基于地块尺度多时相遥感影像的冬小麦种植面积提取

针对仅利用单一遥感影像数据获取农作物信息精度不够问题,该文选择冬小麦主产地河南省兰考县乡镇作为研究区,以2017年多时相中分辨率Landsat8 OLI影像和Google earth上下载的亚米级高分影像为遥感数据源,结合光谱差异和农田地块信息实现冬小麦的精确提取。该算法首先构建不同时相决策树模型,分别实现2个时相的冬小麦区域初步提取;其次通过将对高分影像多尺度分割产生的地块信息分别与2个时相冬小麦播种面积初步区域相互叠加,完成地块单元控制下的冬小麦播种面积分地块统计,并通过设定不同统计阈值,分析落在每一地块单元下的冬小麦区域,生成基于地块单元的冬小麦播种面积分布图;最后通过多时相交叉验证,获取最终冬小麦播种区域。结果表明：该方法能更加准确提取冬小麦种植面积,保持较低的误判率（1.3%）水平下,得到较高的提取正确率（95.9%）,较通过对比单一Google earth高分辨率影像获取冬小麦精度（85.6%）高,该研究对通过融合多源多时相影像数据获取农作物提供参考。     

用NOAA图像监测冬小麦面积的方法研究

冬小麦种植面积是农情监测中一个重要的监测因素,对生产管理与产量预测有重要意义。该文在冬小麦与同期主要大宗作物绿度－时相曲线对比分析的基础之上,建立反映冬小麦种植区域的差值植被指数图像,采用遥感－统计的方法,对利用ＮＯＡＡ图像进行冬小麦种植面积遥感监测进行了初步研究。通过对我国冬小麦主产区的河北、河南和山东三省的监测实验证明,该方法适用于大范围的冬小麦种植面积遥感监测。     

利用MODIS遥感数据监测冬小麦种植面积

冬小麦是中国最主要的粮食作物之一，利用遥感技术进行冬小麦种植面积监测是粮食安全的核心内容之一。美国1999年发射的TERRA卫星上携带的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIs）具有独特的光谱、时相和空间分辨率，为大范围的冬小麦种植面积监测提供了可靠的数据源。但中国耕地破碎，即使是250m分辨率的MODIS数据，采用传统的信息提取方法依然无法取得高的精度。因此结合多源遥感数据和GIS数据，建立了基于TERRA／MODIS数据的冬小麦种植面积遥感监测体系结构。首先利用IKONOS米级高分辨率遥感影像提取试验样区的地块图，用以指导野外采样工作；其次，在采样工作基础上，利用LANDSAT进行区域冬小麦种植面积提取；最后利用2002年TERRA／MODIS时间序列数据的混合像元线性分解模型进行河南省冬小麦种植面积的遥感监测，监测结果与国家统计数据相比，相对误差为5．25％，精度能满足农情监测的需要。研究结果为中国冬小麦种植面积遥感监测提供了一种业务化工作方法。     

基于HJ-1A/B-CCD影像的湖北省冬小麦和油菜分布信息的提取方法

利用不同时期HJ-1 A/B-CCD影像提取湖北省冬小麦和油菜分布信息.计算冬小麦、油菜不同生长期的NDVI曲线,通过野外调查和测量,获取冬小麦、油菜和其它典型地物的光谱特征.确定CCD影像提取冬小麦和油菜信息的最佳时相及不同地物在CCD影像上的色彩特征.采取最大似然分类法,对CCD影像进行分类,提取冬小麦、油菜分布信息.结果表明,HJ-1 A/B-CCD影像提取精度达95.48％,可以用于提取冬小麦、油菜分布信息;对于湖北省而言,3月中、下旬(冬小麦拔节、油菜开花)是HJ卫星提取冬小麦、油菜信息的最佳时相;在最佳时相内,冬小麦和油菜具有不同的光谱特征和CCD影像色彩特点,且样本分布服从近似正态分布,可以用最大似然方法提取其信息.     

基于改进多元纹理信息模型和GF-1影像的县域冬小麦面积提取

作物面积监测具有较强的时效性,应用不断发展的遥感技术能够及时可靠地监测主要作物的种植面积。该文围绕国产高分一号卫星(GF-1)农业应用关键技术,研究县域尺度农作物种植面积快速准确提取的方法。在考虑多光谱遥感影像空间相关性的基础上,利用矩阵分解和距离空间转换等数学工具设计一种改进多元纹理信息(modified multivariate texture,MMT)提取模型,实现基于GF-1遥感影像的改进多元纹理信息提取、纹理与光谱信息融合以及基于融合影像分类的县域尺度冬小麦识别和面积提取。选用冬小麦出苗和越冬2期GF-1宽视场影像,结合地面实测数据和最佳识别时相遥感参考数据,对比分析基于光谱信息、单变量纹理与光谱融合信息、改进多元纹理与光谱融合信息的3种冬小麦识别和面积量算结果,实现对改进多元纹理信息效果以及小区域和较大区域上冬小麦面积提取的精度验证。试验结果表明:1)与基于其他2种传统分类特征信息的结果相比,改进多元纹理信息的加入能够显著提高冬小麦识别精度(出苗期提高4.12%和2.36%,越冬期提高2.59%和0.94%);2)在不考虑影像质量、生育期和地面样方测量精度等客观因素的影响下,基于该文方法的小区域内冬小麦面积提取精度普遍优于90%;3)在冬小麦长势稳定的时相(越冬期),基于该文方法的较大区域冬小麦面积量算结果能够达到接近最佳识别时相(孕穗期)的面积提取精度,二者的一致性程度超过97%。因而,利用GF-1宽视场影像能够有效提取县域尺度冬小麦种植面积,可为农作物监测业务运行提供遥感数据保障。     

基于光谱特征分析的主要秋季作物类型提取研究

为快速、准确地在遥感图像上提取各种农作物类型信息，满足国家农情遥感监测系统的要求，以2002年北京地区主要秋季作物提取为例，利用Terra/MODIS数据，采用波谱分析的方法，建立一种基于遥感影像全覆盖的秋季作物类型自动提取方法，实现主要秋季作物遥感自动识别。首先根据研究区秋季作物的波谱特性和生物学特性，选取了红波段、蓝波段、近红外波段和中短波红外波段作为秋季作物类型提取的工作波段；同时，还利用由这4个波段构建的陆表水分指数和增强型指标指数作为遥感特征参量。其次根据研究区农作物物候历特征，提取了2002年4月到9月共7个时相的MODIS数据。最后，采用分层决策树方法提取研究区主要秋季作物类型，并进行面积统计。为了验证其精度，与国家农业部农业统计数据进行比较，结果其精度达到86%以上。这表明，仅利用MODIS自身光谱信息，即可较为准确地提取秋季作物类型信息，精度基本能满足了大尺度农情遥感监测的要求，可以为农业决策部门提供信息服务。     

利用Terra/MODIS数据提取冬小麦面积及精度分析

利用遥感技术提取作物播种面积是农情监测研究中一种实用而可行的方法。以河北省藁城市为研究区域,研究利用多时相Terra/MODIS数据提取2004年冬小麦播种面积的技术方法。在分析MODIS波谱特性与冬小麦生物学特征,并考虑了有关植被指数图像对面积提取精度的影响基础上,选择将MODIS数据的Red、Blue、NIR和ESWIR波段作为基础工作波段。利用4种方法提取了2004年藁城市各乡镇的冬小麦播种面积,并利用2004年各乡镇统计数据及土地利用数据进行了精度评价。结果表明：4种方法提取的冬小麦播种面积总体上都与参考值比较吻合,总体误差和平均误差均小于5%。可见,利用Terra/MODIS数据提取冬小麦播种面积是完全可行的。研究还发现,最佳的MODIS数据是冬小麦抽穗期的Red、Blue、NIR、ESWIR波段图像和冬小麦播种期与抽穗期EVI差值图像的组合。     

基于遥感数据的冬小麦农情监测研究进展

对国内基于遥感数据冬小麦农情监测技术的研究与应用进行了全面的回顾,对冬小麦长势、产量、品质和灾害预测预报方面的研究进展作了较系统的调查及研究,分析了遥感技术在小麦农情监测方面取得的成效。提出了冬小麦冠层光谱指数和遥感信息与冠层生化参量之间的关系是实现小麦农情监测的关键,对利用遥感技术进行小麦生长发育监测进行了展望。     

冬小麦病害与产量损失的多时相遥感监测

为了开展农作物病害遥感监测与产量损失评估,该文以北京郊区大田生产条件下的冬小麦条锈病、白粉病的为研究对象,获取了2007年4月10日、4月26日、5月12日、5月28日共四期Landsat TM卫星影像,准同步地测量了试验地块的冠层光谱数据及配套农学数据。利用该4个时相的遥感数据,分析了试验区的冬小麦条锈病、白粉病在主要生育期的光谱特征及其变化,与对照地块相比,病害小麦在可见光和短波红外波段的光谱反射率降增大,近红外波段反射率减小,红边则会向短波方向移动,红边振幅减小,NDVI值减小。并利用冬小麦病害发生前期（4月10日,4月26日）的卫星遥感数据建立了作物产量的早期预测模型,结合实测的产量数据,定量计算了条锈病和白粉病的产量损失,结果表明两个白粉病和条锈病小麦地块的减产幅度超过了30%。     

高分辨率遥感影像中冬小麦长势空间异质性特征分析

遥感影像可以同时获取地物波谱及空间位置信息,为作物长势的空间变异研究提供新的技术手段,该文利用高空间分辨率遥感影像开展了冬小麦地块内长势空间异质性特征的提取及分析。研究基于小麦挑旗期QuickBird遥感影像,选取不同长势冬小麦地块,计算地块内冬小麦归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)的经验半方差函数,采用最小二乘算法进行模型拟合,得到冬小麦地块NDVI最优半方差模型及参数(基台值、变程、块金值)。结果表明,不同冬小麦地块NDVI经验半方差图呈现明显的有基台模式,冬小麦NDVI表现出明显的带状异向性特征。在垂直及平行垄向上,基台值与地块内NDVI纹理值域范围、纹理方差均极显著正相关(P0.01),且受方向影响不大;变程在垂直垄向上与地块内部作物NDVI均值呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与变异系数及NDVI小于0.40的像元覆盖度极显著正相关(P0.01);块金值垂直垄向上与作物NDVI均值、变异系数、小于0.40的像元覆盖度有极显著关系(P0.01),变程、块金值在平行垄向与各个因子无相关性。该研究为利用遥感影像揭示作物长势的空间变异提供了参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.