醚菌酯对假禾谷镰孢的抑制作用及对小麦茎基腐病的防效研究

 为了明确醚菌酯对假禾谷镰孢的抑制作用,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发抑制法分别测定了醚菌酯对2019年从河南省13个地市分离的50株假禾谷镰孢的毒力。两种方法结果表明,醚菌酯对供试50株菌株的EC₅₀值范围分别在0.127 3~3.070 9 μg·mL^-1和0.001 3~0.070 9 μg·mL^-1,平均EC₅₀值为(1.304 1±0.804 2)μg·mL^-1和(0.017 4±0.017 0)μg·mL^-1。敏感性频率分布图显示,两种方法分别有80％(40株)和70％(35株)的菌株敏感性频率呈正态分布,其平均EC₅₀值分别为(1.135 2±0.531 2)μg·mL^-1和(0.011 4±0.006 3)μg·mL^-1,可作为假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯的敏感性基线。方差分析结果表明,同一县市的假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯的敏感性差异较大,EC₅₀值变化范围为0.545 2~2.156 4 μg·mL^-1和0.001 9~0.036 7 μg·mL^-1。聚类分析结果显示,河南省假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯敏感性差异与菌株的地理来源无明显关联性。温室防效结果显示,小麦种子与醚菌酯悬浮种衣剂进行拌种处理可以起到一定防治效果,0.42 μL AI/2g处理防效最高,防治效果可达50.33％。本研究结果可为河南省假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯的敏感性监测提供信息,同时为醚菌酯对小麦茎基腐病的防治提供理论依据。     

河北省梨树褐斑病菌对不同机制杀菌剂的敏感性及其与戊唑醇敏感性的关系

 为明确河北省梨树褐斑病菌(Septoria piricola Desm)对戊唑醇和双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯、环丙唑醇等不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感性及交互抗性,采用室内菌丝生长速率法和田间小区试验分别测定了不同杀菌剂对11个地市分离到的133 株病菌菌株的毒力,以及对梨树褐斑病的防治效果,研究了病菌对戊唑醇与对双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯、环丙唑醇等药剂敏感性的相关性。结果显示:戊唑醇对梨树褐斑病菌供试133株菌株的EC₅₀ 范围在0.0392~2.0522 μg·mL^-1 之间,平均EC₅₀为0.5486±0.0012 μg·mL^-1;不同县市内的菌株对戊唑醇EC₅₀的最大值和最小值之比为2.7~7.4;各县市的菌株对戊唑醇敏感性差异不显著,戊唑醇EC₅₀平均值变化范围在0.1639~0.9124 μg·mL^-1 之间。将梨树褐斑病菌对双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐和吡唑醚菌酯EC₅₀平均值0.2621±0.0014 μg·mL^-1、0.2750±0.0017 μg·mL^-1分别作为该病菌对上述2种杀菌剂的敏感基线;梨褐斑病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性与其对双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性之间无相关性,与其对环丙唑醇的敏感性存在相关性。戊唑醇与双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、戊唑醇与吡唑醚菌酯可以复配使用,最佳增效配比分别为1∶6和4∶1。田间防病试验结果表明:戊唑醇与双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐(30+180 μg·mL^-1)、戊唑醇与吡唑醚菌酯(100+25 μg·mL^-1)田间防效与单剂之间差异显著,1次用药后10 d防效分别为95.49%、93.48%,3次用药后10 d防效分别为86.51%、87.40%,3次用药后50 d防效分别为69.02%、70.33%,持效性均明显优于单剂。     

河北省梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性

 为明确河北省梨树褐斑病菌(Septoria piricola Desm) 对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了苯醚甲环唑对从该省11个地市分离的133 株菌株的毒力,通过方差及聚类分析法对测定结果进行了分析,并分别研究了苯醚甲环唑与双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇敏感性的相关性。结果显示:梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑菌丝生长的最低抑制浓度为3 μg·mL^-1;供试133株菌株对苯醚甲环唑的EC₅₀范围在0.032 2~1.882 2 μg·mL^-1 之间,平均EC₅₀为(0.488 8 ±0.003 9) μg·mL^-1;敏感性频率分布图显示,病菌群体中存在着对苯醚甲环唑敏感性较低的亚群体,但 81.95% 供试菌株敏感性频率呈正态分布,将此部分菌株的 EC₅₀平均值为(0.319 3±0.001 8) μg·mL^-1 作为梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性基线。方差分析及聚类结果均显示,不同县市内的菌株对苯醚甲环唑EC₅₀的最大值和最小值之比为1.7~7.5;各县市的菌株对苯醚甲环唑敏感性不同,苯醚甲环唑EC₅₀平均值变化范围在0.207 4~0.961 2 g·mL^-1 之间,最大值是最小值的4.6倍;梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性与其对双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性之间无明显相关性,与戊唑醇的敏感性之间存在相关性,苯醚甲环唑与双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、苯醚甲环唑与吡唑醚菌酯可以复配使用。表明河北省梨树褐斑病菌群体中尽管存在着敏感性较低的亚群体,但可通过药剂复配进行防控。     

河北省梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性

 为明确河北省梨树褐斑病菌(Septoria piricola Desm) 对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了苯醚甲环唑对从该省11个地市分离的133 株菌株的毒力,通过方差及聚类分析法对测定结果进行了分析,并分别研究了苯醚甲环唑与双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇敏感性的相关性。结果显示:梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑菌丝生长的最低抑制浓度为3 μg·mL^-1;供试133株菌株对苯醚甲环唑的EC₅₀范围在0.032 2~1.882 2 μg·mL^-1 之间,平均EC₅₀为(0.488 8 ±0.003 9) μg·mL^-1;敏感性频率分布图显示,病菌群体中存在着对苯醚甲环唑敏感性较低的亚群体,但 81.95% 供试菌株敏感性频率呈正态分布,将此部分菌株的 EC₅₀平均值为(0.319 3±0.001 8) μg·mL^-1 作为梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性基线。方差分析及聚类结果均显示,不同县市内的菌株对苯醚甲环唑EC₅₀的最大值和最小值之比为1.7~7.5;各县市的菌株对苯醚甲环唑敏感性不同,苯醚甲环唑EC₅₀平均值变化范围在0.207 4~0.961 2 g·mL^-1 之间,最大值是最小值的4.6倍;梨树褐斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性与其对双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性之间无明显相关性,与戊唑醇的敏感性之间存在相关性,苯醚甲环唑与双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、苯醚甲环唑与吡唑醚菌酯可以复配使用。表明河北省梨树褐斑病菌群体中尽管存在着敏感性较低的亚群体,但可通过药剂复配进行防控。     

河南省小麦假禾谷镰孢菌对氟环唑的敏感性

为了解河南省假禾谷镰孢菌对氟环唑的敏感性，本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了氟环唑对2019年从河南省16个地市分离的100株假禾谷镰孢菌的毒力。结果表明：氟环唑对供试菌株菌丝生长的EC₅₀值为0.002 4～0.505 4μg·mL^-1,EC₅₀平均值为(0.109 3±0.095 7)μg·mL^-1;敏感性频率分布图显示，89株供试菌株位于相应的主峰范围内，敏感性频率分布为连续单峰曲线，将其EC₅₀平均值为(0.082 1±0.046 8)μg·mL^-1作为假禾谷镰孢菌对氟环唑的敏感性基线。方差分析显示：不同地市菌株对氟环唑的敏感性差异较小，各地市菌株EC₅₀平均值变化范围为0.050 8～0.296 8μg·mL^-1;同一地市菌株对氟环唑的敏感性差异较大，商丘虞城最不敏感菌株的EC₅₀值是最敏感菌株的210.58倍。聚类分析表明：河南省假禾谷镰孢菌对氟环唑的敏感性差异与菌株的地理来源无明显关...     

2014年海南省橡胶炭疽病菌对多菌灵和咪鲜胺的敏感性测定

 2014年从海南省4个市(县)分离获得43株橡胶炭疽病菌,进行病原菌鉴定后,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了其对多菌灵和咪鲜胺的敏感性,结果表明:供试菌株中,有23个属于胶孢炭疽病菌,20个属于尖孢炭疽病菌。所有供试菌株对多菌灵和咪鲜胺的EC₅₀值分布范围分别为(0.332 3~7.425 6)和(0.009 1~0.113 3) mg·L^-1,平均值分别为(1.714 1±1.684 7)和(0.036 8±0.023 8)mg·L^-1。其中尖孢炭疽病菌对多菌灵的EC₅₀值要显著高于胶孢炭疽病菌,EC₅₀平均值分别为(2.922 7±1.556 3)和(0.663 2±0.194 4)mg·L^-1,但2种病原菌对咪鲜胺的EC₅₀值没有显著差异,EC₅₀平均值分别为(0.038 3±0.015 2)和(0.035 5±0.020 1)mg·L^-1。供试菌株对多菌灵和咪鲜胺的敏感性无显著相关性,可以在生产上交替使用。     

苹果轮纹病菌对苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑的敏感性及其交互抗性

 为明确苹果轮纹病菌对苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑的敏感性状况,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法检测了90个采自山东省各地区的苹果轮纹病菌对苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑的敏感性。实验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑对轮纹病菌的EC₅₀平均值分别为0.198 1±0.247 1 μg·mL^-1和0.117 4±0.121 8 μg·mL^-1。频次分布图显示,苹果轮纹病菌群体中出现了敏感性降低的亚群体。三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑、氟硅唑和戊唑醇之间具有交互抗性;而三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑、氟硅唑、戊唑醇与代森锰锌之间不存在交互抗性。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑对高敏感性和低敏感性病菌引起的枝干轮纹病具有同等的防治效果。本研究结果为田间防控苹果轮纹病的杀菌剂合理轮换使用提供了理论依据。     

福建省草莓炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及与其他药剂的交互抗性

为明确吡唑醚菌酯对福建省草莓炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides的防治潜力和应用前景,采用室内生测法测定草莓炭疽病菌对该菌剂的敏感性及其与6种不同杀菌剂之间的交互抗性。结果显示,吡唑醚菌酯对福建省5个地区分离的62株草莓炭疽菌菌株的EC₅₀介于0.086～0.879μg/mL之间,总变异系数为10.24,且符合正态分布,以其平均值0.363μg/mL为敏感基线的菌株抗性比值均低于5;此外,吡唑醚菌酯EC₅₀与多菌灵、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、咪酰胺、咯菌腈、甲基硫菌灵的EC₅₀间不存在显著相关性。表明福建省不同地区草莓炭疽病菌群体对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性虽存在一定变异,但仍均较敏感;吡唑醚菌酯与其他6种杀菌剂间不存在交互抗性,可用于防控草莓炭疽病。     

油茶炭疽病病原鉴定及绿色防治药剂筛选

油茶炭疽病是我国油茶重要病害,为筛选出有效的防治药剂,本研究从我国油茶主产区采集具有典型症状的炭疽病病叶分离病原菌,结合病原菌形态特征和多基因系统发育分析对其进行了系统鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定病原菌对化学杀菌剂敏感性。结果表明,本研究分离出的17株油茶炭疽病菌均属于刺盘孢属胶孢复合群(Gloeosporioides complex)真菌,包括山茶刺盘孢Colletotrichum camelllae、果生刺盘孢Colletotrichum fructicola、暹罗刺盘孢Colletotrichum siamense、胶孢刺盘孢Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、卡瓦刺盘孢Colletotrichum kahawae、哈锐刺盘孢Colletotrichum horri等。测试的13种杀菌剂中,油茶炭疽病菌对咪鲜胺药剂最敏感,平均EC₅₀值为0.035 μg/mL;其次为氟啶胺、多菌灵、咯菌腈、吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、氟环唑、苯并烯氟菌唑和戊唑醇,平均EC₅₀依次为0.076、0.169、0.202、0.243、0.342、0.490、0.534和1.401 μg/mL;此外,测试的油茶炭疽病菌对嘧菌酯、啶酰菌胺、氟醚菌酰胺和氟吡菌酰胺四种药剂均不敏感,平均EC₅₀值大于100 μg/mL。     

人参生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum panacicola)和线列炭疽菌(C. lineola)的生物学特性及其对不同杀菌剂的敏感性研究

 近年来,炭疽属真菌(Colletotrichum spp.)引起的人参炭疽病,给人参生产造成了重大经济损失。本文选取分离自我国吉林省栽培人参上的两种炭疽菌人参生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum panacicola)和线列炭疽菌(C. lineola),通过平板培养,测定了它们在不同培养基、温度、碳源、氮源、pH值和光照条件下的生物学特性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对14种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,两种炭疽菌的最适生长温度均为25 ℃,最适生长pH值均为7,光暗交替有利于两种菌的菌丝生长。其中,人参生炭疽菌的菌丝生长最适培养基为V8汁培养基,最适碳源和氮源分别是淀粉和硝酸钾;线列炭疽菌的菌丝生长最适培养基为PDA和PSA培养基,最适碳源和氮源分别是淀粉和硝酸铵;两种炭疽菌对13种药剂敏感,咯菌睛、戊唑醇、抑霉唑、多菌灵、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、甲基硫菌灵8种药剂对两种炭疽菌的室内抑菌活性较好,EC₅₀值均小于5.0 μg·mL^-1。咯菌睛、戊唑醇、抑霉唑、多菌灵、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、甲基硫菌灵8种药剂对两种炭疽菌的室内抑菌活性较好,EC₅₀值均小于5.0 μg·mL^-1,其中咯菌睛抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值均小于0.1 μg·mL^-1。两种炭疽菌对同一药剂的敏感性存在差异,线列炭疽菌对吡唑醚菌酯敏感性较高,EC₅₀值小于0.1 μg·mL^-1,而人参生炭疽菌对该药剂的敏感性相对较低(EC₅₀值高于200 μg·mL^-1)。该结果为人参炭疽病发病规律的研究及其田间有效防治奠定了基础。     

柿树炭疽病菌的生物学特性及几种杀菌剂对其的抑制作用

通过十字交叉法和血球计数板法测定了柿树炭疽病菌Collelotrichum gloeosporioides的生物学特性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种常用杀菌剂对该病菌的抑制作用;选择5种市售杀菌剂进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:该病菌菌丝生长的最适温度为20~30 ℃,最适产孢温度为25~30 ℃,最适生长的pH值为5~6;在7种常用杀菌剂中,多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和氟硅唑对柿树炭疽病菌具有明显的抑制作用,EC50值分别为0.118 8、0.138 0、0.159 9和1.297 2 μg/mL。田间试验结果显示,25%咪鲜胺乳油600倍液、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1 000倍液和25%戊唑醇水乳剂1 500倍液的防治效果分别为89.60%、88.56%、87.82%。     

不同杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力作用特性比较

为筛选防治黄瓜靶斑病的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和芽管伸长法测定了19种杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力,探究了4种毒力较高杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝形态的影响。结果表明:氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发和芽管伸长各生长发育阶段均有较强的抑制活性,其中,4种药剂抑制菌丝生长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.516 3、1.538、1.605和0.648 2 mg/L,抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.164 4、1.359、1.127和0.002 5 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.189 6、0.144 7、0.060 4和0.001 5 mg/L;啶酰菌胺、百菌清和肟菌酯3种不同作用机制杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长的抑制活性较强,3种药剂抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为1.564、0.373 0和0.021 3 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.629 5、0.233 4和0.405 0 mg/L,但对菌丝生长的抑制作用较弱,平均EC₅₀大于16 mg/L;氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素可引起黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝不同程度的异常生长,主要表现为菌丝隔膜间距变小、菌丝节间肿大、主菌丝上二次分枝发生频繁、菌丝变形黏连、菌丝新分枝处生长受抑制或分生孢子生长变形。研究表明,氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌具有较高的毒力,在黄瓜靶斑病的田间防治中具有较好的开发应用潜力。     

Resistance to pyraclostrobin, boscalid and multiple resistance to Pristine® (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) fungicide in Alternaria alternata causing alternaria late blight of pistachios in California

Pristine® (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) is a fungicide registered for the control of alternaria late blight in pistachio. A total of 95 isolates of Alternaria alternata collected from orchards with and without a prior history of Pristine® sprays were tested for their sensitivity towards pyraclostrobin, boscalid and Pristine® in conidial germination assays. The EC₅₀ values for 35 isolates from orchards without Pristine® sprays ranged from 0·09 to 3·14 µg mL^?1 and < 0·01 to 2·04 µg mL^?1 for boscalid and Pristine®, respectively. For pyraclostrobin, 27 isolates had EC₅₀ < 0·01 µg mL^?1 and six had low resistance (mean EC₅₀ value = 4·71 µg mL^?1). Only one isolate was resistant to all three fungicides tested, with EC₅₀ > 100 µg mL^?1. Among 59 isolates from the orchard with a history of Pristine® sprays, 56 were resistant to pyraclostrobin; only two were sensitive (EC₅₀ < 0·01 µg mL^?1) and one was weakly resistant (EC₅₀ = 10 µg mL^?1). For the majority of these isolates EC₅₀ values ranged from 0·06 to 4·22 µg mL^?1 for boscalid and from 0·22 to 7·74 µg mL^?1 for Pristine®. However, seven isolates resistant to pyraclostrobin were also highly resistant to boscalid and Pristine® and remained pathogenic on pistachio treated with Pristine®. Whereas strobilurin resistance is a common occurrence in Alternaria of pistachio, this is the first report of resistance to boscalid in field isolates of phytopathogenic fungi. No cross resistance between pyraclostrobin and boscalid was detected, suggesting that Pristine® resistance appears as a case of multiple resistance.     

Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of triazole fungicides against Botrytis cinerea

The inhibitory activity of commercial and experimental triazole fungicides on the target enzyme, sterol 14α-demethylase (P450_14DM), was studied in a cell-free sterol synthesis assay of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. In order to assess structure-activity relationships, the inhibitory activities of the compounds on radial growth of the fungus were tested as well. The EC₅₀ values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting radial growth of B. cinerea on PDA by 50%) of all triazoles tested ranged between 10^?8 and 10^?5 m. IC₅₀ values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting incorporation of [2-¹⁴C]mevalonate into C4-desmethyl sterols by 50%) generally ranged between 10^?9 and 10^?7 M and correlated with inhibition of radial mycelial growth. However, differences in IC₅₀ values did not reflect quantitatively the observed differences in EC₅₀ values, since the ratio between EC₅₀ and IC₅₀ increased with decreasing fungitoxicity. For a limited number of compounds the correlation between intrinsic inhibitory activity and fungitoxicity was low. Both in-vitro tests were used to investigate structure-activity relationships for stereoisomers of cyproconazole, SSF-109 and tebucona-zole. Fungitoxicity and the potency to inhibit cell-free C4-desmethyl sterol synthesis correlated for all stereoisomers tested. Mixtures of isomers of tebucona-zole or cyproconazole were slightly less active than the most potent isomer. The high activity of several commercial triazoles in both experiments implies that poor field performance of triazole fungicides against B. cinerea is due neither to insensitivity of the P450_14DM nor to low in-vitro sensitivity of the fungus.     

Mefenoxam sensitivity and fitness analysis of Phytophthora nicotianae isolates from nurseries in Virginia, USA

Mefenoxam is one of the most commonly used fungicides for managing diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. on ornamentals. The objectives of this study were to determine whether Phytophthora nicotianae, a destructive pathogen of numerous herbaceous annual and perennial plant species in nurseries, has developed resistance to mefenoxam, and to evaluate the fitness of mefenoxam‐resistant isolates. Ninety‐five isolates of P. nicotianae were screened for sensitivity to mefenoxam on 20% clarified V8 agar at 100 a.i. µg mL^?1. Twenty‐five isolates were highly resistant to this compound with EC₅₀ values ranging from 235·2 to 466·3 µg mL^?1 and four were intermediately resistant with EC₅₀ values ranging from 1·6 to 2·9 µg mL^?1. Sixty‐six isolates were sensitive with EC₅₀ values less than 0·04 µg mL^?1. Nine resistant and seven sensitive isolates were tested for mefenoxam sensitivity on Pelargonium × hortorum cv. White Orbit. Mefenoxam provided good protection of pelargonium seedlings from colonization by sensitive isolates, but not by any resistant isolates. Four resistant and four sensitive isolates were compared for fitness components and their relative competitive ability on Lupinus Russell Hybrids in the absence of mefenoxam. Resistant isolates outcompeted sensitive ones within 3 to 6 sporulation cycles on lupin seedlings, regardless of their initial proportions in mixed zoospore inoculum. Resistant isolates exhibited greater infection rate and higher sporulation ability than sensitive ones when they were applied separately onto lupins. These results suggest that fungicide resistance may pose a serious challenge to the continued effectiveness of mefenoxam as a control option for nursery growers.     

小麦白粉病菌对喹氧灵和苯菌酮的敏感基线及药剂的生物活性

采用离体叶段法,分别测定了从河北、河南、湖北、陕西和四川5省分离的53个小麦白粉病菌单孢菌株对苯菌酮和喹氧灵的敏感性,并分析了白粉病菌对三唑酮和苯菌酮以及喹氧灵之间的 交互抗性。结果表明:小麦白粉病菌群体对苯菌酮和喹氧灵的平均EC50值分别为(0.001 9±0.000 6) 和(0.013 1±0.002 0) mg/L,苯菌酮比喹氧灵具有更高的抑菌活性;小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮和苯菌酮与喹氧灵之间均不存在交互抗性(R2值分别为0.102 6和0.491 9);室内盆栽试验结果显示:接种前1 d和接种后1d施药,苯菌酮和喹氧灵对小麦白粉病的保护与治疗作用防效分别为92.21%、84.25%和82.43%、70.25%,表明这2种药剂不仅具有优异的保护作用,同时还具有较好的治疗作用。     

多菌灵等4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病菌的室内生物活性

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法，分别测定了烟草灰霉病菌对多菌灵、嘧霉胺、异菌脲和丙环唑的敏感性，同时通过离体叶片法评估了这4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病的保护和治疗作用。结果表明:4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现出了不同程度的抑制活性，并对灰霉病同时具有保护和治疗作用。其中多菌灵对菌丝生长的抑制活性最强，EC₅₀平均值为0.06 mg/L，其次为丙环唑、嘧霉胺和异菌脲，EC₅₀平均值分别为0.36、0.53和0.60 mg/L；异菌脲和丙环唑对烟草灰霉病菌孢子萌发的抑制活性较强，EC₅₀平均值分别为2.05和2.21 mg/L，其次为嘧霉胺和多菌灵，EC₅₀平均值分别为10.56和131.23 mg/L。异菌脲和多菌灵对灰霉病的保护作用和治疗作用均最强，当药剂质量浓度为200 mg/L时，其对离体叶片的保护和治疗作用防效分别为100%、100%和98.3%、91.8%。研究结果可为烟草灰霉病的科学防治提供依据。     

宁夏枸杞炭疽病发生流行的气象条件分析

根据宁夏枸杞主产区中宁县和银川市芦花台园林试验场2000～2004年不同批次的成熟枸杞果实炭疽病病情指数和气象资料,运用主成分分析结合逐步回归方法,分析了宁夏枸杞炭疽病爆发流行的主要气象因子及其影响.结果表明:影响炭疽病发生的气象因子主要是温度和空气相对湿度,其次是风力和降水.在一定温度范围内,温度越高,对炭疽病的发生越不利;空气湿度越大,越有利于枸杞炭疽病的发生.     

Baseline sensitivity and cross-resistance to demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in Ontario isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

Four hundred and thirty-five isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from eight populations in southern Ontario were tested for sensitivity to the demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides, propiconazole, myclobutanil, fenarimol and tebuconazole. The isolates were collected in summer 1994 just prior to legal DMI fungicide use on turfgrass in Ontario. There were wide variations in sensitivities, and seven of the eight populations were very sensitive to the fungicides. Based on mean EC₅₀ and the distribution of DMI sensitivity, one population near the U.S. border was suspected of having been previously exposed to DMI fungicide. Pairwise comparisons of EC₅₀ values for the different fungicides showed low to moderate correlations between fungicides. EC₅₀ values of myclobutanil and propiconazole had the best correlation, followed by the pair of tebuconazole and fenarimol. Other pairwise comparisons were not statistically significant except for a barely significant relationship between EC₅₀ values of myclobutanil and tebuconazole. For field populations of plant pathogens, cross-resistance to different DMI fungicides may not be as strong as conventionally thought. The data collected here will allow comparison to subsequent years to look for detectable shifts in S. homoeocarpa sensitivity to DMI fungicides as they become more frequently used in Ontario.     

Synthesis of 2-amino-6-oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides and their activity against Botrytis cinerea

BACKGROUND: With the objective of exploring the fungicidal activity of 2‐oxocyclohexylsulfonamides (2), a series of novel 2‐amino‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides (6 to 23) were synthesised, and their fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea Pers. were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The compounds were characterised by IR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. Bioassay results of mycelial growth showed that compounds 6 to 23 had a moderate antifungal activity against B. cinerea. N‐(2‐methylphenyl)‐2‐(2‐methylphenylamino)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (13) and N‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(2‐chlorophenylamino)‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (21) showed best antifungal activities, with EC₅₀ values of 8.05 and 10.56 µg mL^?1 respectively. Commercial fungicide procymidone provided an EC₅₀ value of 0.63 µg mL^?1. The conidial germination assay showed that most of compounds 6 to 23 possessed excellent inhibition of spore germination and germ‐tube elongation of conidia of B. cinerea. For in vivo control of B. cinerea colonising cucumber leaves, the compound N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐(cyclohexylamino)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (19) showed a better control effect than the commercial fungicide procymidone. CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrated that 2‐amino‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides can be used as possible new lead compounds for further developing novel fungicides against B. cinerea. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry