施加内生真菌拟茎点霉（Phomopsis sp.）对茅苍术凋落物降解及土壤降解酶活性的影响

通过向盆栽土壤中分别添加茅苍术(Atractylodes lancea(thunb)DC.)凋落物(CK)、内生真菌拟茎点霉(Phomopsissp.编号B3)和灭菌凋落物(MB)、内生真菌和凋落物(WB)、内生真菌和凋落物及菌体发酵液(WBF)、凋落物和灭菌发酵液(WMF)后,定期检测凋落物纤维素、木质素降解率,测定土壤纤维素酶和木质素酶活性,并利用巢式PCR方法跟踪土壤中活体内生真菌B3动态变化,研究了土壤施加内生真菌对掉落的茅苍术残体的分解及土壤降解酶活性影响。结果表明,植物内生真菌离开宿主进入土壤仍具有生理活性,能适应非宿主环境,存活30 d之久。在此期间,内生真菌在富含凋落物的土壤中明显加快纤维素、木质素的降解,在10 d、30 d、60 d取样测定,处理组中WBF和MB的土壤纤维素酶活性显著高于其他处理组,处理组MB和WB的土壤木质素酶活性显著高于其他处理组。     

土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。     

土壤中双氰胺降解及与降解菌的关系

采用灭菌土培、非灭菌土培、田间蔬菜种植、添加外源降解菌土培试验研究了土壤中双氰胺（DCD）降解及与降解菌的关系。结果显示,不论是单施DCD、尿素配施DCD,还是碳酸氢铵配施DCD的土壤,灭菌处理的土壤中DCD半衰期分别比不灭菌处理的长13.56、5.79、14.51d。降解菌生长期间,降解菌总量（x）与DCD降解呈显著正相关,拟合的线性方程为y=3.1841x-2.5452,r=0.9752。外源DCD降解真菌可在灭菌土壤中定殖并有效降解DCD,培养15d后,U＋DCD＋DCD降解菌处理土壤中DCD降解真菌的数量增加至36.40×105cfu,且DCD含量极显著降低。这些结果表明土壤中DCD降解与降解菌关系极为密切,添加外源真菌加速了土壤中DCD降解。     

功能菌剂对堆肥中木质纤维素降解的影响

以鲜牛粪和稻草为材料进行好氧堆肥,主要研究了接种木质纤维素降解菌对堆肥过程中木质纤维素降解酶活性、木质纤维素降解菌数量动态及木质纤维素降解率变化的影响。结果表明,接菌处理使堆肥在第3 d进入高温期,并维持45℃以上高温长达20 d(自然堆肥为14 d)。接菌处理堆肥中的木质纤维素酶活性在各个时期均高于自然堆肥,其中羧甲基纤维素酶、滤纸酶和半纤维素木聚糖酶活性最大值分别为1 120、268、1 681 U/L,高出自然堆肥959、209、1 459 U/L;漆酶活性在第18和31 d出现两次峰值,分别为4 666和3 666 U/L,而自然堆肥的漆酶活性在第18 d出现一次明显峰值,仅为1 700 U/L。接菌处理的木质纤维素降解菌数量在堆肥各个时期均高于自然堆肥;堆肥结束时,接菌处理堆肥中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别高于自然堆肥14.33%、31.31%和19.57%。以上结果表明,加入木质纤维素降解菌可明显提高堆体温度,延长堆肥高温期,增加堆肥中木质纤维素降解菌数量,提高相关酶活性和木质纤维素降解率,可以考虑将其进一步应用于较大规模的牛粪堆肥处理或其他禽畜粪便的堆肥处理。     

若尔盖高原湿地的真菌群落结构及低温纤维素降解真菌特征

以若尔盖高原湿地的泥炭沼泽土壤为样,在利用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)分析该生境真菌群结构的基础上,进一步通过可培养手段进行高效低温纤维素降解菌株的筛选。DGGE结果表明:阿西茸乡土样中真菌群落结构最复杂,其次是达扎寺乡、黑河乡。基于DGGE图谱条带序列的系统发育分析表明:若尔盖高原湿地中的优势真菌分属于白布勒弹孢酵母(Bulleromyces albus),曲霉属(Aspergillus),子黑附球菌(Epicoccum nigrum),假裸囊菌属(Pseudogymnoascus)和深色有隔内生真菌(Zalerion)等类群。通过纯培养从该区域分离到低温纤维素降解真菌50余株,其中S1和S7两株菌酶活最高,分别是9.36 U m L-1和23.01 U m L-1。系统发育分析显示菌株S1为白囊耙齿菌(Irpex lacteus),S7为烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)。两株菌对水稻秸秆表现出明显的降解效果,50d内S7对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别为46.57%,63.37%和30.74%;而S1对各组分降解率分别为30.02%,54.55%和22.95%。研究表明,若尔盖高原湿地泥炭沼泽土真菌群落结构复杂,具潜在应用价值。     

凋落物双倍添加和移除对米槠林土壤水解酶活性及其化学计量比的影响

土壤酶与土壤养分紧密相关,并能够活化土壤中营养元素从而改善土壤环境质量,为更加深入了解全球气候变化背景下森林凋落物数量的变化及其酶化学计量比的影响,以亚热带米槠林为研究对象设计随机区组试验,设置3种凋落物处理(移除凋落物(NRNL)、添加双倍凋落物(NRDL)、保留凋落物(CK)),通过测定土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和水解酶活性(β—葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、β—N—乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)),探讨排除根系作用下双倍添加和移除地上凋落物对米槠林土壤养分状况和土壤生态酶化学计量特征的影响。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,NRDL处理显著提高了CBH和LAP活性,同时提高了土壤总碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、矿质氮、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量,而NRNL处理只降低了土壤MBC含量。同时发现,土壤生态酶化学计量比未受到凋落物输入处理的影响,CK、NRNL和NRDL处理土壤酶活性比ln(βG+CBH)∶ln(NAG+LAP)分别为1.25,1.36,1.30;ln(βG+CBH)∶ln(AP)分别为0.78,0.78,0.83;ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP)分别为0.62,0.58,0.64。相关分析表明,TC、TN、矿质氮、DOC、DON、MBC和MBN分别与βG、CBH、AP和LAP活性呈显著正相关;冗余分析表明,DOC是驱动土壤水解酶活性和化学计量比变化的关键因子。综上,NRDL通过增加土壤DOC的浓度,从而提高土壤水解酶活性,研究结果可为亚热带森林土壤养分管理提供基础数据。     

复合菌剂对玉米秸秆的降解及土壤生态特性的影响

还田玉米秸秆降解过程中施加含有植物内生真菌的复合菌剂,在盆栽条件下研究了该菌剂对还田秸秆的降解作用,对土壤生态以及后季作物小麦生长的影响。结果表明:添加复合菌剂能够促进玉米秸秆的降解,在前30 d时效果最显著,尤其是木质素的降解,两种复合菌剂处理组木质素降解率分别比市购秸秆腐熟剂高117.36%和242.70%;施用菌剂会显著增加小麦生长早期土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶的活性,增加小麦生长早期土壤微生物数量;改善土壤理化性质,提高小麦成熟后土壤中的全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾的含量;显著改善小麦生长状况,小麦返青拔节期叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,收获小麦单株生物量和单株产量也有所增加。     

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对土壤中阿特拉津降解的影响

于盆栽高粱(Sorghum,龙杂一号)条件下研究了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)降解土壤中阿特拉津的效用。结果表明,阿特拉津(浓度为50 mg/kg)污染土壤中,供试AM真菌都能够侵染高粱根系形成菌根,而且GM比GI侵染效果好,最高侵染率可达到90.5%,显著提高了植株的生物量。接种AM真菌后土壤中阿特拉津的残留浓度显著低于不接种对照处理,并且接种GM比GI对阿特拉津的降解效果显著。接种GM处理的土壤中阿特拉津最高降解率达到了91.6%,其中菌根效应占22.6%。接种AM真菌的宿主植物根际土壤中微生物数量多于不接种处理,且GM优于GI处理,说明AM真菌能促进根际微生物的繁殖。此外,接种AM真菌后能显著增加土壤中脲酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著。认为GM是一株比较理想的修复阿特拉津污染土壤的AM真菌。     

水稻秸秆在旱作土壤中的降解过程及降解菌剂施用效果

以水稻秸秆为试验材料,在温室盆栽和大田小区环境下,设置秸秆纤维素降解菌剂A、B、C为处理,以不施用菌剂为对照(CK),通过测定秸秆失重率(RW)、秸秆纤维素(RCD)和半纤维素降解率(RHCD),探讨水稻秸秆在旱作土壤中的降解过程及秸秆纤维素降解菌剂对秸秆降解的影响。结果表明:水稻秸秆在旱作土壤中的降解过程依据秸秆降解率可以划分为初期、前期、中期和后期4个阶段;秸秆纤维素降解菌剂对秸秆降解促进作用主要在初期阶段,且施用效果受环境温度影响很大:在温室盆栽(20℃)条件下,3种菌剂处理秸秆的初期阶段降解需要10 d,均比CK提前15 d左右;大田低温(10℃)环境下,菌剂B和菌剂A处理秸秆的初期阶段降解需要45 d,而CK需要60 d,菌剂C则没有明显效果。     

氟磺胺草醚对大豆根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响及其在根际的降解

【目的】 本研究旨在探讨不同浓度氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的微生态效应,及其在根际土壤中的降解动态,为进一步研究除草剂的残留污染提供科学依据。 【方法】 以中黄13号大豆为材料,采用根箱进行了模拟栽培试验。设施用氟磺胺草醚3.75 mg/kg (低)、7.5 mg/kg (中)、18.75 mg/kg (高) 3个水平,以不添加氟磺胺草醚处理为对照,调查了大豆根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,分析了根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶4种酶活性,以及氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的降解规律。 【结果】 低浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤细菌数量显著低于对照根际土壤 (P < 0.05),高浓度氟磺胺草醚处理在28 d时显著高于对照 ( P < 0.05);中浓度氟磺胺草醚处理与对照没有显著性差异。不同浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤真菌和放线菌数量与对照差异不显著。氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性与对照没有显著差异;磷酸酶活性在取样初期略有降低;低浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的土壤脲酶活性显著降低,中浓度和高浓度处理对脲酶活性表现为先刺激后抑制;高浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的蔗糖酶活性在42 d和56 d时显著低于对照。高浓度氟磺胺草醚降解速率明显高于低浓度和中浓度,并且在试验初期降解迅速;3种浓度氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期由低浓度到高浓度逐渐变短。 【结论】 3种浓度氟磺胺草醚总体上降低大豆根际土壤中细菌的数量,而对大豆根际土壤真菌和放线菌的数量均没有显著影响。氟磺胺草醚对大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有显著影响,在短期内对磷酸酶活性有一定程度的抑制作用,低浓度氟磺胺草醚可以显著降低大豆根际土壤脲酶活性,而高浓度氟磺胺草醚在试验后期可以显著抑制大豆根际土壤蔗糖酶活性。大豆根际土壤中氟磺胺草醚初始浓度越高,降解速率越快,半衰期越短。      

连作花生土壤障碍原因及消除技术研究进展

本文综述了花生连作障碍的危害、原因及缓解措施,结合作者近几年来相关试验结果,重点介绍了低丘红壤区连作花生土壤化感物质检测、利用药用植物间作的生态调控技术、利用植物内生菌等生物与生化调控技术研究进展,最后提出了花生连作障碍机理及消除技术进一步研究方向,以期为指导我国花生生产提供技术支撑。     

The potential application of the endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari to the ecological remediation of long-term cropping soil

A broad-spectrum endophyte, Phomopsis liquidambari, was used as a microbial agent to determine the effects of rapid litter decomposition on soil phenolic compounds dynamics, the soil microbial community balance and plant growth. The litter decomposition ratio was closely correlated with lignin degradation. The soil phenol concentration increased with the acceleration of litter decomposition after the first 30 days and later decreased to below the initial level. Based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, soil bacteria, especially gram-negative bacteria that have the potential to degrade aromatic compounds, were found in high abundance when the soil phenol concentration was high. When the phenolic concentration decreased, soil fungi increased in abundance. With fungal application, seed germination significantly increased to 69.87% and seedling growth was enhanced. Rapid litter decomposition by Pho. liquidambari initially led to higher releases of phenolic allelochemicals, which led to the enrichment of soil gram-negative bacteria. In addition, increased soil nutrients and temporarily higher concentrations of phenolics from litter decomposition strengthen seedling growth, suggesting that the endophytic fungus Pho. liquidambari is a suitable candidate for remediation of long-term cropping soil.     

杉木凋落物及其生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内的杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,设置单独添加生物炭、单独添加凋落物以及混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理,进行一年的室内培养实验,研究不同添加物处理对土壤性质及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:与对照(S)相比,单独添加凋落物与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)总量、真菌丰度以及真菌/细菌比值显著增加;单独添加生物炭与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌比值显著增加。混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理的放线菌丰度显著高于单独添加凋落物处理的。主成分分析表明,不同添加物处理的土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异;典范对应分析表明,不同添加物处理通过改变土壤p H、全碳、全氮、C/N、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性有机氮(DON)等性质,进而影响土壤微生物群落结构。     

生物表面活性剂强化微生物修复多环芳烃污染土壤的初探

通过温室盆栽实验,单独或联合接种多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB)和添加生物表面活性剂-鼠李糖脂(RH),研究了生物表面活性剂强化微生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果。结果表明,添加RH和接种DB能明显促进土壤中PAHs总量和各组分PAHs的降解。经过90 d培养后,添加RH、DB和RH+DB处理的PAHs的降解率分别为21.3%、32.6%、36.0%,较对照分别提高了333.0%、563.3%、633.0%。此外,随着苯环数的增加,土壤中15种PAHs平均降解率逐渐降低。同时也发现DB、RH+DB处理土壤中脱氢酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量显著高于CK、RH处理,但是CK与RH处理没有显著差异,说明DB、RH在促进土壤中PAHs的降解方面有不同的机制。     

蚯蚓对不同分解阶段有机质的响应

This study was conducted to examine the responses of earthworms to soil organic matter and litter at different decomposition stages and their contributions in litter decomposition processes in southern subtropical areas of China. Two plantations were selected as the study sites: Site Ⅰ was dominated by the exotic endogeic earthworm species Ocnerodrilus occidentalis; Site Ⅱ was dominated by epigeic species Amynthas corticis. After the fallen litter and earthworms were removed or expelled, four treatments were set up as: reserving the top soil (0-5 cm, equal to H layer) (H), removing the top soil and adding fresh litter (Le), removing the top soil and adding semi-decomposed litter (Li), and a control with no top soil nor any litter (CK). Five randomized blocks that were enclosed with nylon nets on the top were set up in each site, and then the four treatments were arranged randomly in each block. After 2-3 months, earthworms were collected using the formalin method. The results showed that Ocnerodrilus occidentalis preferred Treatment H though it was found in Treatments Le and Li as well; Amynthas corticis preferred Treatment Li though sometimes it also appeared in Treatment H; and Amynthas sp., another epigeic species, was mainly present under Treatment Le and only appeared in Treatment H occasionally. These findings confirmed that earthworm species belonging to different ecological groups had different responses to organic matter at different decomposition stages. The impacts of earthworm communities dominated by O.occidentalis mainly appeared at the later periods of litter decomposition.     

Fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 enriches the diversity of nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut

Previously, the application of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 exhibited notable effect in alleviating soil obstacles caused by continuous cropping of peanut. It was supposed that P. liquidambari B3 could enhance the efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by enriching the diversity of nodular endophytic bacteria under continous monocropping system. To verify this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions. Four treatments were set as follow: discontinuous cropping soil (NS), continuous cropping soil (CK), continuous cropping soil inoculate with actived P. liquidambari B3 (CSB3), and continuous cropping soil inoculate with sterilized P. liquidambari B3 (CSIB3). As a result, a total of 120 isolates were obtained. Our study clearly declared that the addition of fungal endophyte effectively enriched the genetic diversity and the community composition in CSB3. In contrast, a low genetic diversity level and simplex community structure were exhibited in CK and CSIB3. Meanwhile, the positive percentage rate and corresponding community composition of the plant growth-promoting isolates in NS and CSB3 were larger and more abundant than the other. This is the first time to describe the effects of fungal endophytes on the diversity of the nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut.     

Relationship between root-endophytic microbial communities and replant disease in specialized apple growing areas in Europe

Apple replant disorders are one of the causes of the downward trend of land planted with apple orchards in Central Europe. A specific transnational survey was thus conducted on apple root associated microorganisms, aimed at increasing the knowledge regarding crop management to counteract this tendency. Soil health was evaluated using a bioassay test with root cuttings of the clonal M9 rootstock, one of the most commonly used rootstocks in Europe. Plant growth response in replant, fallow and gamma ray-sterilized soil was evaluated using soil samples taken from nine orchards selected (three per country) from specialized apple growing areas of Germany, Austria and Italy. Plant growth significantly differed between treatments but not between countries. Root endophytic fungi were confirmed as one of the main components of growth reduction, while endophytic nematodes (Pratylenchus sp.) were not. The large set of quantitative and qualitative data of root endophytic fungi allowed to clarify that Cylindrocarpon-like fungi (Ilyonectria spp. and Thelonectria sp.) had a major pathogenic role in the three countries, while Pythium spp. prevailed as pathogen only in German orchards. Gamma ray-sterilized soil resulted in a more-than-proportional increase of plant growth (42% and 31% respectively vs. replant and fallow) as compared to that observed between fallow and replant soil (18%). This best performance in gamma ray-sterilized soil, in addition to the lowest root colonization by Cylindrocarpon-like fungi in this treatment, appeared to be due to the different composition of fungal communities as compared to two other treatments (fallow and replant soil), which instead were highly similar to each other. This difference was due to a shift of community composition toward Fusarium and binucleate Rhizoctonia, which prevailed in sterilized soil.     

真菌对污染水稻土中苯并[a]芘共代谢降解研究

在恒温和恒定转速培养条件下,模拟生物泥浆反应器法,选择从石油污染土壤中分离出来的青霉菌、黑曲霉、白腐真菌等3种真菌,在添加不同浓度菲和邻苯二甲酸作为共存底物情况下,研究其对水稻土中苯并[a]芘（B[a]P）的共代谢降解。结果表明,未灭菌土壤对B[a]P有降解能力。当土壤中添加菲时,提高了B[a]P在土壤中的降解率,100 mg kg-1浓度菲处理的降解率显著高于200 mg kg-1浓度菲处理,邻苯二甲酸对B[a]P降解影响不大。灭菌土壤中的B[a]P几乎没有降解。添加菲及邻苯二甲酸均促进了青霉菌对B[a]P的降解,其中菲浓度为100 mg kg-1处理效果最显著。与灭菌土壤相比,接种黑曲霉提高了B[a]P的降解率,但添加菲与邻苯二甲酸却均抑制了黑曲霉菌对B[a]P的降解。白腐真菌能有效地降解B[a]P,但高浓度菲抑制了白腐真菌对B[a]P的降解,同时邻苯二甲酸对促进白腐真菌降解B[a]P的效果不明显。     

不同滴灌施肥策略对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响

在温室条件下应用^15N标记尿素进行了不同滴灌施肥策略对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用率影响的盆栽试验.根据滴灌灌水施肥时段的分配,设置四种不同氮肥滴灌施肥策略.研究结果表明,不同滴灌施肥策略显著影响棉花的干物质重和氮素吸收量,棉花的氮素吸收量明显受到根系生长的影响,整株氮素吸收量与根干物质重之间呈显著的正相关关系.在一次灌溉过程中先滴1/2时间的肥液,然后再滴1/2时间清水的施肥策略可显著促进棉花根系的生长,增加棉花的氮素吸收量,减少氮肥在土壤中的残留,提高氮肥利用率.因此,在膜下滴灌条件下采用合适的施肥策略有助于提高肥料的利用效率.