双孢蘑菇同核原生质体育种技术研究：Ⅱ.同核原生质体的杂交

为建立双孢蘑菇同核原生质体杂交育种体系,本文对同核原生质体亲合性反应及杂交异核体F_1代的农艺性状和F_2代的分离与变异规律进行了研究。结果表明:双孢蘑菇同核原生质体的杂交是一个较复杂的性亲合与核迁移过程,其杂交率较低。在按气生型×气生型、气生型×匍匐型、匍匐型×匍匐型组合的520个杂交配对中,共获得113个杂交异核体,平均杂交率为22%。本研究同时建立了以菌落形态、菌丝生长速度、羧甲基纤维素酶相对活性以及酯酶同功酶电泳为手段的杂交异核体鉴定体系。     

双孢蘑菇同核原生质体育种技术研究：Ⅰ.同核原生质体的分离与鉴定

通过对溶壁酶组成及浓度,渗透压稳定剂、菌丝培养方法等研究,建立了有效的双孢蘑菇原生质体制备与再生系统。采用1.5％Lywallzyme、0.6M KCl为渗透压稳定剂,25℃酶解4小时,原生质体的产量可达到10~7个/ml;纯化后的原生质体在0.6M蔗糖为渗透压稳定剂的PDMA培养基中,25℃恒温培养5～7天,再生率达1%以上,根据原生质体再生菌落出现时间的先后顺序,并以菌落形态特征、菌丝生长速度。羧甲基纤维素酶(Cx酶)活性及子实体形成能力上的差异为鉴定同核体的主要标记,从两种形态类型,不同来源的12个双孢蘑菇菌株中均分离到同核原生质体,同核率为2％～15%,平均为11.75％。     

双孢蘑菇育种技术研究进展

该文介绍了双孢蘑菇的6种育种方法,包括自然选种、孢子分离育种、杂交育种、原生质体育种、基因工程育种和诱变育种,以期为我国的双孢蘑菇育种工作提供理论依据。     

双孢蘑菇原生质体杂交系统的建立

双孢蘑菇的常规杂交育种由于次级同宗结合而变得困难。本文研究了蘑菇原生质体制备与再生的最佳条件。从异核菌丝出发,制备与再生原生质体。根据自然性状,推定同核化再生株,栽培验证同核株,并根据配对行为确证同核株并分离异核化杂交种。本文认为原生质体杂交系统比常规杂交育种优越。     

双孢蘑菇和姬松茸灭活原生质体融合育种研究

以双孢蘑菇和姬松茸为亲本菌株,通过灭活原生质体融合,经过初筛和复筛,1株新的稳定的双孢蘑菇和姬松茸杂交高产菌株被选育出来。双孢蘑菇原生质体被热灭活（65％,30rain）,姬松茸原生质体被紫外线灭活（30w,30cm,10min）,双亲存活率为3．1×10^-7～3．3×10^-8。在聚乙二醇诱导下融合继续生存,亲本原生质体融合被实现,重组频率为4．8×10^-5。     

大白菜核基因显性雄性不育性育性恢复基因的RAPD 标记

利用RAPD标记研究核不育性已有王京兆等（1995），张忠廷等（1994）分别在水稻光敏和温敏核不育上，涂金星等（1997），王晓武等（1998，1999）分别在两对隐性核不育甘蓝型油菜和一对显性核不育甘蓝上的报道，而关于大白菜雄性不育的分子标记研究报道较少。     

双孢蘑菇新品种W192高效栽培技术

双孢蘑菇新品种W192是应用双孢蘑菇同核不育株间杂交技术选育而成的,与目前当家品种As2796相比,具有耐肥、耐水、抗高温性能好、转潮快、子实体成活率高、丛生菇少、产量高等优点。现将该品种栽培技术总结如下。1建造菇房菇房是双孢蘑菇生长发育的场所,要选择交通     

双孢蘑菇菌株As2796的提纯复壮

采用原生质体分离、菌丝尖端分离和组织分离3种方法对双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)As2796的退化菌株进行分离,应用灰色关联度分析法综合评价不同分离株的农艺性状,筛选综合性状优于As2796退化菌株的提纯复壮菌株.结果表明,3种分离方法均能获得提纯复壮的菌株,其中原生质体分离株P28的提纯复壮效果最好.     

双孢蘑菇原生质体同核体的验证

同核体(homokaryon)是进行双孢蘑菇遗传分析和菌种选育的基本材料。我们曾经报道过应用原生质体技术可以在实验室条件下较方便地用菌丝体分离出大量的原生质体同核体(protoplasted homokaryon),这无疑为加快双孢蘑菇遗传育种研究的进程创造了条件。但是由于双孢蘑菇的菌丝一般是多核的,而且又没有锁状联合标记,因此对所获得的原生质体同核体的真实性缺乏一种简单可靠的检测手段,而只能根据它们在再生时间上的先后顺序以及菌落的形态特征进行推定。鉴此,本研究,旨在寻找到可行的方法对推定的原生质体同核体进行有效的验证,结果报道如下: 1 材料与方法 1.1 供试菌株 双孢蘑菇176菌株,上海市农科院食用菌所提供。P_9、P_(11)、P_(12)、P_(14)、P_(15)、P_(20)、P_(21)、P_(22)为随机挑选出的八个推定的176原生质体同核体。 1.2 培养基及配方 ①PDM:马铃薯200g,葡萄糖     

食用菌原生质体分离技术

许多文献已论述了有关真菌原生质体的分离和培养技术,然而从食用菌中分离原生质体的报道却很少,关于食用菌原生质体回复至今还未见报道。在本研究中,对双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)、木耳(Auricularia auricula)、     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.