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不同有机肥对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
通过盆栽试验,研究等养分投入条件下,施用化肥与不同有机肥(猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥)对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响。结果表明,与化肥相比,施用有机肥脲酶活性提高6.2%~22.1%,磷酸酶活性提高7.9%~27.9%,过氧化氢酶活性提高45.1%~65.2%,分别以猪粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥最高,而转化酶活性各处理表现不一。施用有机肥较化肥促进了N、P、K养分向花生果仁转移累积,果仁吸N量、吸P量、吸K量、吸S量分别较化肥提高22.7%~78.0%、47.1%~74.5%、65.2%~91.6%、5.6%~61.2%,其NPK养分总吸收量以麸酸有机无机复混肥最高。施肥均提高了种植花生后的土壤N、P、K速效养分含量,施用麸酸有机无机复混肥还明显改善了土壤S素营养。 相似文献
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有机无机肥配合施用对土壤-油菜系统重金属平衡的影响 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
通过田间试验研究了有机无机肥配合施用对土壤-油菜系统重金属平衡的影响。试验设置化肥(T1)、化肥+低量有机肥(T2)、化肥+中量有机肥(T3)、化肥+高量有机肥(T4)等4个处理,各处理施肥量相等.重复4次。试验结果表明.在等养分条件下,有机肥比例过高会降低油菜地上部及籽粒的干重;不施有机肥和施用低量有机肥会导致锌和铜的亏缺,施用高量有机肥有可能引起土壤中镉的积累,适量有机肥与化肥配合施用既可保持微量营养元素的平衡,也能有效地降低重金属污染风险.是建立可持续农业的有效途径。 相似文献
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试论我国有机无机肥料的配合施用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
有机肥是我国肥料结构中的重要组成部分,是我国肥料中磷钾和微量元素的主要来源。有机无机肥料配合施用对于提高作物产量和农业持续发展具有重要意义。传统有机肥的生产和投入方式难以适应现代农业的需求。商品有机无机复肥是有机无机肥料配合施用的有力措施,它将推进有机农业现代化的发展,本文还讨论了有机无机肥料配合施用的一些基本原理。 相似文献
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不同培肥方式对西藏中部退化土壤的影响 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5
对西藏中部土壤复退过程中土壤物理、化学 (养分 )、生物变化及其效应进行了探讨 ,初步结果表明 ,在西藏高原生态条件下 ,有机肥 ,特别是有机—无机肥配合施用在短期内对降低土壤容重 ,提高土壤孔度 ,增加 1~ 3 mm水稳性团聚体数量 ,提高土壤养分和有机质含量 ,促进土壤生物繁殖具有显著作用 ,并呈随有机肥投入量递增而显著增加的趋势 ,化肥 (包括化肥平衡施用 )的综合效应则相对较低。大幅度提高土壤有机质含量及供钾水平是退化土壤肥力恢复过程中面临的重要问题。不同培肥方式的土壤微生物数量构成中细菌均占绝对优势 ,对作物营养具较大贡献 ;化肥、有机—无机肥配合施用不利于土壤真菌、放线菌数量的提高 相似文献
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有机无机肥配施对我国主要粮食作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
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安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。 相似文献
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Soil nutrient status and yield of rice as affected by long-term integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nutrient balance is the key component to increase crop yields. Excess and imbalanced use of nutrients has caused nutrient mining from the soil and deteriorated crop productivity and ultimately soil health. Replenishment of these nutrients has a direct impact on soil health and crop productivity. Based on this fact, the present research was conducted to determine the effects of long-term integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nutrient status and yield (grain and straw) in rice. Different combinations of inorganic nitrogen (N) and organic sources (sewage sludge and compost) were applied to the soil. Data revealed that application of mineral NPK in combination with 50% N through compost significantly increased the organic matter content (0.36%), available phosphorus (16.50 kg/ha) and available potassium content (239.80 kg/ha) in soil. The maximum available N (225.12 kg/ha) was found by the substitution of 50% N through sewage sludge. This improvement in soil nutrient status through combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers produced significant increase in grain and straw yield as compared to inorganic fertilizers alone. Maximum grain (6.96 t/ha) and straw (8.56 t/ha) yields were found in treatment having substitution of 50% N (recommended) through compost @10t/ha. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between soil nutrients and straw and grain yield in rice. Thus the study demonstrated that substitution of 50% inorganic N through compost will be a good alternative for improving soil fertility. 相似文献
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Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Research Under Field Conditions: Basic Principles and Methodology
N. K. Fageria 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):203-223
In the agricultural science, soil fertility and plant nutrition have played an important role during the 20th century in increasing crop yields. In the 21st century, importance of this field is still expanding due to the limitations of natural resources (land and water), sustainable agriculture, and concern about environmental pollution. In this context, increasing crop yields will be associated with rational use of chemical fertilizers, increasing use of organic sources of nutrients, recycling of plant available nutrients, and exploiting genetic potential of crop species or cultivars within species in efficient use of nutrients. Hence, in the future, increasing crop yields will be a challenge for agricultural and soil scientists. Conducting fertilizer field trials for adequate sources, methods, rates, timing of application along with crop species or genotypes within species, under different agroecological regions are necessary to generate data and their use for achieving maximum economic crop yields. The objective of this article is to present basic concepts and discuss methodology of soil fertility and plant nutrition research under field conditions. 相似文献
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为了促进生物炭研究和农用,采用盆栽试验研究了两种生物炭基氮肥及相应生物炭对土壤部分化学性质、养分状况及作物产量的影响。试验结果表明:施用生物炭基氮肥可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,提高土壤pH值、阳离子交换量、土壤速效磷、速效钾和矿质态氮含量,增强土壤保肥能力,促进作物增产。生物炭对土壤化学性质和养分状况虽有一定改善作用,但作物增产效应不明显甚至减产。因此,将生物炭与肥料复合制成生物炭基肥料不但可以保持生物炭改良土壤的功能,还可促进作物生长和增产,有利于生物炭农用效益的提升。 相似文献
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适宜肥料与改良剂改善盐碱土壤理化特性并提高作物产量 总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13
为了构建黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地适宜的培肥改土增产技术体系提供理论依据,在黄淮海平原典型轻中度盐碱障碍耕地进行了2 a的施肥试验,探究肥料结合改良剂施用对盐碱障碍耕地的土壤改良与作物增产效应。研究表明:仅依靠提高化肥施用量能够在一定时期内提高作物产量,但是会造成土壤盐分升高,土壤物理性质恶化,不利于盐碱土改良与可持续利用。在适度增施化肥的基础上,结合施用改良剂或有机肥可以明显降低土壤盐分含量,有利于盐碱耕地养分积累,显著提高作物产量:试验进行2 a后小麦产量分别较当地常规施肥提高21.41%和27.72%,分别达到6.35×103和6.68×103 kg/hm2;玉米产量分别较当地常规施肥提高10.44%和12.85%,分别达到7.68×103和7.85×103 kg/hm2。黄淮海平原盐碱障碍农作区应当重视有机肥与改良剂的施用,在降低土壤盐分含量、培肥地力的基础上提高作物产量,实现区域土壤资源可持续利用。该文可为黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地的可持续利用提供技术参考。 相似文献
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长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响 总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32
当前,如何合理施肥、提高作物产量、维持土壤肥力、并兼顾生态环境效应是农业研究的主要挑战之一。本文综述了长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响,主要从土壤氮转化过程的初级转化速率角度综述肥料(有机肥和化学氮肥)对土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响。土壤氮素矿化-同化循环是自然界氮循环过程中两个至关重要的环节,是决定土壤供氮能力的重要因素。总体而言,长期施用氮肥,尤其是有机肥能显著提高初级矿化-同化周转速率;长期施肥可以刺激自养硝化作用,且有机肥的刺激作用更明显;施用化学氮肥和有机肥均能提高反硝化速率,且有机肥的刺激作用高于化学氮肥。有机肥一直被提倡和实践用来改善土壤肥力和提高土壤固碳能力,无论是单施有机肥还是有机-无机配施,均能有效地减轻硝酸盐污染,改善土壤肥力并提高作物产量。但是有机肥的施用并不是多多益善,有机肥过多施用也会增加氮损失的风险。因此,本文综述了长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程初级转化速率的影响,讨论了各个氮转化过程之间的联系,以期增强人们对长期施肥措施影响农田土壤氮素循环的理解,并为合理施用氮肥、提高氮肥利用率、减少与氮相关的环境污染提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Abstract. In organic farming systems, fertilizing materials can be used when potassium (K) deficiency is shown, but such systems are dominantly nitrogen (N) limited and this is likely to affect crop utilization of K. The supply of K to grass/clover from a range of mineral and organically based K fertilizers and its interaction with N supply were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Sequential plant cuts were taken for yield and nutrient content determinations in crop and soil. Crop yields were limited by N: where N supply was increased either through the mineralization of N from organic materials (rapemeal, farmyard manure) or inorganic fertilizer, plant yields increased significantly. Grass/clover responded better to additional K where sufficient N was available. However, yield responses to K were generally small, even in the presence of adequate N. Of the different fertilizers, kali and MSL-K increased yields above those of the control by less than 5%, sylvinite, DKSI and farmyard manure by 10–20%, and rapemeal and potassium sulphate by more than 25%. In all treatments, K offtakes in the grass/clover were considerably greater than fertilizer K inputs. The grass/clover showed an increased uptake of Na where insufficient K was available. However, the Mg content of the grass/clover was not adversely affected by K fertilizer application. Organic farmers need to consider the soil K status, the rotational nutrient budget, the supply of all nutrients in fertilizing materials and nutrient interactions to achieve effective K management in organic farming systems. 相似文献
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R. Meissner H. Rupp J. Seeger P. Schonert 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1995,6(3):163-170
A lysimeter experiment on mineral fertilizer use and soil type was begun in 1985 to study the interrelationships between the level of mineral fertilization and the leaching of nutrients. Increased application of mineral fertilizers brought about not only a significant reduction in effluence build-up, but also a significant increase in yield. The lowest levels of nitrogen leaching were found in clay-sand soil in use as grassland, and the highest in sandy soil used as arable land. Unexpectedly, the study was unable to prove statistically that a reduction in N, P and K leaching follows automatically from a reduction in mineral fertilization. Hence, suboptimal fertilization cannot be the only corrective measure if a noticeable or marked reduction in the adverse impact on water quality due to nutrient leaching is to be achieved. Interim plantings should be integrated in crop rotations. Agricultural crops must be siteadapted and suited to the fertilization regime. 相似文献
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西湖平原区连续13年定位施肥对麦、稻产量及土壤肥力的影响 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
徐祖祥 《植物营养与肥料学报》2011,17(1):16-21
以浙江省水网平原水稻主产区土壤为对象,通过定位试验,研究了连续13年的不同施肥处理对麦稻产量、土壤养分状况和物理性状的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥可显著提高麦、稻产量; 不同施肥处理的长期定位试验土壤有机质含量和全氮均呈上升趋势,增幅依次为: 栏肥+NPK秸秆+NPKNPK秸秆栏肥CK处理; 土壤碱解氮和速效磷也呈增加趋势,以栏肥+NPK处理的增幅最为明显。土壤物理性状的分析表明,长期施肥均能明显增加土壤水稳性团粒含量和土壤孔隙度。经土壤养分平衡分析,栏肥+NPK、秸秆+NPK和NPK处理的氮和磷呈现盈余,秸秆和CK处理氮和磷亏缺; 栏肥+NPK和秸秆+NPK处理钾基本平衡,NPK、秸秆、栏肥和CK处理钾严重亏缺。长期定位试验进一步证明有机肥与氮、磷、钾化肥长期配合施用可实现当地农作物持续稳产,农田施肥管理要注意适当减少氮、磷投入,增加钾肥施用量,保持农田土壤养分平衡。 相似文献
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生物质炭基肥缓释性能及对土壤改良的研究进展 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
生物质炭基肥是以生物质炭为基质,与有机、无机肥料配制而成的新型生态环保缓释肥料,也作为土壤改良剂应用于农业生产中,近年来受到农业与环保领域的广泛关注和研究应用。本文讨论了生物质炭基肥缓释性能机制及影响因素,生物质炭基肥的缓释性能在很大程度上取决于磷、氮、钾元素与生物质炭的结合方式。主要结合方式包括静电吸附、络合、矿化等。生物质炭基肥的缓释性能受到生物质炭原料种类、炭基肥制备方法和炭肥配合比的影响。生物质炭基肥通过改善土壤理化性质、调节土壤微生物活性,提高植物对养分的利用效率以及减少土壤中养分流失。综合已有研究与应用结果,需要进一步开展生物质炭基肥在土壤中的长期应用效果、老化过程研究,注重在老化过程中对土壤微生物结构的风险评估;建立生物质炭基肥的标准化应用体系,研究和完善生物质炭基肥对土壤持续的、累加性的改良标准。 相似文献