气相色谱法测定饲料中BHT和EQ两种抗氧化添加剂

建立了饲料中BHT(2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚)和EQ(乙氧基喹啉)两种抗氧化剂的气相色谱检测方法。经过前处理优化后,样品经过异丙醇超声提取4 h,用气相色谱氢焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)测定。结果表明,在50~900 mg/L浓度范围内,BHT和EQ的峰面积均与其浓度呈线性相关,R2≥0.999,BHT和EQ方法检出限分别为0.015%和0.02%,添加回收率为77.89%~90.53%,相对标准偏差为2.27%~8.35%。     

不同植物精油及精油成分体外抗氧化性能评定

为比较天然植物精油与精油活性成分单体的抗氧化性能，采用清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl, DPPH）自由基的方法，以抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(抗氧化剂，BHT)为对照，测定了牛至油、丁香油、薰衣草油等5种植物精油和丁香酚、香芹酚、肉桂醛等20种精油成分的体外抗氧化能力，从中筛选出DPPH自由基清除率在90%以上植物精油和精油成分，以及清除率低于90%，但生产中常用的柠檬醛、肉桂醛、柠檬烯，测定其IC50值。结果表明：(1)在浓度为200 mg/mL时，牛至油、丁香油、薰衣草油、肉桂油、缬草油、丁香酚、百里香酚、香芹酚、松油醇、香草醛和BHT对DPPH自由基的清除率在90%以上；柠檬醛、肉桂醛和柠檬烯的清除率分别是84.79%、45.55%、36.21%。(2)当浓度降为20 mg/mL时，牛至油、丁香油、薰衣草油、丁香酚、百里香酚、香芹酚、香草醛和BHT对自由基的清除率仍在90%以上，但肉桂油、缬草油和松油醇的清除率有所降低，分别为48.90%、38.51%、43.01%。(3)根据IC50值，几种精油和精油成分...     

高效液相色谱法同时测定饲料中多种酚类抗氧化剂和尼泊金酯类防腐剂

实验建立了同时测定饲料中4种酚类抗氧化剂(没食子酸丙酯、丁基羟基茴香醚、二丁基羟基甲苯、特丁基对苯二酚)和3种尼泊金酯类防腐剂(尼泊金甲酯、尼泊金乙酯、尼泊金丙酯)的高效液相色谱方法。样品以甲醇-乙腈溶液(30∶70,V/V)超声提取后经Inertsil ODS-sp C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)分离,用甲醇/乙酸铵溶(pH=3.5)作流动相梯度洗脱,分别在波长256 nm和280 nm进行检测,外标法定量。结果表明,7种物质浓度为0.1～100.0μg/mL时与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9999,检出限(3S/N)为0.027～0.102 mg/L,平均回收率为79.62%～112.29%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.65%～8.38%。     

高效毛细管电泳法同时检测饲料中六种抗氧化剂

实验以25 mmol/L硼砂-硼酸(Na2B4O7-H3BO3)和10 mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的混合液(pH=7.00)作为缓冲液,采用高效毛细管胶束电动色谱法测定样品中丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二叔丁基甲基苯酚(BHT)、特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、没食子酸异丙酯(PG)、没食子酸辛酯(OG)、乙氧基喹啉(EQ)六种抗氧化剂。该方法在15 min内实现了六种抗氧化剂的分离;TBHQ和BHA的线性范围为50～500μg/mL,PG、EQ、OG和BHT的线性范围分别为10～200、20～200、25～400μg/mL和25～500μg/mL,线性相关系数≥0.996。TBHQ、PG、BHA、OG、EQ、BHT的检测限分别为30、5、25、15、10、10μg/mL;样品平均回收率为81.8%～102.0%,相对标准偏差≤6.5%。     

维生素E和半胱氨酸对昆明系小白鼠体外受精胚胎发育的影响

为了研究不同浓度维生素E和半胱氨酸抗氧化剂对昆明系小白鼠体外受精胚胎发育的影响,试验将昆明系小白鼠的成熟卵母细胞经体外受精后,移入不同浓度抗氧化剂的常规CZB'体外受精培养液中。结果表明:添加100μmol/L维生素E试验组(2组)和添加0.05 mg/mL半胱氨酸试验组(1组)的2-细胞率、(4～8)-细胞率和桑囊胚胎发育率均明显高于其他浓度试验组和对照组。     

维生素E和半胱氨酸对昆明系小白鼠体外受精胚胎发育的影响

为了研究不同浓度维生素E和半胱氨酸抗氧化剂对昆明系小白鼠体外受精胚胎发育的影响,试验将昆明系小白鼠的成熟卵母细胞经体外受精后,移入不同浓度抗氧化剂的常规CZB’体外受精培养液中.结果表明:添加100 μmol/L维生素E试验组(2组)和添加0.05 mg/mL半胱氨酸试验组(1组)的2一细胞率、(4 ～8) -细胞率和...     

不同抗氧化剂和添加水平对预混料中维生素A、E保护作用的研究

为了研究冬季常温下预混料中维生素A、E不同存放时间的存留率以及不同抗氧化剂产品和添加水平对维生素A、E保护率效果,进行了2个试验。试验A以仔猪4%预混料(含抗氧化剂)为研究对象,在室外自然条件下存放,每9 d用HPLC法测定VA、VE含量各一次,共6次。结果表明:随着时间的延长,维生素A、E的含量逐渐减少,第54 d,维生素A、E的检测值分别为:19.12万IU/kg和160.30 IU/kg;相对存留率分别为:53.86%和36.19%。试验B以仔猪4%预混料(不含抗氧化剂)为研究对象,分3个处理:对照组(CTR)不添加抗氧化剂;2个试验组分别添加SQM6、SQMax:1 200 mg/kg、2 000 mg/kg,40℃真空避光保存,每7 d用HPLC法测定VA、VE含量一次,共10次。研究结果表明:与不添加抗氧化剂的对照组相比,添加SQM6、SQMax可以使第10周维生素A检测值分别提高35.88%、22.63%;维生素E检测值分别提高34.21%、32.17%。以上结果表明,抗氧化剂对维生素A、E有明显的保护作用,两种抗氧化剂对维生素的保护作用均较好。     

天然抗氧化剂协同冰鲜贮藏对牛肉的抗氧化效果研究

为了研究天然抗氧化剂与-1℃冰鲜贮藏协同对冷鲜牛肉的抗氧化效果,试验采用迷迭香、茶多酚、葡萄皮提取物三种天然抗氧化剂处理肉样,在-1℃冰鲜贮藏,测定贮藏1,3,5,7 d肉样的色差、滴水损失、硬度、硫代巴比妥酸(TBARs)值,并进行了感官评价,以确定三种天然抗氧化剂单一使用时的最适浓度;采用正交试验优化出三种天然抗氧化剂的最适配比。结果表明:迷迭香、茶多酚、葡萄皮提取物三种天然抗氧化剂单一使用的最适浓度分别为0.15%、0.20%、0.15%,抗氧化效果显著优于冷藏对照组和冰鲜对照组(P0.05);经正交试验直观分析与方差分析得出三种天然抗氧化最适配比为迷迭香0.15%、茶多酚0.15%、葡萄皮提取物0.15%,在此条件下贮藏7 d时牛肉的TBARs值为0.150 5 mg/kg,红度值(a~*值)为18.55。说明三种天然抗氧化剂与冰鲜贮藏协同具有理想的抗氧化效果。     

蜂王浆中小分子物质BHT的抗氧化活性研究

为深入探讨蜂王浆的抗衰老功能因子,分别采用邻苯三酚法和Fenton法测定了蜂王浆中存在的2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)对超氧阴离子和羟自由基的清除率,结果证实BHT对超氧阴离子和羟自由基有很强的清除力,当BHT的浓度达到600mg/L时,对超氧阴离子的清除率达75.86%,为最强;当BHT的浓度达到500mg/L时,对羟自由基的清除率达到84.47%,为最强。     

牛至油博落回口服液的研制及体外抑菌活性测定

【目的】 研制牛至油博落回口服液, 并测定其体外抑菌活性及其主要成分的联合抑菌效果, 为临床用药提供理论依据。【方法】 通过预试验和Box-Behnken响应面法优化处方; 采用高效液相色谱法测定口服液主要成分含量; 采用滤纸片法测定口服液对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和粪链球菌的抑菌圈直径; 采用试管二倍稀释法测定口服液、5%牛至油溶液及1%博落回溶液对4种细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC); 采用微量棋盘稀释法对5%牛至油溶液与1%博落回溶液进行体外联合药敏试验。【结果】 牛至油博落回口服液最优配方为: 5%牛至油, 1%博落回提取物, 25%增溶剂聚氧乙烯(40)氢化蓖麻油, 0.02%抗氧化剂2, 6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT), 余量为水。口服液中香芹酚的含量为42.59 mg/mL, 血根碱含量为6.51 mg/mL。口服液对4种菌的抑菌圈直径分别为16.9、16.4、23.7和17.0 mm, MIC分别为3.125、3.125、1.5625和1.5625 μL/mL, MBC分别为12.5、6.25、3.125和3.125 μL/mL; 5%牛至油溶液对4种菌的MIC分别为25、12.5、6.25和100 μL/mL, MBC分别为100、50、25和>200 μL/mL; 1%博落回溶液对4种菌的MIC分别为6.25、12.5、3.125和6.25 μL/mL, MBC分别为50、25、6.25和25 μL/mL。联合药敏试验表明, 二者联合用药对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌起相加作用, 对金黄色葡萄球菌无作用, 对粪链球菌为协同作用。【结论】 试验制备了牛至油博落回口服溶液剂, 该制剂对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和粪链球菌具有良好抑制作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.