天祝天然草地3种有毒植物提取物对粘虫的生物活性

测定了3种有毒植物露蕊乌头,铁棒槌和马先蒿的4种溶剂的提取物对粘虫的杀虫活性。结果表明：露蕊乌头甲醇、乙醇提取物对粘虫均具有一定的触杀活性,LC50分别为3．63、5．79g／L;露蕊乌头甲醇提取物,马先蒿丙酮提取物和铁棒槌甲醇提取物对粘虫的胃毒活性表现较强,杀虫活性LC50分别为2．13,2．82和3．22g／L,马先蒿和铁棒槌的石油醚提取物对粘虫无胃毒活性。3种植物的4种溶剂的提取物对粘虫均表现出一定的拒食活性,其中甲醇提取物的拒食活性都较高,露蕊乌头甲醇提取物对粘虫的拒食活性明显高于其他提取物,当质量浓度达到0．2g／mL时,拒食率为97．6％。而3种植物石油醚提取物的拒食活性均较差。     

马铃薯无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物杀虫活性的研究

关于马铃薯芽和花的杀虫活性研究,国内外未见文献报道。研究马铃薯无光干芽和花的杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式,可为利用无光干芽和花创制新型植物源杀虫剂提供线索和理论依据。本研究采用虫体浸渍法和夹毒叶碟法测定了庄薯3号马铃薯无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物的杀虫活性。结果表明,庄薯3号马铃薯无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物对粘虫幼虫具有很强的触杀作用,稀释5倍液的校正死亡率分别为52.0%和61.36%。无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物对粘虫幼虫具有很强的生长发育抑制作用,处理后1,2,3,4,5,6 d的生长发育抑制率分别为100%和100%,76.92%和61.54%,66.67%和59.26%,70.27%和45.95%,72.55%和49.02%,67.12%和35.62%;具有很强的麻醉作用,1 h内的麻醉率分别为68.0%和66.0%,麻醉作用的回归方程分别为Y=2.0542+3.1331X和Y=3.0114+2.3334X,苏醒中时RT₅₀分别为8.71和7.12 h;对小菜蛾、菜粉蝶、大菜粉蝶和云斑粉蝶幼虫具有很强的触杀作用,稀释5倍液(小菜蛾4倍液)的校正死亡率分别为75.0%和58.33%,87.50%和95.0%,100%和93.33%,100%和100%;对萝卜蚜均具有很强的触杀作用,稀释30倍液的校正死亡率分别高达98.52%和97.79%。     

Effects of Central Kalimantan plant extracts on intraerythrocytic Babesia gibsoni in culture

The inhibitory effects of 45 plant extracts selected from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia on Babesia gibsoni in vitro and their acute toxicity to mice were evaluated. Of these plant extracts studied, Arcangelisia flava, Curcuma zedoaria, Garcinia benthamiana, Lansium domesticum and Peronema canescens were found to have appreciable antibabesial activity with IC50 values from 5.3 to 49.3 microg/ml without acute toxicity in mice at the intraperitoneal dose of 0.7 g/kg of body weight.     

八宝景天花对三种杂草的化感作用及潜在化感物质鉴定

为探讨八宝景天花潜在化感物质对稗草、反枝苋、白三叶的化感作用,采用室内生物测试法,研究八宝景天花不同相萃取物对3种杂草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对化感活性强的萃取物进行成分分析,筛选出潜在化感物质,以相应分析纯化学试剂代替,进行化感活性鉴定。结果表明:二氯甲烷相萃取物对杂草萌发和生长有较强抑制作用,随着浓度的增加抑制作用增大,浓度在10 g·L^-1时对3种受试杂草抑制率均达100%;运用GC-MS对化感活性较强的二氯甲烷相进行化学成分分析,初步鉴定有18种化合物,从中筛选出5种潜在化感物质,其中化感综合效应最弱的为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,对白三叶的化感综合抑制效应仅为14.1%。其他4种均有较强的抑制作用,且化感活性存在显著性差异。受试植物中白三叶最敏感,棕榈酸甲酯、安息香酸和苯酚对其化感综合抑制效应达100%。可以为八宝景天花潜在化感物质生物除草剂开发提供基础。     

灰绿黄堇提取物对粘虫的生物活性研究

采用虫体浸渍法、夹毒叶碟法等方法研究了灰绿黄堇提取物对粘虫(Mythimna separate)的杀虫活性和作用方式。结果表明,灰绿黄堇不同极性溶剂粗提物对粘虫3龄幼虫的触杀作用以甲醇粗提物最强,校正死亡率为15.5%;甲醇粗提物不同极性溶剂萃取物以氯仿萃取物触杀作用最强,校正死亡率可达87.5%,其致死中质量浓度为13.07 g/L;氯仿萃取物对粘虫3龄幼虫具有很强的生长发育抑制作用和胃毒作用,生长发育抑制率和校正死亡率分别为88.66%和91.38%。     

Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of leukocyte extracts from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Leukocytes were isolated from whole blood of wild alligators by differential sedimentation. The leukocytes were disrupted in 5% AcOH and the crude extracts processed by ultrafiltration. The extracts were subjected to solvent exchange (0.1% AcOH) and the fraction that contained macromolecules between 1 and 10 kDa were subjected to further analyses. The acid extracts of the alligator leukocytes exhibited substantial antimycotic activities against six of eight species of Candida yeast tested. In addition, the alligator leukocyte extracts were effective as antimicrobial agents against 10 of 12 bacterial species, and displayed moderate activity against two enveloped viruses (human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus-1_HF). Kinetic analyses revealed that the antimycotic effects of the leukocyte extract occurred rapidly, with 64% fungal growth inhibition within 3 min of exposure. The molecule(s) responsible for the antimicrobial activities were sensitive to proteases, heat-stable, acid soluble, and in the 1–10 kDa range. These data suggest that alligator leukocytes express cationic peptides that are responsible for their antimicrobial properties.     

Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the crude extracts from Phytolacca icosandra against Haemonchus contortus

The development of anthelmintic resistance has impacted on the success of conventional anthelmintics (AH) for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing/browsing sheep and goats. Medicinal plants from the traditional herbolary in Mexico may provide new candidates that can be explored as alternative sources of AHs for ruminants. This study evaluated the leaf extracts derived from Phytolacca icosandra against infective L(3) larvae and eggs from Haemonchus contortus collected from sheep. Three extracts of different polarities were obtained from the leaf plants using ethanol, n-hexane and dichloromethane as the solvents. The effectiveness of the in vitro AH activity of the plant extracts was evaluated using larval migration inhibition (LMI) and egg hatch (EHA) assays. For the LMI assays, the ethanolic extract of P. icosandra showed 55.4% inhibition of larval migration at 2mg/mL (p<0.05). The dichloromethane extract of P. icosandra showed 67.1% inhibition of migration at 3mg/mL (p<0.05) and a dose-dependent response with an LD(50) of 0.90 mg/mL. The n-hexane extract failed to show inhibition of larval migration at any concentration explored. In the EHA for the ethanol extract, the lowest concentration tested (0.15 mg/mL) resulted in inhibition of egg hatching greater than 72.6%. Therefore, the LD(50) could not be calculated for this extract. The LD(50) of the dichloromethane extract of P. icosandra was 0. 28 mg/mL. An egg hatch inhibition greater than 90% was observed with both the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts when using a concentration of 0.90 mg/mL or higher. The n-hexane extract failed to show egg hatch inhibition at any concentration tested. The AH activity reported for P. icosandra could be attributable to the flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins and/or saponins that were present in the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts. A combination of more than one component may also explain the observed AH activity against the H. contortus life stages that were evaluated. In conclusion, the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts of P. icosandra showed clear in vitro AH activity against the H. contortus eggs and the L(3) larvae. However, the hexanic extract of the plant leaves failed to show any in vitro AH activity.     

库拉索芦荟提取物对维氏气单胞菌抑菌作用的研究

采用榨汁法、水煮法和醇提法制备库拉索芦荟提取物,通过K-B法和二倍稀释法测定3种方法芦荟提取物对维氏气单胞菌的抑菌作用。结果显示,用3种方法制备的库拉索芦荟提取物对维氏气单胞菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,榨汁法、水煮法和醇提法得到的库拉索芦荟提取物对3株维氏气单胞菌的平均最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)分别为1、0.5和0.125 g/mL,最小杀菌浓度(minimal bactericidal concentration,MBC)分别为1、1和0.25 g/mL。库拉索芦荟提取物对3株维氏气单胞菌均有抑制作用,芦荟提取物浓度越高抑菌效果越明显,其中醇提法的抑菌效率高,水煮法的抑菌作用其次,榨汁法的抑菌效果较弱。     

大口黑鲈不同组织中抗菌肽粗提及抑菌活性测定

研究了大口黑鲈不同组织中抗菌肽的提取及其粗提物对不同菌种的抑菌作用。以新鲜的大口黑鲈为试验材料,用5％乙酸作为提取液,对大口黑鲈粘液、皮肤、肝脏、脾、卵、鳃组织进行提取,并对粗提物进行抑菌活性检测。结果表明大口黑鲈粘液、皮肤和肝脏组织提取物对嗜水气单胞菌有抑菌作用,皮肤和肝脏组织提取物对大肠杆菌有抑菌作用。肝脏组织抗菌肽提取物经SephadexG-25凝胶过滤层析柱分离后,其收集液对嗜水气单胞菌仍具有抑菌作用。大口黑鲈皮肤和肝脏组织提取物对嗜水气单胞菌、大肠杆菌均有抑菌作用。     

家兔不同组织抗菌蛋白活性及稳定性检测

从家兔8种不同组织(包括肝脏,肾脏,心脏,肺,圆小囊,蚓突,脾脏和肾上腺)提取了具有抗菌活性的蛋白粗提物,并进行了抗菌活性和稳定性检测。试验表明,家兔不同组织抗菌蛋白粗提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抑菌活性,其中脾脏抗菌蛋白粗提物表现出最强的抑菌活性,且具有良好的耐高温和耐强酸强碱特性。     

苍耳提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫作用方式及解毒酶活性影响的研究

采用室内生测法,研究了苍耳3种溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、氯仿)提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的作用方式及苍耳氯仿提取物对两种试虫的3种解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜有很强的忌避作用,当浓度为0.05 g/mL,处理4 h,忌避率达94.25%,48 h忌避率为84.53%;其次是触杀作用,校正死亡率最高为67.24%,LC₅₀为0.7420 g/mL;内吸作用极弱。对粘虫主要表现为拒食和生长发育抑制作用,拒食校正死亡率最高达98.27%,AFC₅₀为0.1985 g/mL;72 h体重增长率为-5.85%,与对照差异极显著;胃毒和触杀毒力较弱,LC₅₀分别为0.8997和1.3070 g/mL。苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)有抑制作用,处理萝卜蚜24 h及处理粘虫4 h时,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)抑制率最高,分别为37.55%和25.65%;对谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)活力影响不明显。     

节裂角茴香几种溶剂提取物对粘虫的作用方式研究

本研究以节裂角茴香为对象,采用室内生物测定方法,开展了不同提取方法(恒温振荡法和索氏抽提法)和不同溶剂(乙醇、甲醇、正己烷、二氯甲烷)所得的8种提取物对粘虫的作用方式的研究。结果表明,节裂角茴香最佳杀虫提取方法与溶剂分别为索氏抽提法及乙醇;其提取物对3龄粘虫幼虫具有较强的拒食和生长发育抑制作用,24和48 h的拒食率均在70%以上,乙醇提取物拒食率最高达到90.78%,4种溶剂提取物处理粘虫24 h的生长发育抑制率为74.21%~91.45%,乙醇提取物48 h为87.00%,生长发育速度缓慢,最终化蛹率为23.33%;8种提取物对粘虫的触杀和胃毒作用均较弱,乙醇提取物48 h触杀和胃毒校正死亡率最高,为33.33%和23.3%;且节裂角茴香对粘虫的拒食活性物质主要集中在植株地上部分。     

夏枯草提取物的抗氧化活性

对夏枯草（Prunella vulgaris）不同溶剂提取物体外抗氧化活性进行评价,为进一步开发利用夏枯草提供参考。采用70%乙醇超声波提取,然后用等体积的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取,得到乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水提取物,并以BHT为对照,研究不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,夏枯草提取物具有良好的抗氧化性。不同溶剂提取物及BHT清除DPPH·的能力高低次序为乙酸乙酯提取物＞正丁醇提取物＞BHT＞水提物,清除·OH的能力高低次序为BHT＞乙酸乙酯提取物＞正丁醇提取物＞水提物,清除O-2·的能力高低次序为乙酸乙酯提取物＞水提物＞BHT＞正丁醇提取物,还原力高低次序为BHT＞乙酸乙酯提取物＞正丁醇提取物＞水提物。夏枯草乙酸乙酯提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

Semiautomated analysis of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum of normal cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme analysis, using a combination of wheat germ lectin (WGL) precipitation, levamisole inhibition and an automated p-nitrophenylphosphate assay was validated for use with serum from monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and used to determine the activities of liver ALP (LALP), bone ALP (BALP) and intestinal ALP (IALP). Based on serial dilution studies and within-run and between-run coefficients of variation, each assay had excellent linearity and acceptable precision. In addition, liver and intestinal mucosa extracts for tissue specific alkaline phosphatases were used to confirm assay validations. Gender-specific differences for total ALP, LALP, and BALP activities were present in sera from normal monkeys between 2 and 4 years of age. Males had 1.3-fold higher total ALP and LALP activities, and 1.5-fold higher BALP activity compared with females. The majority of ALP activity in normal monkey serum was LALP isoenzyme activity, which ranged from 56.7% to 94.7% of total activity. Serum BALP activity ranged from 5.3% to 42.8%. There was negligible IALP activity in all serum samples.     

20种中草药对多重耐药大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用

目的：筛选对多重耐药大肠杆菌抑菌作用较强的中草药,为临床用药及开发中草药制剂提供依据。方法：采用试管．平皿倍比稀释法,测定20种中草药水提物对大肠杆菌药敏质控株ATCC25922、临床分离的猪源性大肠杆菌K884及1株多重耐药的鸡源性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌活性。结果：20种中草药水提物对三株大肠杆菌均有不同程度的抑菌作用,半枝莲、女贞子、丹参、白鲜皮、赤芍水提物的抑菌作用较强,其中,半枝莲、丹参水提物对上述3株大肠杆菌的抑菌作用最强,其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为0．1mL、0．2mL、0．1g／mL。结论：半枝莲、女贞子、丹参、白鲜皮、赤芍水提物对大肠杆菌具有抑制作用。     

入侵植物空心莲子草对生菜和萝卜的化感效应

以萝卜和生菜为受体材料,采用培养皿生物测定法,探讨空心莲子草植株水浸提液的化感效应,同时测定相关保护酶活性变化,研究其作用机理。结果显示,空心莲子草植株水浸提液对萝卜和生菜种子发芽率表现出明显的化感抑制作用,随处理浓度增加抑制作用逐步增强。水浸提液对萝卜和生菜幼苗生长总体上表现为抑制,对胚根生长的抑制作用要明显大于胚轴。低浓度(0.01 g/mL)浸提液对胚轴的生长表现出促进作用,随浓度升高这种促进作用逐步减弱,当浓度达到0.04 g/mL时,胚轴生长均被明显抑制。浸提液对胚根长度和植株鲜重的抑制程度随着处理浓度升高而增强,高浓度下胚根生长几乎停滞。浸提液对保护酶活性的影响较为复杂,在低浓度条件下SOD、POD和CAT活性均不同程度的上升,随处理浓度的进一步增加SOD活性逐步下降,POD和CAT活性均表现为下降后再上升。萝卜和生菜幼苗的MDA含量随植株水浸提液处理浓度增加而持续增加,萝卜的增幅略大于生菜。     

罗汉松内生真菌的抑菌活性研究

为了研究药用植物内生真菌的次生代谢产物是否具有抑菌活性,以96株罗汉松内生真菌为研究材料,将菌丝及其培养液经氯仿-甲醇抽提后,采用杯碟法测定了全部菌株的抑菌活性。罗汉松内生真菌中49%的菌株具有抑菌作用,其中菌株LHS18、LHS42、LHS67、LHS92和LHS93抽提物经100倍稀释后对金黄色葡萄球菌仍有强的抑菌作用,菌株LHS30抽提物的100倍稀释溶液对大肠杆菌的生长有强烈的抑制作用。对抑菌活性较强的6株菌根据其ITS序列相似性进行了分子鉴定。菌株LHS18和LHS42鉴定为烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）,LHS92为四孢脉孢菌（Neurospora tetrasperma）,LHS30为丝枝霉（Aphanocladium sp.）,LHS67为拟茎点霉（Phomopsis liquidambari）,LHS93未能鉴定出种属。研究结果提示,罗汉松内生真菌中49%菌株具有抑菌活性,其中6株菌对动物和人类的病原菌有强列的抑制作用,是挖掘高效抑菌物质的重要资源。     

绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用研究

采用浸卵法测定了绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用。结果表明,欧当归种子丙酮提取物、蛇床种子氯仿提取物、蓖麻种子甲醇、石油醚与乙酸乙酯提取物、绣球小冠花根甲醇、乙醇、丙酮与乙酸乙酯提取物对粘虫具有很强的杀卵作用,5 d的校正未孵化率均达100%;欧当归根75%甲醇与石油醚提取物、欧当归种子甲醇与石油醚提取物具有较强的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为39.65%与35.31%,55.99%与34.51%,绣球小冠花根、曼陀罗种子和苘麻种子石油醚提取物具有一定的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为11.45%,11.79%和10.60%,其他提取物杀卵作用很弱或无杀卵作用。绣球小冠花、欧当归、蛇床和蓖麻4种高效杀卵植物具有研究和开发利用价值。     

Antigenotoxic effect of Pleurotus cornucopiae extracts on the mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 elicited by benzo[a]pyrene and oxidative DNA lesions in V79 hamster lung cells

Pleurotus cornucopiae (PC) mushroom with a brilliant yellow pileus is found in the field and known in Japan as Tamogi dake mushroom. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanism of the antimutagenic effect of PC mushroom using both the Ames test and Comet assay. We have found a strong inhibitory effect of both aqueous and organic PC extracts on the mutagenicity elicited by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). This inhibition was dose-dependent in reaction mixtures containing cytosolic and microsomal fractions (S-9) from untreated rat liver as well as in those containing S-9 from aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ah) ligand of Sudan III-treated rats. Sudan III was a potent inducer of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) activity. We treated rats with Sudan III to enhance the metabolic activation of B[a]P by the S-9 fraction. To explain whether this antimutagenicity was due to the inhibition of CYP1A activity that metabolically activates B[a]P, we tested the effects of the extracts on activities of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, represented by ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD), respectively. Both aqueous and organic extracts inhibited EROD activity at all dose levels, while the inhibitory effect was only observed at high doses with regard to MROD activity. Furthermore, pre-treatment of Chinese hamster V79cells with PC extracts significantly reduced H2O2-induced-DNA damage, indicating that PC extracts provide a protective effect against oxidative DNA damage. These results indicate that whole-mushroom extracts contain compounds that may inhibit the metabolic activation of B[a]P by CYP1A1 as well as prevent oxidative DNA damage.     

甘草内生真菌分离及其抑菌活性初探

为了解药用植物甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)内生真菌资源多样性及其抑菌活性特征,通过组织块法对内生真菌进行分离,并选择小麦全蚀病菌（Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici）、枸杞黑果病菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）、番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporium f.sp.cucumeris）、黄瓜立枯病菌（Rhizoctonia solani）5种植物病原真菌和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）4种细菌作为供试指示菌,采用对峙法和改进的菌块法测定抑菌活性。试验结果显示,从甘草根、茎、叶中分离出20株内生真菌,其中根部最多,占分离菌株总数的65.0%,其次为茎部,叶部最少;经形态学初步分类鉴定归于2目2科5属,梭孢霉属为优势菌属,占分离菌株总数的70.0%;在分离的内生真菌中有15株菌对1种或1种以上供试植物病原真菌有不同程度的抑制作用,为分离内生真菌总数的75.0%,19株菌对1种或1种以上供试细菌有不同程度的抑制作用,为分离内生真菌总数的95.0%;有7株内生真菌对枯草芽孢杆菌拮抗活性差异显著（P＜0.05）,有 8株内生真菌对金黄色葡萄球菌拮抗活性差异显著,有3株内生真菌对大肠杆菌拮抗活性差异显著,有1株内生真菌对革兰氏阴性铜绿假单胞菌拮抗活性差异显著,其中菌株RLEFR015对番茄灰霉病菌、金黄色葡萄球菌拮抗活性差异显著,菌株RLEFR010对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌拮抗活性差异显著,菌株RLEFR002对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌供试细菌拮抗活性差异显著;菌株RLEFR015、RLEFR002、RLEFR010均为梭孢霉属,为高活性菌株。甘草内生真菌具有多样性和抑菌活性,多数菌株对供试病原真菌和病原细菌具有拮抗活性,对革兰氏阳性金黄色葡萄球菌和革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌拮抗活性较强,预示着甘草内生真菌具有重要的资源价值。