活性碳可减轻黄曲霉毒素毒性

活性碳可减轻黄曲霉毒素毒性李凯年译自《Ｒｅｓ．Ｖｅｔ．Ｓｃｉ》１９９４，（１）姜行知校黄曲霉毒素中毒是畜禽的一种重要疾病。在许多国家，畜禽饲料被黄曲霉毒素污染相当普遍。从污染饲料中清除黄曲霉毒素仍然是一个主要问题。人们曾试用许多方法如化学灭活、溶剂提...     

NSP可以防止肉鸡黄曲霉毒素中毒

黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)是一种能够引起饲料严重污染的霉菌，黄曲霉产生的黄曲霉毒素(anatoxin)毒性极强，不易破坏，能够对畜禽造成严重的危害。畜禽摄入被黄曲霉毒素污染的饲料可以出现生长不良，饲料转化率降低，死亡率增加，对疾病易感，而且黄曲霉毒素可以在动物源性食品中残留，给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。此外，黄曲霉毒素对微营养状态的影响也引起了人们的关注。据报告，     

黄曲霉毒素及其解毒剂在畜禽营养上的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是畜禽饲料中危害最严重的生物类毒素,作者综述了黄曲霉毒素在畜禽体内的代谢及其对畜禽生长性能、抗氧化系统、免疫系统和肝脏的毒性作用,并介绍了物理吸附类、化学反应类、生物降解类和联合应用类黄曲霉毒素解毒剂及其作用效果,为饲料行业研究如何避免黄曲霉毒素污染提供参考。     

黄曲霉毒素污染饲料的脱毒处理

黄曲霉毒素主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生。玉米、棉籽饼粕、花生饼粕、大豆饼粕、草木樨干草、燕麦干草等最易被污染。当饲料中黄曲霉毒素含量大于１ppm时，可使所饲喂的畜禽中毒死亡。黄曲霉毒素中毒症以猪、鸡多见，其次为鸭和牛。饲料是否被黄曲霉毒素污染可以用紫外线灯快速检测，取饲料放在紫外线灯下观察，若能看到黄绿色荧光，即为有毒，若看不到荧光，可将饲料压碎后再放到紫外线灯下继续观察，若仍看不到荧光，说明不带黄曲霉毒素。被黄曲霉毒素污染的饲料经安全处理后可以用于饲喂畜禽，其处理方法及饲喂时应注意的事项为：１．发…     

2013年1-6月饲料及原料中霉菌毒素分析报告

饲料及其原料中不可避免地存在霉菌毒素污染现象,给畜禽养殖业及饲料工业带来不良影响。笔者对2013年上半年霉菌毒素检测结果进行分析,结果发现,饲料及原料总体上黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染严重;玉米副产物霉菌毒素污染最严重;玉米和配合饲料主要霉菌毒素污染为玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素;小麦、麸皮主要污染物为呕吐毒素;饼粕类特别是花生粕中黄曲霉毒素污染较严重。     

2013年上半年南京奥迈霉菌毒素分析报告

饲料及原料中不可避免地存在霉菌毒素污染,给畜禽养殖业及饲料工业带来极为不良的影响。南京奥迈科技有限公司霉菌毒素分析中心对2013年上半年霉菌毒素检测结果进行分析,结果表明:饲料及原料总体上黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染严重;玉米副产物霉菌毒素污染最严重;玉米和配合饲料主要污染玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素;小麦、麸皮的主要污染物为呕吐毒素;饼粕类特别是花生粕黄曲霉毒素污染较严重。     

饲料中黄曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害及控制方法

近年来畜禽因食用含有大量黄曲霉毒素的饲料而引起中毒的事件时有发生,并有上升趋势。因此,特将畜禽黄曲霉毒素B1中毒症状、饲料中黄曲霉毒素的危害及控制方法作一简介,以帮助大家认识了解黄曲霉毒素。畜禽黄曲霉毒素中毒病主要是由发霉饲料引起的畜禽常见病之一。它是由于畜禽采食了被黄曲霉或寄生曲霉等污     

霉菌毒素无处藏 快速检测出新招——霉菌毒素检测技术暨饲料防霉应用技术培训班成功举办

霉菌毒素对饲料的污染日趋严重,已经对畜牧业生产造成了重大损失,据不完全统计,100%玉米被黄曲霉毒素及其他毒素污染和90%以上混合饲料被霉菌污染的事实,彻底粉碎了怀有侥幸心理的所谓无霉菌污染地区饲料从业人员的梦想,霉菌毒素污染已经成为全球畜禽饲料和人类食品安全的严重威胁因素之一。     

饲料黄曲霉毒素及其防治研究进展

黄曲霉毒素广泛存在于天然谷物中,给食品、饲料行业造成严重危害,严重威胁畜禽和人类健康.主要介绍黄曲霉毒素的特点、理化性质、分布、作用机理、饲料及饲料原料中污染状况、限量标准及其危害,并从预防和脱除两个方面阐述控制饲料中黄曲霉毒素污染的措施,以期为保障饲料及畜牧产品质量安全提供参考.     

信息采撷

饲料污染的六种途径在畜禽养殖时,来自饲料方面的种种污染,往往导致养殖损失。在使用养殖饲料时,要严防以下六种污染:1虫害鼠害污染在温度适宜、湿度较大的情况下螨类对饲料危害较大。鼠害不仅会造成饲料损失,还会造成饲料污染,传播疾病。2微生物类污染饲料滋生有害微生物会产生黄曲霉毒素、赤霉素、赤霉烯酮等对畜禽有害的毒素。其中黄曲霉毒素的毒性最强。3抗营养因子污染饲料中的抗营养因子主要有蛋白酶抑制因子、碳水化合物抑制因子等,它们的存在会干扰畜禽对饲料养分的消化、吸收和利用。4有害化学物质污染主要包括农药污染、工业“三…     

Aflatoxicosis in feedlot cattle

Aflatoxicosis was diagnosed in lightweight feedlot cattle fed aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed or gin trash. Clinical signs of hepatic damage and death were recorded for more than 200 of the 14,000 animals in a feedlot. Aflatoxin concentration in feedlot products fed to these cattle ranged from 96 to 1,700 ng/g. Diagnosis was based on the correlation of characteristic microscopic liver lesions, high concentration of aflatoxin in cottonseed feed products, and isolation and detection of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in urine and liver from affected calves. This report describes a large-scale outbreak of aflatoxicosis and demonstrates the need for careful quality control of feed products susceptible to aflatoxin contamination.     

16种植物性饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B1+B2）污染调查检测及控制建议

为掌握黄曲霉毒素B₁、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）在植物性饲料原料中的污染状况,指导帮助饲料企业和养殖企业开展霉菌毒素防控,降低霉菌毒素对饲料产品质量及畜禽养殖产品危害,减少经济损失,2020年对16种60份植物性饲料原料进行调查采样,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法、免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱法检测,依据《饲料卫生标准》（GB 13078-2017）判定分析。结果表明：黄曲霉毒素B₁、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）在16种植物性饲料原料中的污染状况不同。黄曲霉毒素B₁、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）检出率分别为13.30%、1.60%、31.60%,最大检测值分别为318.00 μg/kg、5.70 μg/kg、50.66 mg/kg;T-2毒素检出率为0。黄曲霉毒素B₁、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）3种霉菌毒素在16种植物性饲料原料中存在污染,整体污染率33.30%;2种植物性饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B₁超标,其他原料无超标,污染率与超标率不成正比,表明霉菌毒素在植物性饲料原料中污染普遍,对饲料产品、养殖产品及消费安全造成严重影响和潜在危害。针对该问题,提出确保植物性饲料原料质量安全建议,为今后控制饲料原料中霉菌毒素污染提供参考。     

The significance of mycotoxin assimilation for meat animals

Mycotoxins may influence animal health and may be responsible for alterations in carcass composition and quality. Of major interest is the formation of residues in edible tissues, which had been demonstrated for the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites, for ochratoxin A, zearalenone, as well as some trichothecenes. The amount of detectable residue depends on the initial feed contamination, duration of toxin exposure and persistence of the toxin within the animal the latter varying according to the species. Thus, residues of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A could be detected with a higher frequency than residues of trichothecenes which are rapidly metabolized and therefore only rarely contribute to a contamination of edible tissues. However, sufficient data for the evaluation of approximative carry over rates are not available for all mycotoxins. The majority of mycotoxins are heat tolerant and therefore a decomposition during cooking or processing is almost unlikely.     

2018年山东省饲料原料及配合饲料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

为了解山东省饲料原料及配合饲料中霉菌毒素含量及污染状况,随机采集于山东各地饲料原料2 237份,配合饲料1 432份,利用上转发光竞争抑制免疫层析法分别测定了黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB_1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和呕吐毒素(DON)含量。结果表明:饲料原料中AFB_1污染率为39.20%,超标率为7.18%;ZEN污染率为43.23%,超标率为12.82%;DON污染率为62.58%,超标率为1.79%。玉米及副产物应重点关注3种毒素的污染,小麦及副产物和米糠重点关注DON污染,花生饼粕重点关注AFB_1的污染;配合饲料中AFB_1污染率为45.88%,超标率为2.74%;ZEN污染率为57.05%,超标率为4.04%;DON污染率为77.37%,超标率为0.81%。配合饲料应关注鸭饲料及猪饲料3种毒素的污染,雏鸡饲料应关注AFB_1污染,生长及产蛋鸡饲料应关注ZEN含量,奶牛精料补充料应关注DON和AFB_1的污染。     

黄曲霉毒素生物降解的研究及前景展望

黄曲霉毒素的强毒性和强致癌性严重威胁动物的生产性能和人类健康,每年给食品工业、饲料工业和畜牧业带来巨大的经济损失.由于物理和化学方法去除黄曲霉毒素存在种种应用缺陷,目前生物降解黄曲霉毒素成为安全、高效且环保的解毒方法而备受关注.本文就国内外黄曲霉毒素生物降解的研究作一综述,同时对生物降解应用前景进行展望.     

Mycotoxin interactions in poultry and swine

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi. When one mycotoxin is detected, one should suspect that others also are present in a contaminated feed ingredient or finished feeds. The toxicity and clinical signs of observed in animals when more than one mycotoxin is present in feed are complex and diverse. Some mycotoxins, such as the combination of aflatoxin with either ochratoxin A or T-2 toxin, interact to produce synergistic toxicity in broiler chicks. The effects observed during multiple mycotoxin exposure can differ greatly from the effects observed in animals exposed to a single mycotoxin. For example, fatty livers in poultry are used for presumptive diagnostic identification of aflatoxicosis. However, simultaneous presence of ochratoxin A prevents fatty livers. Of the mycotoxin combinations that have been investigated in poultry and swine, the aflatoxin + ochratoxin A and aflatoxin + T-2 toxin interactions appear to be the most toxic.     

The significance of mycotoxin assimilation for the contamination of milk and milk products

The two possible pathways contaminating milk and milk products with mycotoxins are either the secretory or post-secretory route. The latter is of only little importance due to cooling conditions in production and storage. A secretory contamination can only occur with such mycotoxins, which undergo no complete degradation through their passage into the milk. From the mycotoxins, present in cow's feed; virtually only aflatoxin B1 yields a milkborne metabolite, the aflatoxin M1. The carry over rate is low (2 +/- 1%), but can be enhanced by polyhalogenated biphenyls, also present in the forage. Under normal conditions, however, this enhancement will not be measurable due to low equimolar concentrations of both reactants. The aflatoxin M1 content in herd's bulk milk depends exclusively on the content of the precursor aflatoxin B1 in the ration of the cow and is with less than 10 ng/kg fairly low at present in the Federal Republic of Germany. A careful supervision of the imported feed ingredients for mixed feed, however, will ensure to keep those batches out of dairy cow feeding which exceed a certain level of aflatoxin. The legal threshold is 10 micrograms/kg, being even too high to ensure a milk containing less than 10 ng/kg under high energy feeding conditions. The discussed thresholds for aflatoxin M1 in milk are 50 and 10 ng/kg resp., the latter value is scheduled for milk used in infant nutrition. To keep this low concentration the intake of aflatoxin B1 must be less than 2 micrograms/kg of the daily ration.     

陕南关中地区饲料霉菌毒素污染调查与风险监测

2011-2012年三原、渭南、汉中等地因霉菌素污染造成仔猪腹泻死亡,为此对陕南、关中地区的部分饲料加工企业的饲料用玉米、仔猪配合料、育肥猪配合饲料、母猪配合饲料中的黄曲霉毒素B1、呕吐霉素、赭曲霉毒素进行了抽样调查和风险摸底监测。100批次样品全部采用酶联免疫快速试剂盒检测,检测结果显示,黄曲霉毒素B1的检出率为72．37％,超标率为4％;赭曲霉毒素虽未超标,但检出率高达48．48％;呕吐毒素的检出率最高,高达96．97％,超标率高达529,6,是所有产品中污染率和污染程度最高的。调查结果表明：我省陕南、关中地区的饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇毒素的污染较为严重,黄曲霉毒素次之,赭曲霉毒素的污染相对较低。并对饲料科学管理防潮通风等提出建议。     

Potential Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus</Emphasis> Species in Poultry Feed Processing

Poultry feeds are prone to fungal growth and mycotoxin production during processing. The identification of biota with the ability to produce mycotoxins is essential. The aims of this study were (1) to monitor the mycobiota counts at different stages of poultry feed processing; (2) to determine the occurrence of Aspergillus species; (3) to evaluate the natural incidence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. The ability of Aspergillus spp. and its teleomorphs isolated here to produce these toxins was also investigated. Samples (144) were collected at random from a factory in Brazil. The occurrence of Aspergillus and Eurotium species was demonstrated on DRBC and DG18 media and the production of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A and their natural incidence were determined by TLC and HPLC methods. A. flavus and E. chevalieri were the most prevalent species isolated. Fungal contamination was not found after the pelleting process, though Aspergillus and Eurotium species were recovered from trough samples. High levels of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A producers were found at all stages of poultry feed processing. Also, high natural contamination with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was found in the samples. Contact of feed with remainder poultry feed could lead to fungal contamination, so the risk of aflatoxin and/or ochratoxin A contamination of feed must be taken into account.