甲霜灵在西瓜及土壤中的残留消解动态研究

采用高效液相色谱检测方法,研究甲霜灵在西瓜及土壤中2a的残留消解动态及最终残留。结果表明:甲霜灵在西瓜和土壤上的半衰期为4.10~4.30 d和8.61~9.55 d。甲霜灵灌根施药后,西瓜全果经过14 d,土壤经过28 d,消解率都达到85%以上。按最高推荐剂量500 g.a.i/hm2和1.5倍高剂量750 g.a.i/hm2使用3~4次,收获距末次施药间隔5、7、14 d,甲霜灵在西瓜全果、瓜肉和土壤中的最终残留量均低于中国食品中甲霜灵的最大残留限量标准0.2 mg/kg。所以甲霜灵在海南地区西瓜上按照推荐剂量300~500 g.a.i/hm2灌根2~3次,采摘间隔期7 d以上是安全的。     

精甲霜灵在西红柿上的降解残留

采用气相色谱法(氮磷检测器)测定精甲霜灵在西红柿果实上的残留量。结果表明,精甲霜灵在西红柿植株上施用以后降解较快;在西红柿果实上的消解遵循指数型降解规律,半衰期为1.74 d;残留量与精甲霜灵施药量相关,残留浓度随着施药量增多而增高;施药4次处理与施药5次处理间无显著差异。以2倍试验农药厂家在西红柿上的推荐使用剂量(2 248 g/hm2)作施药处理,施药次数为5次,于最后1次施药2 d后,精甲霜灵在西红柿果肉中的残留量为0.074 mg/kg的分析结果表明,试验农药厂家推荐精甲霜灵在西红柿上施用的安全间隔期为3 d是合适的。     

砜嘧磺隆25%可湿性粉剂在马铃薯中的残留动态

为了制定砜嘧磺隆在马铃薯生产中的安全使用标准,采用田间试验的方法,研究砜嘧磺隆在马铃薯中的残留动态,应用液相色谱法测定砜嘧磺隆在马铃薯中的残留量。试验结果表明:砜嘧磺隆在马铃薯植株和土壤中降解符合一级化学反应动力学方程C=C0e-kt,砜嘧磺隆在土壤中半衰期为(0.02～3.10 d),在植株中的半衰期为(0.93～2.90 d)。该药属易分解农药(T1/2<30 d)。在马铃薯4叶期时喷药1次,按推荐剂量90 g/hm2及1.5倍剂量135 g/hm2施用25%可湿性粉剂砜嘧磺隆。在收获期马铃薯植株和块茎均未检测出,在马铃薯上的砜嘧磺隆安全使用量推荐为90 g/hm2,建议马铃薯上砜嘧磺隆最大残留限量值MRL暂定为0.1 mg/kg。     

不同套袋方式下戊唑醇在香蕉上的最终残留研究

对比了香蕉果穗不套袋、断蕾后套袋、全程套袋三种不同套袋方式下戊唑醇在香蕉全果和果肉中的残留情况。按推荐施药剂量和推荐施药剂量1.5倍施用3次和4次250 g/L戊唑醇水乳剂,末次试药距收获期42 d时,不套袋处理的最终残留量均高于戊唑醇在香蕉上的最大残留限量0.05 mg/kg,断蕾后套袋的最终残留量均低于0.05 mg/kg,全程套袋的最终残留量均低于最低检测浓度0.025 mg/kg。香蕉套袋可以有效阻挡农药在蕉果上的附着,从而降低戊唑醇在香蕉上的残留量。     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

联苯菊酯在荔枝和土壤中的残留行为和风险评估

本研究开展了4%联苯菊酯悬浮剂在荔枝上的残留检测,然后根据残留检测结果和我国的膳食消费量评估了联苯菊酯按照推荐方式施用后对我国不同类型人群的急慢性膳食暴露风险,还评估了对土壤非靶标生物蚯蚓的环境风险。结果表明:联苯菊酯在荔枝全果中的半衰期为2.6～6.9 d,在土壤中的半衰期为11.5～13.8 d;按照推荐施药方式(施药剂量:1000倍液,施药次数:2次,施药间隔期:10 d,推荐安全间隔期:21 d)在荔枝上施用不会对我国消费者存在急慢性膳食暴露风险,而且对土壤非靶标生物蚯蚓也是低风险。     

新疆棉田吡虫啉残留动态及其防治棉蚜田间用药量确定

为探讨吡虫啉在新疆地区环境和农业条件下合理、科学的应用方法,测定了70%（质量分数）吡虫啉水分散粒剂在棉花叶片和土壤中的残留和消解动态,并进行了其对田间棉蚜的防治试验。结果表明：根据所建立的分析方法的测定结果,在用药量（有效成分,下同）10.50～47.25 g·hm^－2范围内,吡虫啉的靶向原始沉积量为0.53～1.99 mg·kg^－1,施药后的第7天,吡虫啉的残留量为0.18～0.53 mg·kg^－1,消解率在65.9%～75.7%。棉花叶片中吡虫啉的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期为3.17～3.85 d。防效的调查结果显示,高剂量处理对棉蚜虫的校正防效显著高于低剂量;施药后3 d,药剂各处理的校正防效均达到最大;药后7 d,21.0～47.25 g·hm^－2剂量处理的校正防效仍超过85%。叶片中吡虫啉的残留量（x）与防效（y）存在正相关关系,线性方程为y ＝8.07x ＋ 54.11,R²＝0.886 8。建议在本地区应用70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治棉蚜的安全有效用药量为21.0～31.5 g·hm^－2。     

苯醚甲环唑在水稻和稻田中的残留

  为明确苯醚甲环唑在稻田系统的使用安全性,调查了我国3个不同水稻种植区域(湖南长沙、吉林长春和浙江杭州)苯醚甲环唑在稻田系统中的残留消解动态以及在糙米、稻壳、水稻茎秆和土壤中的最终残留量。按高剂量(112.5 g/hm2)施药1次后,苯醚甲环唑在不同种植区域水稻植株、稻田水和土壤中的半衰期分别为6.1~8.9 d,5.3~6.2 d和3.8~4.1 d。各试验点最终残留结果表明,施药后28 d采样时糙米中苯醚甲环唑的最终残留量均<0.01 mg/kg,水稻茎秆中含量最高,土壤中均未检出苯醚甲环唑(<0.01 mg/kg)。结合生产实际,按该试验设计的施药剂量、施药次数和采收间隔期,糙米、水稻茎秆和稻壳中苯醚甲环唑的残留量是安全的,但若是稻渔共作种植方式,则应尽量避免该农药的使用,以免对鱼类造成不利影响。     

套袋对芒果中甲基硫菌灵与吡虫啉农药残留的影响

用甲基硫菌灵与吡虫啉喷施套袋后的热农1号芒果,通过不同果袋处理、多次喷施农药和检测不同果实部位农药残留量3个试验研究套袋对芒果农药残留的影响及农药在果实上的残留和分布情况。采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测甲基硫菌灵、降解物多菌灵和吡虫啉,3种残留物最低检出限分别为0.5、0.12和0.5μg/kg。结果表明,不同果袋处理均能显著减少农药残留量,但白色纸袋(白袋)处理和黄色双层纸袋(黄袋)处理无显著差异。多次喷施农药时,对照(CK)果肉中3种农药总残留量在前50 d(喷药4次)持续极显著增加并超标,白袋处理在40 d(喷药3次)达到最大值并处于安全范围,果实成熟时CK和白袋处理农药残留均有所下降。不同果实部位的农药残留差异极显著,CK的外层果皮富集86.02%的甲基硫菌灵残留物和45.62%的吡虫啉,白袋处理则分别为66.93%和43.78%,但吡虫啉在白袋处理中的分布差异不显著。综上说明套袋能有效减少热农1号芒中的农药残留,甲基硫菌灵残留物主要富集果实表皮中,而吡虫啉内吸性更强,在果肉中也有大量残留,在多次喷药时,套袋能将2种农药控制在安全范围。     

5%丁硫克百威在花生植株及土壤中消解动态及最终残留研究

采用气相色谱—氮磷检测器(GC-FTD),对5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂在花生植株及土壤样品中的消解动态和最终残留进行了研究。两年三地试验结果表明,丁硫克百威在花生植株及土壤中的残留消解动态符合一级动力学反应模式,在植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为9.5~12.1d和9.8~13.3d。5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂按照推荐使用上限量3750g a.i./hm~2和推荐上限量的1.5倍5625g a.i./hm~2,于花生播种时一次性使用,收获时在花生植株、果壳、籽仁以及0~15cm耕层中的最终残留量0.01mg/kg,低于国标0.2mg/kg的限量。表明,当花生播种时一次性使用剂量为3750~5625g a.i./hm~2的5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂,收获时产品是安全的,也不会造成土壤污染。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.