短花针茅草原土壤理化性质对放牧强度季节调控的响应

以短花针茅草原为研究对象,设置5个放牧强度季节调控试验处理和1个对照处理,对不同放牧处理土壤的理化性质进行研究。结果表明,放牧对土壤的物理性质影响较为明显,土壤容重随着放牧强度的增加而显著升高(P0.05),全年重牧土壤容重上升较明显;土壤含水量随放牧强度的增加而降低,其中,全年重牧土壤的0~20 cm土层下降显著(P0.05)。各放牧处理对0~20 cm以及30~40 cm土层土壤有机质含量影响不显著(P0.05),对10~40 cm土层土壤全氮和速效氮含量影响不显著(P0.05),春季零放牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧处理土壤的0~10 cm土层速效氮含量显著提高(P0.05);春季零放牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧处理土壤的10~20 cm土层全磷含量显著升高(P0.05),其他土层在不同放牧处理下变化不显著(P0.05);各放牧处理对土壤速效磷和全钾含量的影响不显著(P0.05),对0~20 cm土壤速效钾含量的影响不显著(P0.05)。综合各项理化性质指标,春季零放牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧是最佳的草地利用方式。     

放牧强度对土壤物理性状和速效养分的影响

在东北三江平原放牧季6月中旬～9月中旬,设置3个放牧强度即轻度(0.87头牛/hm2),中度(1.42头牛/hm2)和重度(1.94头牛/hm2),以不放牧作为对照,观测不同放牧强度对小叶章草地土壤物理性状和速效养分变化的影响。2010年放牧结果表明:放牧对土壤浅层物理性状产生影响,对土壤深层性状影响微弱。重度放牧强度下土壤含水量0～10cm最低,为42.84%,并与其他放牧处理产生差异(P<0.05);放牧对土壤容重的影响主要体现在0～5cm的土层,与对照相比放牧处理对土壤容重略有增加趋势,放牧对土壤深层容重不能产生显著影响(P>0.05);家畜对土壤有夯实作用,土壤孔隙度随放牧强度增加而降低,重度放牧土壤孔隙度最低,与对照相比降10.8%并与其产生显著差异(P<0.05)。放牧对土壤速效养分的影响表现在,重度放牧降低0～10cm的土层速效氮含量,其他放牧强度对小叶章草地土壤速效氮的影响微弱,各放牧处理间差异不显著(P>0.05);不同放牧强度与对照相比对速效磷含量影响微弱;土壤速效钾含量随放牧强度增加而降低,轻度、中度、重度分别较对照下降1.72%,3.8%和8.2%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),表明放牧对小叶章草地土壤速效养分含量影响微弱。     

放牧管理模式对高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的影响

为探讨不同放牧管理模式下高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的变化,对青藏高原东缘禁牧(NG)、全生长季休牧(RG)、传统夏季休牧(TG)和连续放牧(CG)4种放牧管理模式下高寒草甸草原土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量进行测定和分析。结果表明:(1)NG显著增加了0~30cm土层有机质含量,RG和TG显著增加了0~20cm土层有机质含量;(2)NG,RG和TG显著提高了高寒草甸草原0~30cm土层全氮含量和20~30cm土层速效氮含量,而降低了0~10cm土层的速效氮含量;(3)NG,RG和TG显著提高了高寒草甸草原0~30cm土层全磷和速效磷含量;(4)不同模式放牧对高寒草甸草原土壤全钾含量无显著影响,但总体上,NG,RG和TG高于CG;NG,RG和TG降低了0~10cm土层速效钾含量,而显著增加了10~30cm土层速效钾含量。连续放牧使土壤养分流失严重,从而导致土壤肥力降低,而禁牧和季节性休牧能有效增加青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草原土壤的养分含量,是该区和类似区域草地放牧管理的理想选择。     

温性荒漠草原土壤酶与肥力的关系

为揭示放牧扰动下土壤养分供给水平的变化,对温性荒漠草原冬春季牧场不同放牧强度下土壤酶活性与肥力因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:放牧区土壤呈弱碱性;随放牧强度的增加,土壤容重增大;除对照区外,各层土壤含水量、全氮、速效氮、有机质和速效磷均随放牧强度的增加而下降,且随土层深度的加深含量有递减趋势;除重牧区20～30cm土层外,各放牧区各土层土壤脲酶含量差异不显著;土壤碱性磷酸酶各放牧区极显著高于对照区(P＜0.01);过氧化氢酶除0～10cm土层随放牧强度的增加有增加趋势外,其他各层均表现LG＞ MG＞CK＞ HG的变化.相关分析表明,3种酶与土壤主要肥力因子间相关显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01),说明土壤酶可以用来表征土壤肥力状况;主成分分析同样得出土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤肥力之间具有良好的相关性,可以用来指示草原退化与恢复状况.     

放牧强度对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机质及速效养分的影响

采用小区控制放牧试验,在伊犁昭苏草甸草原上研究了短期放牧条件下轻度、中度和重度放牧对草地土壤有机质、土壤碱解氮、土壤速效磷及土壤速效钾的影响。结果表明,随放牧强度的增加,草地地上生物量呈降低趋势,但各放牧强度间差异不显著(P0.05);同一年度放牧强度间0～10、10～20和20～30cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量差异不显著,但与放牧前比,放牧后0～30cm土层养分含量增减趋势并不一致,体现出年度间的差异性;相关分析表明,0～30cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾与放牧强度间均无显著相关性,且随着放牧强度的增加,其响应规律存在一定差异性;无论放牧与否,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势。     

甘肃马鹿春秋季放牧对高寒草原土壤理化性质的影响

为了探究甘肃马鹿(Cervus elaphus kansuensis)春秋季放牧对土壤理化性质的影响,本研究设置了6个放牧强度的样地,分析了0–40 cm土层的理化性质。结果表明,1)0–40 cm土层土壤容重随放牧强度的增强而逐渐上升,对表层土壤影响尤为显著(P 0.01);2)0–40 cm各土层土壤水分、土壤有机碳密度、土壤全氮密度和总量、土壤速效磷密度和总盐含量总体上随放牧增强呈下降趋势,其中土壤水分、全氮、速效磷密度和总盐含量与放牧强度呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),土壤有机碳密度与放牧强度呈显著负相关(P 0.05),0–40 cm土层植物根碳占土壤总有机碳比例随放牧率增加而逐渐升高,与放牧率呈显著正相关(P 0.05);10–20 cm土层全氮密度最大,土壤速效氮占全氮的比例随放牧增强呈上升趋势;0–40 cm各土层和土壤总C/N值均随放牧率增加呈下降趋势。研究结果可为揭示祁连山草原土草畜互作机制和可持续管理提供科学依据。     

喀纳斯草地群落和土壤理化特征对放牧干扰的响应

对不同放牧干扰强度下喀纳斯草地植物群落数量特征、土壤理化特征的变化及土壤养分分布与植物群落间的关系进行了研究,结果表明:随放牧强度的增加,植物群落高度下降,生物量减少,盖度降低,密度则在一定放牧强度内呈增加趋势;土壤容重在0～10 cm土层随放牧强度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),土壤含水量在0～10 cm土层随放牧强度的增加而显著下降(P<0.05),两者在重牧与极牧阶段均无差异(P>0.05);从轻牧到重牧,土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷在土壤表层(0～10 cm)均呈下降趋势,到极牧阶段又上升,而土壤速效钾随放牧强度的增加而增加;土壤有机质和碱解氮的分布与植物群落高度和生物量呈正相关,且土壤有机质与植物群落高度和生物量相关性显著(P<0.05),土壤有效磷、速效钾与植物群落特征均表现为负相关关系.     

放牧强度季节调控对荒漠草原土壤和植物养分的影响

以短花针茅(Stipabreviflora)荒漠草原为对象,设置5个放牧强度季节调控试验处理和一个对照处理,进行了土壤养分和植物碳氮磷特征研究。结果表明:全年重牧下土壤全钾含量随着土层深度增加而减少。CK(全年零放牧)处理的土壤速效钾、有机碳含量与其他放牧处理差异不显著(P<0.05)但有降低的趋势。放牧对土壤全磷、速效磷含量的没有显著影响。0-10cm土层的全氮含量最高。群落全氮含量在全年重牧区含量最高;放牧降低了群落C、P含量,其中CK处理的P含量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。     

不同放牧强度下西藏高山嵩草草甸土壤养分的变化

以西藏高山嵩草(Kobuesia tygmaea)草甸土壤为研究对象,分析不同放牧强度下土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾,速效氮、速效磷、速效钾,有机质及p H值的变化。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,在不同土层中,全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量减少;而全钾含量随着放牧强度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;重度放牧显著降低了土壤中全氮、速效氮和速效钾的含量(P0.05);随着放牧强度的增加,土壤有机质含量逐渐减少;放牧强度对土壤p H值影响没有显著影响(P0.05)。因此,延迟+适度放牧和适度放牧可以有效地保护草地,防止高山嵩草草甸进一步退化。     

不同放牧强度下荒漠草原土壤养分和植被特征变化研究

以短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原为研究对象,设置3个放牧梯度,对不同放牧处理土壤理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:土壤容重随着放牧强度增加而显著升高(P0.05),全年重牧土壤容重上升最明显;土壤含水量随放牧强度的增加而降低,其中全年重牧下0~20cm土层下降显著(P0.05)。各放牧处理土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,放牧对土壤速效磷和全钾的影响不显著,全年适度放牧土壤速效钾含量最高。放牧降低了植物地上生物量,减少了凋落物的生成,地上生物量与凋落物生物量呈线性正相关关系。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。