长期饲喂高鸡肝饲粮所致犬尿结石成分的分析研究

对１例长期饲喂高鸡肝饲粮所致犬尿结石样品,利用化学定性、Ｘ－射线衍射、扫描电镜观察与能谱分析等手段进行化学组成和显微形态分析。结果表明,样品中棺盖状晶体、蜂窝状颗粒及某些形状的颗粒均以磷酸铵镁为主要组成成分,形状不甚清晰的小粒状颗粒以磷酸钙为主要成分。另外还对数份饲喂高鸡肝饲粮之犬尿沉渣进行光学显微镜观察,发现有大量磷酸盐及少量碳酸钙。作者对尿石的形成及尿沉渣与尿石的关系进行了简要讨论,并对宠物犬尿石症的预防提出了建议     

长期饲喂同鸡肝饲粮所致犬尿结石成分的分析研究

对１例长期饲喂高肝饲粮所致犬尿结样品，利用化学定性，Ｘ－射线衍射，扫描电镜观察与能谱分析手段进行化学组成和显微形态分析，结果表明，样品中棺盖状晶体，蜂窝状颗粒及某些开头的颗粒以及磷酸铵镁为主要组成成分，形状不甚清晰的小粒状颗粒以及磷酸钙为主要成分。另外还对数份饲喂高鸡肝饲粮之犬宙渣进行光学显微镜观察，发现有大量磷酸盐及少量碳酸钙。     

氯化钠影响山羊尿沉渣——磷酸钾镁生成作用的机理研究

本实验在山羊饲喂棉饼日粮时，分别添加２％、４％、６％棉饼量的ＮａＣｌ，以探讨添加ＮａＣｌ对饲喂棉饼所致的磷酸钾镁尿沉渣生成作用的影响。结果表明，添加ＮａＣｌ后，磷酸钾镁尿沉渣生成量明显减少。其机理为：１．添加ＮａＣｌ后，能使饮水量、尿量增加，尿液ｐＨ值降低，从而减少尿液中磷酸钾镁的析出。２．添加ＮａＣｌ后能降低血清醛固酮含量，导致尿钾浓度降低，从而降低了磷酸钾镁生成的速率。本实验还对比了三种ＮａＣ     

牛羊尿结石化学组成和显微结构的分析研究

对水牛、黄牛、绵羊和山羊的２４份尿石样品应用化学定性分析、Ｘ－射线衍射分析、Ｘ－射线能谱分析和扫描电子显微镜观察等进行化学组成和显微结构的研究。结果表明，１２份颗粒样尿结石样品主要成分为方解石，占样品总数的５０％；７份粉砂样尿结石主要成分为鸟粪石，占２９．２％。对以上两类结石的显微结构特征予以描述，对其成因进行了简要的分析，并对棺盖形斜方柱状晶体含多量钾的问题进行讨论，提出有一种与磷酸铵镁物相类似     

羔羊尿结石的发病机理与防治研究

通过棉饼稻草日粮和饮水中添加氧化镁的饲喂模式,对育肥羔羊进行诱石试验和在日粮中加入1%碳酸钙+0.5%食盐进行防控试验,观察尿液晶体、电导率和离子积的动态变化对尿石症发生的影响。结果表明,发生了尿石症的试验羊比对照组和防控组山羊,尿液的电导率和离子积都显著降低,尿沉渣晶体减少或消失。尿结石的形成与尿液中过饱和离子的结晶、聚集以及晶体聚合抑制因子的抑制能力降低等因素有关,当尿液中晶体与抑制物质的平衡被打破,晶体便大量析出并聚集形成结石。加入1%碳酸钙+0.5%食盐可以稀释尿液,保持尿液酸度,降低尿液中离子的饱和度,从而减少羊结石症的发病率。     

饲喂棉饼致山羊尿结石的B超影像观察与临床应用

本文对饲喂棉饼诱发的山羊泌尿系结石的病例进行了详细的B超影像观察,并对其临床检查方法进行了探索。结果显示:B超不仅可以方便地观察到结石的位置、大小、形态,而且对饲喂棉饼致诱发的山羊砂石样结石有明确的诊断。由此可见B超是泌尿系结石诊断的方便、快捷、实用的方法之一,在兽医临床上值得推广使用。     

小尾寒羊当年育肥羔技术

小尾寒羊肥羔肉鲜美可口 ,当年育肥羔出栏 ,可大大降低养羊成本 ,提高经济效益 ,是农户养羊致富的好门路。现将羔羊育肥生产技术简述如下。1　育肥羔羊的选择要选择健康、 3～ 5月龄的当年公羔 ,以腿高、胸宽、背腰平直、尾呈桃形或圆形、尾长宽的羔羊为佳。2　育肥羔羊日粮配方育肥期为 90天 ,分为 3个阶段 ,按各阶段饲养标准饲喂。 3月龄起育肥羔羊的日粮组成为前期 3 0天 ,玉米 60 %、麸皮 1 7%、豆饼 2 0 %、预混料 3 % ;中期3 0天 ,玉米 65 %、麸皮 1 7%、豆饼 1 5 %、预混料3 % ;后期 3 0天 ,玉米 70 %、麸皮 1 5 %、豆饼 1 2 %、预混…     

不同来源的日粮蛋白质对山羊血清胃泌素水平的影响

采用装有永久性皱胃瘘管和临时性颈静脉套管的本地空怀健康母山羊2只,平均体重15kg。试验采用自身对照,分前、后两个系列：饲养试验和皱胃灌注试验,每个试验分三期进行。研究了分别以豆饼、鱼粉、尿素为日粮主要蛋白质来源时（蛋白质含量相同）血清胃泌素水平的变化,并测定了皱胃pH值及血液NPN和血氨含量,同时灌注不同的氨基酸混合液及尿素溶液,以探求不同来源的蛋白质对血清胃泌素水平的影响。饲养实验结果表明,不同来源的蛋白质对山羊血清胃泌素水平的影响不同。饲喂鱼粉日粮的血清胃泌素水平最高（144.69pg/ml),豆饼日粮次之（141.15pg/ml),尿素日粮最低（98.28pg/ml)。饲喂豆饼日粮时胃泌素水平显著高于饲喂尿素日粮时的胃泌素水平（P＜0．05）。不同来源的蛋白质对胃泌素的影响与皱胃液pH值有一定的相关性,不同来源的蛋白质对胃泌素的影响与血氨和血液NPN无直接联系。皱胃灌注试验表明,不同来源的日粮蛋白质对山羊胃泌素的影响与蛋白质氨基酸组成有关。灌注鱼粉型氨基酸组胃泌素水平最高（133.95pg/ml),豆饼型氨基酸组次之（104.01pg/ml),尿素组最低（95.87pg/ml)。     

山羊尿石症发生过程中肾功能及尿沉渣变化的动态研究

应用棉饼稻草日粮,配合饮水中添加氧化镁的饲喂方式,对其中成功诱发尿石症的6只阉割公山羊不同试验阶段的尿沉渣及肾功能变化特点进行了研究。试验分5个时期进行：预试结束时作为试验Ⅰ期,正式试验第15~60天为试验Ⅱ期,加镁后尚未出现尿闭为试验Ⅲ期,尿闭发生初期作为试验Ⅳ期,尿闭发生后2~5 d为试验Ⅴ期。结果：（1）山羊采食棉饼稻草日粮后,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ期尿液中存在大量棺盖形状（洋信封形状）晶体和大小不等的短细杆状小晶体,在试验Ⅳ期晶体基本消失,试验Ⅴ期则出现少量小晶体,其数量显著低于试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ期（P〈0.05）;（2）试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ期有少量肾小管上皮细胞脱落,试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的尿液中出现大量肾小管与肾盂上皮细胞,并伴有少量管型,试验Ⅴ期尿液中脱落上皮细胞与管型的数量增加;（3）试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ期血浆尿素水平较试验Ⅰ期显著升高（P〈0.05）,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ期肌酐水平未发生明显变化,试验Ⅲ期肌酐水平显著升高（P〈0.05）,血液尿素/肌酐比值在试验Ⅱ期明显升高（P〈0.05）,试验Ⅲ期开始下降;试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ期血浆尿素与肌酐含量较试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期显著升高（P〈0.05）,血液尿素/肌酐比值显著降低（P〈0.05）;尿蛋白在试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ期明显升高,在试验Ⅳ期显著降低,但在试验Ⅴ期尿蛋白又急剧升高。结论：高镁可以引起山羊肾脏上皮细胞脱落,细胞脱落可造成肾机能不全,同时脱落的细胞和漏出尿液蛋白等又为结石成核提供了条件,使尿液中晶体沉渣转化为结石,从而促进了山羊尿石症的发生。     

无豆饼日粮在蛋鸡育成期饲喂效果的研究

用葵籽饼，菜籽饼，芝麻饼完全代替豆饼饲喂育成蛋鸡。结果表明；育成蛋鸡对豆饼日粮、非豆饼日粮利用率差异不显著（Ｐ≥０．０５），在风干粪中含能、蛋白脂肪差异不显著（Ｐ≥０．０５），育成期平均日增重，采食量‘增重差异不显著（Ｐ≥０．０５）。     

Chemical composition and microstructure of uroliths and urinary sediment crystals associated with the feeding of high-level cottonseed meal diet to water buffalo calves

The chemical composition and microstructure of seven uroliths and four urinary sediment samples associated with the feeding of high-level cottonseed meal diet to buffalo calves were examined by chemical qualitative analyses, scanning electron microscopy ( ), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry ( ). Struvite was a major component of kidney stones and of some bladder stones. The kidney stone sample appeared cracked under low power under , aggregated into tiny balls under high power, and as a bladelike structure under even higher power. The bladder stone samples appeared finely granular or granular with various forms of prismatic crystals. The urinary sediments were prismatic crystals, with granules. The newly found prismatic crystals, which were rich in potassium and similar to struvite in crystal structure, were identified as potassium magnesium phosphate (KMgPO₄ · 6H₂O) in some bladder stones and urinary sediments. However, crystals which contained Mg and P only, which had been used for struvite identification, were not found by examination in urinary sediments from fresh urine samples of buffalo calves fed the high-level cottonseed meal diet.     

Comparison of effect of high intake of magnesium with high intake of phosphorus and potassium on urolithiasis in goats fed with cottonseed meal diet

The effect of high intake of Mg on urolithiasis was compared with high intake of P and K in goats being fed with a cottonseed meal and rice straw diet. Eighteen wether goats were randomly allocated into group A, B and C evenly and fed with cottonseed meal and rice straw diet for three months. From day 60 onwards, KH₂PO₄ and K₂HPO₄ were provided via drinking water to goats in group B to increase the intake of P, K, and MgO to goats in group C to increase the intake of Mg. Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze the concentration of P, K, Mg and Ca, and the activity product (AP) of potassium magnesium phosphate (MKP) in urine was also calculated. The composition of calculi and urinary sedimentary crystals were examined by chemical qualitative analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the incidence of urolithiasis in group C (6/6) was higher than that in group A (1/6) and B (1/6) (P < 0.05). The calculi were mainly composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and partly composed of MKP. MKP presented in crystals of different phases in this experiment. The high intake of Mg contributed to a significant increase of plasma Mg, but additional P, K did not cause a further increase of plasma P, K. Urine P, K, Mg and Ca and AP of MKP in group C decreased significantly after the onset of urolithiasis. In conclusion, high intake of Mg was more important in inducing struvite calculi compared with high intake of K and P in goats under these feeding conditions. Cottonseed meal and rice straw with additional Mg is a good dietary model for inducing struvite calculi in castrated goats.     

Growth and carcass characteristics of male Sahelian goats fed leaves or pods of Pterocarpus lucens or Acacia senegal

The effect of feeding browse on growth and carcass characteristics was studied using thirty-two 10–12 months old growing Sahelian goats weighing an average of 15.6 kg. The treatments were four diets: Acacia senegal pods, Pterocarpus lucens leaves and pods and a positive control. The browses were offered ad libitum and supplemented with 200 g of hay of Schoenefeldia gracilis and 200 g of millet bran, while the control group received 200 g of millet bran, 200 g of cottonseed cake and hay ad libitum. The highest DM intake was observed for goats fed A. senegal pods, resulting in higher CP intake from this diet. The diet with P. lucens leaves gave a higher feed consumption than the control diet, but CP intakes were similar. The goats fed P. lucens pods diet had the lowest CP intake. The higher intake of the A. senegal pods diet resulted in higher growth rate (56 g/day), comparable to the P. lucens leaves and the control diets (55 and 51 g/day respectively). However, the feed conversion ratio was the lowest for the control diet. The carcass weight, dressing percentage and weight of the primal cuts were higher for goats fed A. senegal pods, P. lucens leaves and the control diet. In conclusion A. senegal pods and P. lucens leaves showed good intake characteristics for goats under stall-feeding conditions. Pods from P. lucens, resulting in lower performance, can be fed with small amounts of millet bran for maintenance of goats during the dry season.     

Study on precipitation of struvite and struvite-K crystal in goats during onset of urolithiasis

To learn more about the biomineralization process of struvite in ruminants, a seldom noticeable crystal, struvite-K, was investigated in six goats in which urolithiasis was induced by feeding a cottonseed meal and rice straw diet supplemented with MgO. The compositions of crystals and calculi were studied by chemical qualitative analysis and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The activity product (AP) and relative supersaturation (RSS) of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and potassium magnesium phosphate (MKP) were calculated to compare the difference of crystals formed in this process. The results showed that calculi consisted of MAP with a little MKP. Crystals in the urine consisted of MAP and MKP before stone formation, but crystals in urine after stone formation mainly consisted of MKP. The AP and RSS of MAP and MKP significantly decreased after stone formation. It was concluded that MAP and MKP may coexist in the crystals of urine before struvite calculi formation but MKP did not precipitate to struvite calculi and was separated out as crystal sedimentation of urine. The changes of crystallization of MAP and MKP contributed partially to the supersaturation status of MAP and MKP during struvite stone formation.     

Microbial activity in the gut of piglets: II. Effect of fibre source and enzyme supplementation

Twenty four Duroc × Landrace male piglets, aged 21 days, were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets. Diets 1 and 2 contained 150 g kg^− 1 wheat bran and diets 3 and 4 contained 90 g kg^− 1 maize cobs as the major fibre source. All diets contained 480 g kg^− 1 wheat and 200 g kg^− 1 soybean meal. Diets 2 and 4 were supplemented with the following enzyme complex: 800 U/kg cellulase, 1800 U/kg glucanase and 2600 U/kg xylanase.

The replacement of wheat bran by maize cobs increased the acetic (P < 0.05) and decreased the butyric acid production (P < 0.05) in the cecum. Piglets fed diets with maize cobs had lower (P < 0.05) levels of butyric acid in the colon than those fed wheat bran.

The xylanolytic, pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activities were higher (P < 0.05) in the cecum and colon of piglets fed the wheat bran based diets. The supplementation of the diet with the enzyme complex did not significantly affect the levels of short chain fatty acids formed in the small intestine and there was a non significant increase of the levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in the cecum and colon of piglets (P < 0.10). No interactions were present between fibre sources and enzyme addition.

The results suggest that the enzyme supplementation of the diet did not bring significant benefits to the animals and that when maize cobs replaces wheat bran in diets it negatively affects butyric acid production and fibre-degrading enzyme activity in the hindgut of piglets.     

Effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna spp. (var. Ghana) hay on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield and milk composition of zebu cows

The effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay (Mucuna spp. var. Ghana) on feed intake, digestibility and milk production of dairy cows was studied using six Zebu cows randomly assigned to three dietary treatments in a replicated Latin square design. All cows were fed hay from natural pastures ad libitum and 1.1 kg molasses as a basal diet, which was supplemented with: (1) 2 kg cottonseed cake (control diet), (2) 1.5 kg cottonseed cake and 1.2 kg Mucuna hay (low Mucuna, LM), and (3) 1.0 kg cottonseed cake and 3.3 kg Mucuna hay (high Mucuna, HM). Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake were similar for all the diets. The addition of Mucuna significantly increased DM and organic matter digestibility, whereas CP, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre digestibility were similar among the diets. The treatments had no effect on daily milk yield (3.38, 3.43 and 3.38 kg milk) or milk composition (41.1, 43.7 and 42.7 g fat/kg milk; 35.1, 36.4 and 35.9 g protein/kg milk; and 46.1, 45.8 and 45.3 g lactose/kg milk, respectively, for cows fed control, LM and HM diets). The treatments had no significant effect on live weight changes. The results showed that replacing 50% of the cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay had no negative effects on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield or milk composition.     

Evaluation of feeding value of forage soybean silage as a substitute for wheat bran in sheep

Twelve sheep were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat bran with forage soybean silage in the diet on apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance. Forage soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was cultivated in a no‐till, no‐herbicide cropping system with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) as a living mulch. Forage soybean and Italian ryegrass were wilted and ensiled in round bales without additives, respectively. The experimental diets were based on corn silage supplemented with protein sources (tow silages or wheat bran). The crude protein and the acid detergent insoluble protein contents of forage soybean silage were the highest among the protein sources. The apparent digestibility of crude protein and the nitrogen balance did not significantly differ among the diets. In addition, the phytoestrogen content of forage soybean silage was below the level at which animal reproductive performance would be negatively affected. These results suggest that forage soybean silage has comparable feeding value to wheat bran, and can be given at an inclusion level of 17% (dry matter basis) as an alternative protein source to wheat bran without adverse effects on digestion or nitrogen balance in sheep fed a corn silage‐based diet.     

线性规划人工饲料中可溶无氮物含量对家蚕消化吸收和饲料效率的影响

本文以线性规划设计为主要手段,以桑叶粉、豆粕粉、玉米粉为主要原料,设计出可溶无氮物含量不同的家蚕人工饲料配方,并测定了可溶无氮物含量与家蚕消化吸收和饲料效率的关系。试验结果表明,家蚕人工饲料中可溶无氮物的适宜含量范围在50.0%～52.5%之间,相应的人工饲料基本组成为桑叶粉30.0%左右、豆粕粉20.4%～27.5%、玉米粉36.9%～44.0%。