. Organic amendments alone or in combination with lime had little effect on heavy metal adsorption.     

堆肥, 石灰和磷酸二铵对铜尾矿土壤重金属的植物有效性的影响

Soil samples from a historic copper mine tailing site at the Parys Mountain,North Wales (UK) were amended with green waste compost (GC),GC+30% sewage sludge (GCS),lime and diammonium phosphate (DAP),to determine the effect of amendments on DTPA-and Ca (NO₃) ₂-extractable metals in the mine tailing and on the phytoavailability of heavy metals by a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).Both compost were added at the rate of 10% by weight,lime was added as calcium carbonate equivalent (pH = 7) and DAP at a 2300 mg kg^-1 soil level.The experiment was arranged in randomised complete design with three replicates in pots under control environment.Addition of lime resulted in the largest reduction in metal extractability with DTPA and Ca (NO₃) ₂ and phytoavailability of Cu,Fe and Zn while DAP was effective in lowering Pb extractability and phytoavailability.With exception of Zn,all other metals extracted decreased with time after amendment applications.The distribution of heavy metals between and within the four procedures of potentially bioavailable sequential extraction (PBASE) varied significantly (P < 0.001).Stronger relationships were noted between the metals extracted with PBASE SE1 and Cu,Pb (P < 0.01) and Fe (P < 0.001) in the lettuce.These results indicate that addition of lime is sufficient to restore the vegetative cover to a high metal mine waste while DAP is good for stabilizing Pb,but its detrimental role on plant growth and the risk associated with presence of N in DAP (through N leaching) may restrict its chances for remediation of contaminated sites.     

Accumulation of heavy metals in oil-contaminated peat soils

X-ray fluorescence and X-ray radiometry represent easy and simple methods to determine concentrations of heavy metals in the ash of peat soils contaminated with oil and can be applied for soil monitoring purposes. Oil spills on peat bogs produce two contamination zones differing in the composition of heavy metals. In the zone of primary contamination, the peat surface is covered by a bitumen crust with V, Ni, Sr, Ba, Ce, and La accumulating there. This zone adjoins the zone of secondary peat contamination, where heavy alkaline-earth metals (Sr, Ba) and lanthanides (Ce and La) are accumulated to a lesser extent. Biological preparations recommended for remediation of oil-contaminated peat soils should be tolerant to high concentrations of heavy metals, particularly, V, Ni, and Ba that are present in the oil contaminated soils in relatively high amounts.     

Methods of sequential extraction of heavy metals from soils: New approaches and the mineralogical control (a review)

The analysis of published data shows that the sequential extraction of heavy metals from soils according to the schemes suggested by Tessier and by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) does not ensure the selectivity of the extraction of heavy metal compounds from certain carriers and can result in the artificial redistribution of heavy metals by fractions. A new approach is based on the assessment of the kinetics of metal extraction from certain carriers. A wide range of heavy metal compounds in soils have been identified using the method of synchrotron X-ray radiation. It is argued that the schemes of Tessier and the BCR are applicable for the determination of the contents of Pb humates, Pb and Zn carbonates, and heavy metals bound with hydroxides of Fe and Al. However, these methods are not suitable for the determination of phosphates and silicates of heavy metals.     

Effect of Organic Materials on Partitioning,Extractability and Plant Uptake of Metals in an Alum Shale Soil

Soils developed on sulphide-bearing shale (alum shale) in Norway contain naturally high amount of heavy metals. We conducted a greenhouse pot experiment to study the effect of four rates (0, 2, 4, and 8%) and three sources (cow manure, pig manure and peat soil) of organic matter in partitioning and distribution, extractability and plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in an alum shale soil. Sequential extraction scheme was used to determine the distribution patterns of metals in the soil. DTPA was used for extracting the metals from the soil. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was used as a test crop to study the plant uptake of metals. The highest amount of Cd was present in the exchangeable fraction, irrespective of the rate and source of organic matter applied. Copper, Ni, and Zn, on the other hand, were present only in small quantities in this fraction. The largest fraction of Cu was associated with organic matter and the amounts present in the oxide, carbonate and exchangeable fractions were very small. Nickel and Zn were found mainly in the residual fraction. Increasing rates of cow and pig manure decreased the amounts of Cd and Ni associated with the exchangeable fraction whereas, the addition of peat soil at the same rate increased the amounts of these metals associated with this fraction. This effect of organic matter was primarily associated with the change in soil pH caused by different organic matter sources. The DTPA-extractable metals were decreased with increasing rates of organic matter application, irrespective of its source. Grain and straw yields of wheat were decreased with increasing rates of organic matter. The application of organic matter increased the Cu and Zn concentrations in both grain and straw. The concentration of all metals was lower in plants grown in the cow manure amended soil as compared to those grown in the soil amended with either pig manure or peat soil. These results sugggest that the source of organic matter was a determining factor for metal distribution in the soil and for metal uptake by plants. In this study cow manure slightly increased the soil pH and thus was more effective than either pig manure or peat soil in reducing the plant uptake of metals but in general the efficiency of the organic material in reducing heavy metal uptake was small.     

Plant heavy metal concentrations and soil biological properties in agricultural serpentine soils

Abstract

Soils developed on serpentinitic rocks have serious limitations for agriculture. They have high levels of magnesium (Mg) and heavy metals [copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr)] and are deficient in some macronutrients. In parts of Northwestern Spain, serpentine soils have been subjected to intensive management, based on the use of manure and harvesting residues. Although these practices have allowed the growth of crops, plants may have accumulated high amounts of metals. This study was carried out to assess the effect of the management practices on the uptake of heavy metals by crops, and to analyze the relationship between the concentrations of these metals in plants, and soil properties. Moderate levels of Ni and Mn and low levels of Cr and Cu were found in soil extractable fractions of these metals. In spite of this, analysis of plant tissues revealed high levels of Cr and Ni and moderate contents of Mn. Concentrations of Mn and Ni in foliage were correlated to soil extractable contents, whereas simple linear regression between concentration of Cr in plants and the soil‐extractable Cr showed a poor relationship, possibly because the availability of this metal, as Cr(VI), is determined by temporal environmental conditions. To assess the effects of the management on the uptake of heavy metals by plants, a complementary bioassay experiment was carried out in the laboratory in which Festuca rubra and Agrostis stolonifera were sown on serpentine soil with low organic matter content, and amended with peat and/or lime. This experiment confirmed that there is a reduction in heavy metal concentration in plants after organic amendment and suggested that the lower metal availability is partly due to the higher soil microbial activity, produced as a consequence of addition of organic matter.     

石灰组配土壤改良剂抑制污染农田水稻镉吸收

为达有效地调控污染稻田水稻糙米对Cd吸收,该研究选取湖南省长株潭地区的湘潭、醴陵和株洲3处不同Cd污染程度田块,研究石灰配施海泡石、钙镁磷肥、有机肥对水稻Cd吸收和累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰及其组配改良剂均可明显提高土壤pH值,有效降低土壤中酸提取态Cd含量和水稻中Cd含量。与不施用改良剂相比,石灰配施海泡石或有机肥、配施海泡石和有机肥,Cd污染稻田土壤pH值平均升高1.08,0.96和0.93个单位,酸提取态Cd质量分数分别平均降低20.6%,15.6%和21.2%。石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥处理下在轻度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了48.3%,46.7%和34.2%,石灰配施有机肥、钙镁磷肥或钙镁磷肥和有机肥处理下在中度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了52.8%,47.8%和37.5%,石灰配施钙镁磷肥和有机肥、有机肥或海泡石处理下在重度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了51.2%,44.6%和42.5%,均低于食品安全国家标准中糙米限量值0.2 mg/kg(GB2762-2017)。相关分析表明,土壤中酸提取态Cd含量与水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),说明土壤酸提取态Cd含量是影响糙米对Cd吸收的关键因素之一。上述结果说明,石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥+有机肥可有效调控污染稻田土壤中Cd进入水稻,实现水稻安全生产。     

矸石添加对铜尾矿中香根草生长及生理生态的影响

为了探索矸石作为改良剂用于尾矿生态修复,通过盆栽试验,将矸石按一定比例(0,1%,2.5%,5%,10%和15%)添加入铜尾砂,基于铜尾砂理化性质变化,探索矸石对尾砂中香根草生理生态的作用特点。结果表明:矸石添加入铜尾砂后,提高了基质pH、有机质和营养元素含量,降低了有效态重金属浓度(Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn),改善了尾矿贫瘠环境。随矸石添加比例增加,香根草体内重金属浓度呈下降趋势,生物量和光合色素含量呈现低促高抑性变化。同时,可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量随矸石添加比例增加而增加,MDA随添加比例增加而降低,低添加比例的矸石选择性提升了SOD和CAT酶活性,增强了香根草清除体内多余活性氧的能力。矸石加入铜尾砂可稳定铜尾矿中有效态重金属,也能在一定添加比例内,提高香根草抵御铜尾矿胁迫环境的能力。     

On the Probable Nature of Biological Activity of Humic Substances

It is common knowledge that humic substances extracted from different sources are characterized by high biological activity (BA), though the nature of this phenomenon is not quite clear up to now. To expand our understanding of the BA of humic substances, we studied the effect of humates prepared from humic acids of different origin on the germination of seeds. The efficiencies of seed treatment by humate solutions obtained from preliminary purified humic acids extracted from peat, coal, and soil differed insignificantly. At the same time, the solutions of salts of humic substances obtained via alkaline extraction from peat without subsequent purification did not lead to statistically significant biological effects. The analysis of literature and our own data allowed us to conclude that the biological activity of humic acids could be related to their capacity to regulate the growth processes via binding growth inhibitors released into the solution upon seed swelling into the supramolecular complexes.     

重金属复合处理对小麦锌铜镍镉积累和分布的影响

为增加粮食可食用部分有益元素的浓度,同时减少有毒重金属元素的含量,需要更好地了解元素在植株和籽粒内的运输和分布。在温室盆栽条件下,以春小麦为供试材料,设置对照（不添加重金属）和重金属复合处理（同时添加铜、锌、镍、镉,以不影响小麦生长为前提）,研究锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、镉（Cd）在成熟植株和籽粒不同部位的分布特点。结果表明,重金属复合处理对小麦成熟期籽粒和秸秆产量、收获指数以及粒重均无显著影响,但使小麦各器官重金属浓度均显著增加,增幅因不同器官和不同元素而异,籽粒中Zn、Cu、Ni和Cd浓度分别增加1.8、0.5、48.1倍和45.3倍。重金属复合处理还显著改变了Zn和Ni在地上部各器官中的分配模式：对照小麦吸收的Zn更易向生殖器官中转运,处理植株则更多地滞留在营养器官中,而Ni呈相反的趋势。激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）对籽粒糊粉层和胚乳的定量分析表明,重金属复合处理使糊粉层Zn和Cu浓度仅增加了78%和86%,而糊粉层Ni和Cd浓度分别增加了30倍和121倍。重金属复合处理使胚乳Zn和Cu浓度分别增加了49%和48%,使Ni和Cd浓度均超出小麦标准中Ni和Cd的最大允许浓度（对照籽粒胚乳中没有检验到Ni和Cd）。以上结果表明,在小麦生物强化实践中,在增加有益营养元素（如Cu和Zn）的同时亦存在有毒重金属（如Ni和Cd）超标的巨大风险。     

长期秸秆还田对污染农田土壤与农产品重金属的影响

在浙东某地选择一污染农田,布设了秸秆还田、秸秆不还田、秸秆还田+石灰及秸秆不还田+石灰4个处理试验,进行了为期9年的土壤、秸秆、谷物、蔬菜等农产品中重金属动态监测。结果表明,污染农田中施用石灰可明显降低水稻秸秆和谷物及蔬菜中重金属的积累,但对土壤重金属含量影响不明显;施用石灰对水稻秸秆和谷物及蔬菜中重金属降低作用随试验时间逐渐减弱。与秸秆不还田比较,秸秆还田在短期内对土壤、水稻秸秆和蔬菜重金属积累的影响较小,但4~5年后秸秆不还田农田土壤镉、汞积累及水稻秸秆和蔬菜中镉、铅、汞积累明显低于秸秆还田农田,对土壤中铅积累的影响较小;随着试验时间的增加,秸秆还田与秸秆不还田农田之间土壤、水稻谷物及蔬菜中重金属积累的差异逐渐加大。秸秆还田农田土壤有机质和速效钾含量高于秸秆不还田农田。研究结果表明,在镉、汞污染农田中长期推行秸秆还田不利于农产品质量的提高,应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田。     

Lime Residues and Metal Sequestration in Sediments of Excessively Limed Lakes

Sediment profiles from ten excessively limed lakes were used to study the occurrence of lime residues as a result of incomplete lime dissolution and the influence of treatment with very high lime doses on the sequestration of metals in lake sediments. The sediment profiles were subjected to multi-element analysis and compared to sediment profiles from previous studies of lakes limed with normal lime doses and untreated reference lakes. The high lime doses were found to result in large lime residues in the sediment, with lime concentrations of up to 70% of the dry sediment in the studied lakes. Excessive liming, like liming with normal doses, was found to cause increased sequestration in sediments of, e.g. Cd, Co, Ni and Zn, metals where the mobility is known to be highly pH dependent, compared to non-limed reference lakes. No effect of liming on the sequestration of Cu, Cr, Pb and V could be shown. The size of the lime dose did not seem to influence the metal sequestration in the sediment, since no difference between the excessively limed lakes and lakes limed with normal doses was found. On the contrary, the large lime residues were found to cause a dilution of the metal concentrations in the sediments, since lime products used for lake liming generally have lower metal concentrations compared to the sediments.