磷、硒配施对冬小麦硒吸收及土壤硒形态转化的影响

为研究磷硒配施对冬小麦根土界面硒有效性及形态分级的影响,并探究磷硒配施提高土壤硒有效性的可能机制,以冬小麦为试验材料进行根箱培养试验,设置0(P0)、80(P80)、160 mg·kg^-1(P160)3个磷水平和0(Se0)、1 mg·kg^-1(Se1)2个硒水平,分析冬小麦植株磷硒含量、累积量、迁移系数及根际和非根际土5种硒形态含量。结果表明,无论施硒与否,随着磷含量的增加,冬小麦生物量、地上部和根系磷含量均增大。施硒1 mg·kg^-1显著降低了P80和P160水平下冬小麦生物量、P160水平下根系磷含量及各部位磷累积量。在Se1条件下,施磷增加了各部位硒累积量,但显著降低了地上部硒含量和硒从根系向地上部的迁移系数。在Se0条件下,P160处理增加了根际土壤和非根际土壤中的可交换态硒含量。在Se1条件下,P160处理根际土壤中可交换态硒含量显著高于非根际土壤,但铁锰氧化物结合态硒和残渣态硒含量低于非根际土壤。综上所述,适宜的磷硒配施可影响土壤中各种硒形态的转化过程,可能是由于磷的施入和根系活动共同作用促进了土壤中铁锰氧...     

化肥和有机肥配施生物炭对根际/非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响

阐明化肥和有机肥配施生物炭对根际/非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响,有助于农田氮的高效利用及科学管理。采用盆栽试验方法,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、施有机肥(M)、化肥配施生物炭(CFB)、有机肥配施生物炭(MB)、新鲜有机肥配施生物炭(FMB)6个处理,通过测定根际及非根际土壤养分含量和土壤氮赋存形态,阐明不同施肥处理对氮形态转化的影响。结果表明：与CK处理相比,MB处理提高非根际及根际土壤pH0.32和0.28个单位,FMB处理提高根际土壤pH0.63个单位；MB和FMB处理分别提高根际土壤有机质含量25.37%和84.88%,同时显著提高根际土壤全氮含量25.42%和50.93%。配施生物炭(CFB、MB和FMB)处理能促进土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)向铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)这两种活性更高的氮形态转化,其中IMOF-N和OSF-N分别占可转化态氮的35.85%~61.72%和26.65%~46.56%,是根际及非根际土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)的主要成分。因此,有机肥配施生物炭是改善根际及非根际土壤养分和调控氮转化最有效的方式。     

磷影响下根际无机砷的形态分布及其对水稻生长的影响

两种有代表性的紫色土的水稻盆栽试验结果表明 ,磷的加入可减轻受砷污染的红紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害 ;但磷的加入会加剧受砷污染的红棕紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害。根际无机砷的形态分布研究表明 :试验土壤上 ,根际砷各形态都比非根际高 ,砷在根际呈富集状态 ;在根际环境的作用下 ,红紫泥中 ,磷的加入加剧了砷由有效态砷 (Al As、Fe As)向相对无效态砷 (O As)转化 ,砷对水稻的毒性减弱 ;红棕紫泥中 ,磷的加入加剧了砷由相对无效态砷Fe As和Al As向有效态砷Ca As和A As(表示水溶态砷及松结合态砷 )的转化 ,砷对水稻的毒性增强     

蔬菜根际环境钒的形态变化及植物有效性

通过盆栽试验和Tessier连续提取法,研究了蔬菜根际和非根际土壤中钒的形态分布与植物有效性。结果表明,钒在根际和非根际土壤中主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,钒的含量随其形态不同而变化：当土壤中钒添加量从25mg·kg^-1增加到200mg·kg^-1时,根际土壤交换态钒的百分率增加了9．89％,碳酸盐结合态钒增加了9．38％,铁锰氧化物结合态钒增加了9．99％,残渣态钒的百分率下降了33．6％。土壤添加的钒量增加时,钒的迁移能力增强,使蔬菜的生物量显著降低,蔬菜对钒的吸收作用增强：钒添加量从0增至200mg·kg^-1时,蔬菜鲜质量降低了41．65％,而蔬菜中85％以上的钒积累在根部。根际土壤中碳酸盐结合态钒含量对植物的根、茎叶中钒含量有显著影响,碳酸盐结合态钒与蔬菜鲜质量呈显著负相关。     

荣成天鹅湖沉积物磷的赋存形态和时空分布特征

采集了荣成天鹅湖表层和柱状沉积物,研究了沉积物中磷的赋存形态、空间及垂向变化特征,并对沉积物的理化性质与磷形态间的关系进行了初步分析。结果表明,天鹅湖表层沉积物中总磷水平不高,变化在79.15～565.12mg/kg之间。不同区域沉积物中总磷和各形态磷的含量差异较大,从西北至东南呈高-低-高-最低的变化趋势,外源污染和沉积物颗粒组成是影响其分布的主要因子。垂向分布上,总磷和各形态磷的含量均表现为自表层向下递减,8-10cm深度含量最低。相关性分析表明,总磷与各形态磷之间均呈较好的正相关关系,其中与无机磷的相关性最好,无机磷是总磷的主要赋存形态,占总磷含量的42.24%～82.04%;钙结合态磷是无机磷的优势组分,其含量远高于铁铝结合态磷;铁铝结合态磷在表层有明显的富集,与近几十年来入湖污染的增加有关。在天鹅湖湖水碱性条件下,湖区西北部及西端沉积物具有较大的释磷潜力。     

巢湖沉积物磷的形态及其与间隙水磷的关系

采用磷形态的连续提取法,研究了巢湖沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及间隙水中总溶解性磷（DTP）、可溶性磷酸盐（DIP）、可溶性有机磷（DOP）含量的垂向分布特征。结果表明,西湖区的沉积物总磷含量明显高于东湖区。表层沉积物中活性磷含量占总磷的44％-81％,金属氧化物结合态磷（NaOH—P）作为活性磷的主要存在形式,在西湖区含量比例达到47％-60％,对磷释放起重要贡献;磷形态剖面表明,西湖区的金属氧化物结合态磷、可还原态磷（BD—P）含量高于东湖区。金属氧化物结合态磷、可还原态磷、钙结合态磷（HCl-P）受人类活动影响较大,有机磷（Org—P）受外源磷污染影响很小;BD—P、NaOH—P随深度增加而减小,说明巢湖近期磷负荷有增加的趋势;DTP、DIP、DOP在水-沉积物界面的浓度梯度反映它们有自间隙水向上覆水扩散的趋势;巢湖间隙水不同形态磷与BD—P、NaOH—P显著相关（α=0．01）。这项研究可为巢湖内源污染和富营养化的控制与治理提供理论参考。     

湿地植物铅的富集特征及根际铅移动性的影响因素研究

【目的】 揭示湿地植物铅的富集特征及根际铅移动性影响因素的作用机理,为人工湿地修复重金属污染水体提供理论指导和依据。 【方法】 通过根箱法研究了五种挺水湿地植物 (大叶皇冠草、黑籽荸荠、圆币草、草龙、小婆婆纳) 根际 pH、氧化还原电位 (Eh)、Fe2+ 和 Fe3+ 浓度、铅 (Pb) 的化学形态及移动性的变化。 【结果】 与非根际相比,五种植物根际pH下降,Fe2+ 和 Fe3+ 浓度显著下降,Eh显著升高,Pb的移动性显著降低 (P<0.05)。与非根际相比,根际pH下降幅度为 0.1～0.4个单位,根际Fe2+和 Fe3+浓度下降幅度为0.6～2.7 mmol/kg。土壤中铅的存在形态主要以残渣态为主 (36.39%～47.54%),其次是铁锰氧化物结合态 (30.16%～41.64%)、有机质结合态 (8.85%～15.08%) 和碳酸盐结合态 (6.89%～12.46%)。五种湿地植物根际Pb的移动性降低的主要原因是根际碳酸盐结合态Pb含量显著下降,其中大叶皇冠草受根际pH、Eh、Fe3+和Fe2+的影响导致其根际Pb移动性降低效应最为显著。 【结论】 五种供试植物Pb主要分布在根部;根表富集的铁膜数量显著高于锰膜数量;供试植物根际Fe3+含量与Pb的移动性因子呈极显著正相关,湿地植物根系铁氧化能力对降低其根际重金属的移动性有重要作用。本研究为人工湿地修复重金属污染水体提供了有力的理论依据。      

河套灌区沟渠表层沉积物对磷的吸附

为了解北方干旱灌区沟渠沉积物在磷的迁移转化中的作用,该文以河套灌区解放闸灌域总干渠、黄济干渠、总排干和二排干为研究对象,分别在上、中、下3个位点采集上覆水和沉积物,测定水样溶解性磷和总磷含量,对沉积物磷的形态进行分析,选择部分沉积物进行吸附动力学试验和等温吸附试验。结果表明,总干渠、黄济干渠和总排干、二排干水体磷含量相近,沉积物各形态的磷含量一般为钙结合态磷＞残渣磷＞闭蓄态磷＞铝结合态磷＞弱结合态磷＞铁结合态磷,弱结合态磷、铁结合态磷和铝结合态磷高活性磷含量低且显著正相关。研究表明,沟渠对河套灌区磷输出有削减作用,且沟渠沉积物磷释放风险高,总排干、二排干沉积物较总干渠、黄济干渠沉积物磷吸附容量大。     

普者黑流域畜禽养殖型农村沟渠底泥磷形态分布特征及风险评价

为揭示普者黑流域畜禽养殖型农村沟渠底泥磷形态的分布特征以及磷污染风险,以云南省丘北县八道哨村为研究对象,分析其沟渠底泥磷形态的含量。结果表明,全磷(TP)含量为973.04~3195.50 mg kg-1,空间分布呈沟渠污水汇集处(集合点)>各家各户排污口(分散点);各形态无机磷(IP)含量大小依次表现为钙结合态磷(Ca-P)>铁铝氧化态磷(Fe/Al-P)>可还原态磷(RSP)>弱吸附态磷(labile-P),其生物可利用性依次增强;对生态环境磷污染风险贡献由大到小依次为Fe/Al-P>labile-P>RSP>Ca-P。方差分析结果表明,w(TP)在集合点和分散点间存在显著差异性;不同分散点之间各形态磷含量的空间分布均存在显著性差异。磷污染风险评价结果表明,畜禽养殖型农村集合点底泥的磷污染风险比分散点高;沟渠底泥整体磷污染风险属于中度污染。研究结果可为畜禽养殖型农村环境污染综合整治和污染风险评价提供理论依据。     

海河干流柱芯不同粒径沉积物中有机质和磷形态分布研究

采用欧洲标准测试委员会制定的SMT法（标准测试方法）对海河干流不同粒径级柱芯沉积物中各种形态的磷进行分级提取和测定,并在此基础上讨论不同深度、不同粒径沉积物中磷形态分布特征。结果表明,在邢家圈和张家嘴两采样点,海河沉积物颗粒组成以细砂、极细砂为主,占总量的40%～60%。沉积物中总磷含量在560～1100μgP·g-1之间。在所有不同粒径沉积物中钙结合态磷（HCl-P）含量最高,占总磷的60%～80%,可交换态磷（Ex-P）含量极微,占总磷的2%～3%,不同粒径下各形态磷含量的高低顺序为：钙结合态磷（HCl-P）〉有机磷（OP）〉铁铝氧化物结合态磷（NaOH-P）〉可交换态磷（Ex-P）;张家嘴采样点表层沉积物中磷形态含量高于其他沉积深度磷含量,表明近年来,沉积的磷主要以人为输入为主;钙磷含量随粒径变化复杂,其他各形态磷的含量均随沉积物粒径变小而增高。此外,对各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与沉积物理化性质之间的相关性进行了讨论。     

Mercury Accumulation in Sediments of a Mangrove Ecosystem in SE Brazil

The Hg accumulation in sedimentary environments of a mangrove ecosystem in Sepetiba Bay, SE Brazil, was investigated. These environments include sediments of a mangrove forest, the main tidal creek that drains the forest, and the bare seaward-edge mud flat adjacent to forest and tidal creek. Maximum Hg concentration peaks in sediments from the mud flat (184 ng g^-1), tidal creek (98 ng g^-1), and mangrove forest (60 ng g^-1) correspond to enrichment factors of 6.1, 3.3, and 2.0 above the estimated average background level, respectively. Average inventories of Hg excess (background-corrected) concentrations were substantiallydifferent between environments, decreasing from mud flat sediments (5.2 mg m^-2) to creek sediments (3.3 mg m^-2)to mangrove forest sediments (0.9 mg m^-2). Mercury concentration profiles indicated a consistently higher accumulation of Hg in surface layers of mud flat and tidal creeksediments, whereas mangrove forest sediments showed a higher Hgaccumulation in root-rich subsurface layers, in agreement with an enrichment of Fe and organic matter contents. While Hg distribution in mud flat and tidal creek sediments appears to belargely affected by contamination, its distribution in mangrove forest substrate appears to be greatly affected by root-sedimentinteractions. Mercury levels in the study site were comparable tothose observed in coastal sediments under moderate Hg contamination at local and regional scales. Results indicate thatsedimentary environments surrounding the mangrove forest retain most of the anthropogenic Hg reaching the ecosystem. Since tidal waters have been previously demonstrated as the main source of metals to the site, it is suggested that the Hg retention in mudflat sediments precede and may avoid a higher Hg accumulation inlandward environments.     

Initiale Marschbodenentwicklung aus brackigen Sedimenten des Dollarts an der südwestlichen Nordseeküste

Initial marsh soil development from brackish sediments The initial marsh soil development from brackish sediments was investigated in a transect from the tidal flat to the dike in the southeast Dollart (Lower Saxony, Germany). Oxidized morphological features increased from the tidal flat to the dike. Simultaneously the bulk density increased from 0.57 g cm^—3 to 1.12 g cm^—3 and the water content decreased from 78.8 % to 54.9 %. The soils closest to the tidal flat were massive, those closest to the dike had a crumble structure. The clay/carbonate ratio increased slightly from 3.3 to 4.8 in the same succession as well as the C/N ratio from 13.9 to 15.6. Likewise the salinity decreased from 7.8 ‰ to 1.5 ‰ and the dominance of Na was replaced by Ca within the pool of exchangeable and soluble cations. The data indicate initial processes of marsh soil development: structure forming, settlement, aeration, salt and lime loss, decomposition and changing ratios of adsorbed cations. Similar to marine developments the soils will enter the terrestrial phase as carbonate containing soils not characterized by the brackish sedimentation conditions. For the initial development of today old marshland soils (”︁Kleimarshes”) from brackish sediments, in contrast, it is likely, that they were already free of carbonate when entering the terrestrial phase. This is explained by long‐term reduction and oxidation of sulfur and low sedimentation rates.     

崇明东滩湿地沉积物反硝化酶活性对干湿交替过程的响应研究

滨海湿地周期性干湿交替过程对沉积物氮素转化产生深刻影响,以崇明东滩湿地为原型对象,采集现场沉积物及海水样,通过室内模拟方法研究了沉积物反硝化酶-硝酸还原酶(Nar),亚硝酸还原酶(Nir),羟胺还原酶(Hyr)活性对干湿交替过程的响应。结果表明,半月潮驱动下干湿交替过程中,沉积物从干燥(7%)状态变湿(46%⁴9%)使Nar、Nir活性迅速增加,较高的酶活性(NO3--N 6.449%)使Nar、Nir活性迅速增加,较高的酶活性(NO3--N 6.4⁹.6 mg 10 g-124 h-1;NO2--N 5.59.6 mg 10 g-124 h-1;NO2--N 5.5⁷.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1)至少维持24 h以上;变干过程中,当含水量降至10%左右时,Nar活性短暂升高后逐渐降至很低水平,Nir活性呈现低但稳定的变化特征。日潮驱动下的干湿交替过程中,Nar、Nir活性分别稳定的变化在NO3--N 14.7±2.1 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N 8.7±1.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1;沉积物短暂淹水期间Hyr表现出较高活性。持续淹水过程中,Nar、Nir活性变化在NO3--N 10.37.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1)至少维持24 h以上;变干过程中,当含水量降至10%左右时,Nar活性短暂升高后逐渐降至很低水平,Nir活性呈现低但稳定的变化特征。日潮驱动下的干湿交替过程中,Nar、Nir活性分别稳定的变化在NO3--N 14.7±2.1 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N 8.7±1.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1;沉积物短暂淹水期间Hyr表现出较高活性。持续淹水过程中,Nar、Nir活性变化在NO3--N 10.3¹3.9 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N6.613.9 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N6.6⁹.6 mg 10 g-124 h-1;Hyr活性随淹水时间的持续有所增加但变异性较高。滨海湿地中、低潮滩带沉积物Nar、Nir活性相似并明显高于高潮滩带沉积物的酶活性,变干过程两种酶的活性低于较高含水量时沉积物的酶活性。     

Selenium, Chromium and Cobalt Diffusion into Mangrove Sediments: Radiotracer Experiment Evidence of Coupled Effects of Bioturbation and Rhizosphere

Microcosm experiments on the behaviour of Se, Cr and Co were carried out with mangrove sediments from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Three 8-cm length sediment cores were covered with tidal water spiked with ⁷⁵Se, ⁵¹Cr and ⁶⁰Co to evaluate its behaviour within the sediments. Two cores retained almost all activities (99?C100?%) within the uppermost centimetre layer, while the third core presented a deeper penetration of all radiotracers, displaying a second activity peak at the 3?C4-cm depth interval, which evidenced benthic fauna bioturbation influence. This influence extended the diffusion into depths in which mangrove rhizosphere can retain the elements, suggesting increased retention efficiency. This mechanism of retention enhancement was proposed in addition to previous conceptual models describing trace elements behaviour in mangrove sediments. Increased bioturbation and rhizosphere development will probably increase this effect, while mangrove plant cover losses may promote a less efficient retention of elements recently diffused from tidal water.     

Community structure and abundance of comammox Nitrospira in Chongming eastern intertidal sediments

Purpose

Complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox), which convert ammonia to nitrate through nitrite, are a newly discovered nitrifying group. In recent years, comammox Nitrospira have been discovered in various natural and engineered ecosystems. However, little is known about the distribution dynamics of comammox Nitrospira in estuary tidal flat sediments.

Materials and methods

Chongming eastern tidal flat, the largest tidal flat in the Yangtze River Estuary, was selected as the research area. Through a combination of molecular biology assays, phylogenetic analysis based on functional gene sequences and statistical correlation with physicochemical properties, we determined the distribution and diversity of comammox Nitrospira in Chongming eastern tidal flat and analyzed the potential influencing environmental factors.

Results and discussion

The results indicated comammox Nitrospira were widely distributed in Chongming eastern tidal flat, while with lower abundance than the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Clade A1 comammox Nitrospira showed adaptation to relatively high salinity, and was more distributed in middle and low tidal flats, while clade A2 and clade A3 were mostly distributed in high tidal flats with low salinity. The abundance and community structure of comammox Nitrospira were mainly affected by salinity, ammonia concentration, and temperature.

Conclusion

This study showed the general existence of comammox Nitrospira in Chongming eastern intertidal sediments and indicated that the differences of tidal locations, which lead to a gradient in the physicochemical properties of the sediments, in turn affects the spatial distribution of comammox Nitrospira in estuary tidal flats.

     

Natürlicher gehalt und anthropogene anreicherung von Schwermetallen in den Sedimenten von Elbe, Eider, Trave und Schwentine

The sediments of four rivers in Northern Germany were analysed for heavy metals. 371 sediment samples were taken from 24 investigation sites of the rivers Elbe, Eider, Trave and Schwentine and from North Sea tidal flat areas. Within each investigation site strong positive relationships exist between the heavy metal contents and the contents of the fine size fractions < 2 μm and < 20 μm of the sediments. To compare the metal contents in the sediments from different areas, differences in grain size were eliminated by computing the metal contents for a clay content of 25% by means of regression equations.The fluvial sediments at a few inland investigation sites, as well as the tidal flat sediments are not detectably polluted with heavy metals. Their metal contents could be used as background values for computing enrichment factors of polluted fluvial deposits.Sediments from the river Elbe in and upstream of the port of Hamburg, and from some parts of the rivers Eider and Trave near industrial and densely populated districts, are highly enriched with heavy metals. The highest enrichment factors are for Hg 85, Cd 56, Pb 37, Cu 34, Zn 29, As 19, Cr 6, Ni 4 and Co 3 times the background values.The ecological importance of the heavy metal contents in the sediments is discussed.     

Decomposition of plant tissue submerged in an extremely acidic mining lake sediment: phenolic CuO-oxidation products and solid-state C NMR spectroscopy

In extremely acidic mining sediments of the Lusatian mining district, the alkalinisation process relies on organic C, which can serve as electron donor for microbially induced sulfate reduction. Plant material of the pioneer plant Juncus bulbosus is an important organic matter source in lake sediments. Therefore, decomposition of the plant tissue was assessed during the exposure of litterbags for 30 months in the 0-5 cm layer of waterlogged mining sediments, which have a pH between 2.5 and 3. The ash free dry weight (AFDW) and elemental content of the plant tissue were recorded several times during the exposure. Changes in chemical structure were analyzed by solid-state ¹³C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy and the lignin component characterized by wet-chemical CuO oxidation. The AFDW accounted for about 34% of initial biomass after field exposure for 30 months. Mass loss of biomass occurred in two phases with decomposition rates varying between 30 and 430 mg AFDW d⁻¹. The mass loss increased considerably after 5-7 months when litterbags were invaded by fresh J. bulbosus plants. With respect to higher mass loss, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, showed slight changes of the bulk chemical composition after 11 months, indicating that microorganisms present in the sediments or in the rhizosphere degrade plant material as a whole, rather than selectively. During the second phase from about 11 months until the end of the exposure period, contribution of O-alkyl C most probably assignable to easily degradable polysaccharides decreased. In contrast, the contribution of alkyl, aromatic and carboxyl C increased. CuO oxidation showed that the lignin component of J. bulbosus is degraded oxidatively during field exposure. Our results indicate that the exposed plant material is decomposed in the sediment due to changes in sediment conditions that followed plant invasion of the litterbags. It is suggested that the rhizosphere of J. bulbosus by its influence on the redox potential, pH and the microbial component plays a crucial role in organic matter degradation in acidic mining sediments.     

Effect of spiked phthalic acid esters on dissipation efficiency of Potamogeton crispus L. in the rhizosphere of surface sediments from the Haihe River,China

Purpose

The effect of spiked phthalic acid esters (PAEs) on the dissipation efficiency of Potamogeton crispus L. (P. crispus) in the rhizosphere of surface sediment samples collected from the Haihe River, China, was studied by laboratory-based sediment microcosms. In addition, the PAE dissipation mechanism was investigated according to the microbial biomass and community structure present.

Materials and methods

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), the two most important and abundant PAEs, were selected as target contaminants. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) of sediment samples were also analyzed.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the PAE dissipation efficiency of the P. crispus rhizosphere was greater than that of the non-rhizosphere in the control system (i.e., sediment/plant systems that were not spiked with PAE and the control sediments had weathered PAE residues). However, in contrast to the control system, the PAE dissipation efficiency, especially for DEHP, was lower in the P. crispus rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere in the spiked system. The root bioconcentration factor (RCF) and shoot bioconcentration factor (SCF) of the two PAEs in the control system were significantly higher than those in the spiked system. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) data showed that the microbial biomass and diversity index in the rhizosphere of P. crispus were higher than those in the non-rhizosphere of the two systems (spiked system and control system).

Conclusions

P. crispus is responsible for the movement of PAEs into the root zone, especially in spiked systems. The PAE removal from the rhizosphere sediments was related not only to microbial community structure but also to microbial biomass. This suggested that microbial community structure is the main factor affecting the enhancement of PAE biodegradation in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, for the same microbial community structure, microbial biomass is also important.     

Phthalic acid esters in the rhizosphere sediments of emergent plants from two shallow lakes

Purpose

We investigated the effect of growth strategy (i.e., single or mixed plant types) of two emergent plants (i.e., Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis) on the distribution of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and their monoester metabolites (PAMs) in the sediments and roots in two adjacent shallow lakes in Tianjin, China, as well as the removal of PAEs from the sediments.

Materials and methods

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and their PAMs were measured in sediments and roots sampled on 18th May 2010. PAE-degrading bacteria and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) of the sediment samples were also analyzed.

Results and discussion

The results showed that DBP, DEHP, and their PAMs were detected in nearly all of the samples, and the PAE concentrations were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of their corresponding monoester metabolites. The PAE distribution patterns in sediments from the two lakes were different and influenced by plant growth strategy. Phytoavailability of PAEs was also affected by plant growth strategy.

Conclusions

Compared with the non-rhizosphere sediments, the total organic carbon-normalized PAE concentration in the rhizosphere sediments decreased in the presence of the emergent plants. The PAE removal from the rhizosphere sediments was related not only to plant species but also to growth strategy, which was consistent with the findings of PLFA. The enhancement of PAE biodegradation in the rhizosphere was mainly the result of changes in the microbial community structure for different plant species and in microbial biomass for the same plant species.     

一株在微生物燃料电池中可以利用喹啉发电的产电假单胞杆菌Q1的产电特性研究

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare iron (Fe) oxidation and changes of pH, redox potential (Eh) and fractions of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants (Echinodorus macrophyllus, Eleocharis geniculata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Veronica serpyllifolia) with different radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots. The results indicated that all these wetland plants decreased pH and concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) but increased the Eh in the rhizosphere soils. Pb and Zn were transformed from unstable fractions to more stable fractions in the rhizosphere soils, so decreasing their potential metal mobility factors (MF). Among the four plants, E. macrophyllus, with the highest ROL and root biomass, possessed the greatest ability in formation of Fe plaque and in the reduction of heavy metal MFs in the rhizosphere soil. Wetland plants, with higher ROLs and root biomass, may thus be effective in decreasing potential long-term heavy metal bioavailabilities.