50个小麦生产及后备品种(系)的抗白粉病基因推导

为明确我国小麦品种(系)中抗白粉病基因的组成,利用25个不同毒性的小麦白粉菌菌株对50个小麦生产及后备品种(系)进行抗白粉病基因推导,结果表明,参试的50个小麦品种(系)中有8个小麦品种(系)对供试的25个菌株全部感病,5个品种含有抗病基因Pm8,2个品种含有Pm4a,9个品种含有Pm2+6,4个品种含有Pm2,22个品种(系)可能含有供试基因之外的其他抗性基因或新基因。此研究结果可为小麦抗病育种以及品种利用提供依据。     

普通小麦“兰考90(6)”品系对白粉病抗性的遗传研究

 普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)"兰考90(6)"系列品系是以六倍体小黑麦(X Triticosecale Wittmack;AABBRR)为白粉病抗源培育的新的小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS异易位系。这些品系高抗白粉病。小麦白粉病抗性基因推导试验证明,"豫麦66"携带的抗病基因与大多数已经报道的小麦抗白粉病基因不同。用白粉菌[Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici]单孢堆分离物进行的遗传分析表明,"兰考90(6)"品系携带一个小种专化的隐性抗白粉病基因。对"中国春"和"兰考90(6)21-12"杂交F₂分离群体进行1RS染色体检测,结果证明该抗白粉病基因不在1RS染色体臂上。本研究为有效利用"兰考90(6)"系列品系中的抗白粉病基因提供了科学依据。     

小麦新品系抗白粉病基因分析

 本文对6个小麦新品系所含的抗白粉病基因进行了遗传分析。将感病品种Liaochun10分别与SM 20121、SM 203390、SM 20125、SM 200332、SM 20126、SM 20005杂交和自交,并将这6个品系互配成半双列杂交组合。用小麦白粉菌15号小种的单孢堆菌系对各杂交组合的亲本、F₁、F₂代群体及F₃代家系进行了苗期抗病性鉴定。遗传分析表明,供试的6个品系对小麦白粉菌15号小种的抗性均由1对显性基因控制。等位性分析推断:SM 20121、SM 203390、SM 20125和SM 200332含有抗白粉病基因Pm12;SM 20126含有抗白粉病基因Pm21;SM 20005含有抗白粉病基因Pm16。建议将这6个品系作为优良抗病亲本利用。     

甘肃省主要小麦生产品种及高代品系的抗白粉基因推导

［目的］ 采用基因推导法对目前甘肃省小麦主要生产品种及高代品系进行抗白粉基因分析,为甘肃省白粉病的抗病育种和品种使用及布局提供依据。［方法］ 利用21个小麦白粉菌株,结合品种系谱对甘肃14个小麦生产品种及28个高代品系进行抗白粉基因推导。［结果］ 14个生产品种中,1个含Pm8,1个含Pm4b,4个含未知抗病基因,其余8个对所有供试菌株全部表现感病;28个高代品系中,5个含Pm8〖STBZ〗,2个含Pm〖STBX〗3〖STBZ〗a,1个含Pm〖STBX〗4〖STBZ〗b,1个含Pm〖STBX〗30〖STBZ〗,5个含未知抗病基因,其余14个对所有供试菌株全部表现感病。［结论］ 目前甘肃小麦生产品种及高代品系中缺乏抗白粉病基因,一旦条件适宜,小麦白粉病在甘肃地区极易发生和流行,应该引起生产管理部门和育种专家的注意和重视。     

小麦抗白粉病基因在甘肃的有效性及评价

采自甘肃各地的小麦白粉菌株接种在含有已知抗白粉病基因的小麦品种(系)上,测定其毒性频率,并对这些品种进行了异地成株期抗性鉴定。根据已知抗病基因对白粉苗群体的抗性程度,对其进行抗性效能的评价。结果表明,Pml、Pm3c、Pm3f、Pm5、Pm6、Pm7、Pm8和Pm17在甘肃抗性差,已失去利用价值;Pm2、Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm19抗性较低,不宜单独作为抗源利用;Pm4b、Pm13、Pm20、Pm21和含有Pm4的白兔3号、肯贵阿1号及含有Pm“XBD”的我国农家品种小白冬麦抗性表现好,可作为抗性亲本利用。组合基因如Pm2 6、Pm2 Mld、Pml 2 9等都表现出较好的抗性,这表明利用抗源材料进行基因累加有望培育出优良的抗性品种。文中还结合抗源材料的农艺性状对其利用提出了建议。     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm6的微卫星标记鉴定

 Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a prevalent disease worldwide. Breeding and planting resistance cultivars have been proved effective and environmental friendly for control of the disease. To develop easily used PCR-based markers in marker assisted selection (MAS) for Pm6, a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat, 25 microsatellite markers on chromosome 2BL in wheat were screened between susceptible parent Yumai13 and resistance parent Timgalen carrying Pm6. F₂ population derived from Yumai13 and Timgalen was further analyzed by the marker Xgwm501. The results indicated that Xgwm501 was a co-dominant marker linked to Pm6 gene at a distance of 14.8 cM. 29 Pm-carrying varieties were tested by the marker Xgwm501 and only those carrying Pm6 showed 117 bp resistance specific band. This marker is proved to have high practicability and can be used in MAS of Pm6 gene in wheat breeding programs.     

甘肃南部小麦白粉菌群体的毒性及多基因片段分析

 为了解甘肃小麦白粉病菌的毒性变化动态及其群体遗传结构,利用毒性监测及多基因家系法,对采自甘肃省大陇南地区陇南、天水两市的49个小麦白粉菌的单孢子堆分离物进行群体遗传结构研究。毒性监测结果显示:供试菌株对抗病基因Pm12、Pm16、Pm18、Pm21的毒性频率均低于10%,表明上述抗病基因可以在育种和生产中继续使用;近些年定名的抗病基因Pm23、Pm25、Pm30、Pm34、Pm35的毒性频率为35%～95%,并在陇南、天水两市间存在差异,说明这些基因的利用需要慎重;对Pm4b的毒性频率已大幅度上升;在相似系数为0.752时,除11号菌株之外,其余聚为四类。选择AOX、EFA、PKA、PPA、TUB五个基因片段对供试菌株的多基因家系分析表明:基因序列聚为两类,病菌在陇南、天水两市间及各县市间存在传播。甘肃省大陇南地区病菌毒性多态性较高;白粉菌在各地区间存在交流的同时,也存在一定的独立进化。     

Molecular characterization of a powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat cultivar suwon 92

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici, is an important foliar disease of wheat worldwide. Pyramiding race-specific genes into a single cultivar and combining race-specific resistance genes with durable resistance genes are the preferred strategies to improve the durability of powdery mildew resistance. The objectives of this study were to characterize a powdery mildew resistance gene in Suwon 92 and identify gene-specific or tightly linked molecular markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS). A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was derived by single seed descent from a cross between Suwon 92 and a susceptible cultivar, CI 13227. The RILs were screened for adult-plant infection type of powdery mildew and characterized with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The linked markers explained 41.3 to 69.2% of the phenotypic variances measured in 2 years. A morphological marker, hairy glume, was also associated with powdery mildew resistance in Suwon 92, and explained 43 to 51% of the phenotypic variance. The powdery mildew resistance gene in Suwon 92 was located on the short arm of chromosome 1A where Pm3 was located. Two gene-specific markers were developed based on the sequence of the cloned Pm3b gene. These two markers, which were mapped at the same locus in the peak region of the LOD score for the RIL population, explained most of the phenotypic variance for powdery mildew resistance in the RIL population. The powdery mildew resistance in Suwon 92 is most likely conditioned by the Pm3 locus. The gene markers developed herein can be directly used for MAS of some of the Pm3 alleles in breeding programs.     

36个小麦审定和区试品种(系)的抗白粉病基因推导

明确我国当前小麦审定和区试品种含有的抗白粉病基因, 可为这些品种在小麦抗病育种中的应用及品种合理布局和轮换提供依据。本研究采用24个不同毒性的小麦白粉菌菌株对36个小麦审定和区试品种(系)进行抗白粉病基因推导, 参试品种(系)与46个已知抗病基因小麦品种(系)抗谱比较的结果表明, 11个小麦审定品种中有5个品种对所有供试白粉菌菌株表现抗性, 结合亲本溯源, 推测其中有3个品种可能携有Pm21基因; 另外6个审定品种中有5个品种可能含有抗病基因Pm2, 且其对应的亲本或亲本组合中含有抗病基因Pm2。25个区试品种(系)中有3个可能含有Pm21, 10个含有Pm2, 1个含有Pm2+6,2个含有Pm4b,1个含有Pm8。另外, 参试的36个品种(系)中还有9个品种(系)和已知基因品种抗谱存在一定差异。总体上, 推导出已知基因的品种以含有Pm2基因的品种最多, Pm21基因的品种次之, 建议在生产上加强对Pm21基因品种(系)特别是已审定的携有Pm21基因品种的推广和应用, 应该注意一些省份在育种和生产上应慎用或少用含Pm2基因的品种(系)。     

抗白粉病小麦新品系的选育及其抗性基因分析

 通过花药培养选育出RW02,RW04,RW07,RW08,RW09,RW11等6个抗白粉病小麦新品系。其中以RW02的杂交组合CA8646/贵农88-1的培养能力最强,平均每百个花药再生绿苗1.94株。用美国、德国和英国的17个白粉病菌系和21个已知基因品系对上述6个小麦新品系进行抗性基因推导,发现RW04、RW07携带有Pm2基因,RW02、RW08和RW09携带有Pm4a基因,而RW11可能有一个新基因,尚需与Pm18基因进行比较,才能最后确认。     

Quantitative trait Loci mapping for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a major disease to wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Use of adult-plant resistance (APR) is an effective method to develop wheat cultivars with durable resistance to powdery mildew. In the present study, 432 molecular markers were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for APR to powdery mildew in a doubled haploid (DH) population with 107 lines derived from the cross Fukuho-komugi x Oligoculm. Field trials were conducted in Beijing and Anyang, China during 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping seasons, respectively. The DH lines were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Artificial inoculation was carried out in Beijing with highly virulent isolate E20 of B. graminis f. sp. tritici and the powdery mildew severity on penultimate leaf was evaluated four times, and the maximum disease severity (MDS) on penultimate leaf was investigated in Anyang under natural inoculation in May 2004 and 2005. The heritability of resistance to powdery mildew for MDS in 2 years and two locations ranged from 0.82 to 0.93, while the heritability for area under the disease progress curve was between 0.84 and 0.91. With the method of composite interval mapping, four QTL for APR to powdery mildew were detected on chromosomes 1AS, 2BL, 4BL, and 7DS, explaining 5.7 to 26.6% of the phenotypic variance. Three QTL on chromosomes 1AS, 2BL, and 7DS were derived from the female, Fukuho-komugi, while the one on chromosome 4BL was from the male, Oligoculm. The QTL on chromosome 1AS showed high genetic effect on powdery mildew resistance, accounting for 19.5 to 26.6% of phenotypic variance across two environments. The QTL on 7DS associated with the locus Lr34/Yr18, flanked by microsatellite Xgwm295.1 and Ltn (leaf tip necrosis). These results will benefit for improving powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding programs.     

2013年我国部分麦区小麦白粉菌群体对温度敏感性及其与毒性的关系

 研究小麦白粉病菌群体对温度的敏感性及其与毒性的关系,可为气候变化背景下小麦白粉病的长期发生趋势预测和防治提供依据。本研究对2013年采自云南、四川、河南、北京和陕西五省（市）的小麦白粉菌标样进行分离纯化,获得90个单孢子堆分离物,采用小麦离体叶段法进行温度敏感性测定,并利用32个已知抗病基因品种（系）进行毒性测定,且对两者之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,供试菌株ET50分布于19.78℃~25.15℃,平均ET50为23.22℃,其中73.34%的供试菌株ET50值介于22℃到24℃之间,小于22℃的菌株占10%,大于24℃的菌株占16.67%。利用Popgen1.32软件对5个省（市）小麦白粉病菌群体的毒性进行多样性分析,结果表明五省市小麦白粉菌群体毒性水平上的多样性指数 H 值为0.237 0,其中四川群体毒性多样性水平最高,Nei’s基因多样性指数 H 值为0.221 2,河南群体最低, H 值为0.197 5。小麦白粉菌群体对温度敏感性与毒性多样性相关性分析结果表明,ET50与毒性多样性（ H 和 I 值）间存在显著的负相关。     

小麦白粉病菌生理小种的鉴定与病菌毒性的监测

１９９１～１９９４年小麦白粉病菌生理小种鉴定的结果表明,１１,１５号小种这几年的优势小种,３１５号小种有上升的趋势,用毒性频率分析的方法对所获数据进行分析表明,Ｖ１,Ｖ３,Ｖ５及Ｖ８等毒性的当前白粉菌群体中已基本固定（毒性频率接近１００％）,小麦白粉菌对Ｐｍ４ａ的毒性频率呈较快的上升趋势,说明Ｐｍ４ａ基因的使用应该审慎,白粉菌对Ｐｍ２１为目前最有效的抗白粉病基因,对北京,西南及江浙三地区小区白粉菌     

Structure of populations of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC f.sp. tritici Marchal) in Central Europe in 1993–1996: I. Dynamics of virulence

In 1993–1996, the virulence of regional populations of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen (Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal) from the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia against 13 resistance genes was investigated. The populations differed mainly at the regional level. Populations from the Czech Republic, mainly from the western regions, showed higher values of virulence against the Pm4b gene. Lower frequency of virulence against Pm4b was found in Austria, and the lowest value was observed in Hungary. The differences in frequencies of virulence against Pm4a and Pm4b showed a similar geographic pattern across the four countries: a continuous decline from west to east and from north to south. Virulence against Pm2 decreased in all countries considered; virulence to pm5, Pm6, Pm8 and Mli was high throughout. Genes and gene combinations that can ensure a relatively effective biological protection against this pathogen across Central Europe at present are Pm3b, Pm2+Mld and Pm1+2+9. Czech and Slovak populations were the most complex: virulence complexity reached a maximum in Slovakia in 1994. A similar evolution, though less significant, was observed in the Czech Republic. Data on complexity of isolates suggest that Central European populations of wheat powdery mildew tend to reach an intermediate level representing the optimal number of virulence genes. This process is probably a consequence of stabilizing selection.     

茉莉酸诱导小麦抗病虫性初步研究

初步研究了茉莉酸诱导对小麦苗抗病虫能力的影响,结果显示,小麦在喷施茉莉酸后能够提高植株对麦长管蚜和小麦白粉病菌、小麦叶锈病菌的抵抗能力,可显著降低小麦白粉病、叶锈病的发病级别和病斑数量,对麦长管蚜则在体重和产仔数量上有显著的抑制作用。     

小麦品种(系)抗白粉病基因推导及分子标记鉴定

利用基因推导法和分子标记对我国主要麦区的小麦品种(系)进行了抗白粉病基因的鉴定。结果表明,南30-10等15个品种(系)含有Pm8,新麦2号等9个品种(系)含有Pm4,中植4号等9个品种(系)含有Pm21,郑麦113含有Pm4b+5b,杨09-111和新紫1号含有Pm2+mld。研究发现,基因推导和分子标记相结合,可大大提高小麦品种(系)抗白粉病基因鉴定结果的准确性,鉴定结果可为抗病育种和品种布局及白粉病的防治提供依据。     

一个小麦csAtPR5-类似基因的克隆、鉴定和表达分析

 小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)品系‘兰考90(6)’在2AL染色体臂上携带1个隐性抗白粉病基因,暂命名为PmLK906。以‘中国春’/‘兰考90(6)21-12’杂交F₃代纯合株系构建的抗、感cDNA池为探针进行小麦基因芯片杂交,结果表明与粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii)csAtPR5类似的基因在抗病池中的表达量比感病池中约高2^4.2倍。随后,从‘兰考90(6)21-12’中成功克隆了一个2 125 bp的全长csAtPR5-类似基因cDNA序列,暂命名为TaAetPR5(GenBank登录号:EU082094)。TaAet-PR5与csAtPR5的cDNA序列有93%的相同。TaAetPR5编码1个由657个氨基酸组成的多肽,与csAtPR5有88%的相同。蛋白推导分析表明TaAetPR5的分子量为74.5 kDa,pI 6.82,可能是一个可溶性的球蛋白,存在于细胞核中的可能性是95%。接种小麦白粉病菌(Blumeria graminisf.sp.tritici)后12至72 h,‘兰考90(6)21-12’幼苗叶片中的TaAetPR5基因转录水平不断提高。感白粉病的‘中国春’中没有检测到TaAetPR5基因。     

Comparison of resistance-inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei and a race of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in barley

Resistance to powdery mildew was induced in barley by preinoculation with virulent and avirulent races of barley powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ), and with a race of wheat powdery mildew ( E. graminis f.sp. tritici ). Four inducer densities were tested in 13 different induction periods between 1 and 24 h. Generally, the resistance induced by barley powdery mildew increased up to 10-12 h of induction and was maintained in longer induction periods. The inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races could not be distinguished up to 10-12 h of induction, after which the inducing ability of avirulent races increased significantly in relation to virulent races. Wheat powdery mildew was able to induce more resistance than barley powdery mildew in induction periods up to 8 h. In a single inoculation procedure the number of haustoria developing from virulent barley powdery mildew decreased as inoculum density increased. The effect was ascribed to induction of resistance. This reduction of infection efficiency in the compatible interaction was compared to induced resistance. However, the inoculum density needed for 50% resistance induction in the double inoculation procedure was approximately 40 times higher than the inoculum density needed for 50% reduction in infection efficiency in the single inoculation procedure.     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm21 的抑制基因

 小麦-簇毛麦6VS. 6AL 易位染色体含有抗白粉病基因Pm21,在我国的小麦育种中被广泛应用。近年来,一些含有Pm21 基因的小麦品种(系)开始感染白粉病。为探索含Pm21 的品种(系)感染白粉病的原因,本研究在6VS. 6AL 易位系与小麦品系(种)R14 和川农12 的杂交后代中利用分子标记CINAU17-1086 和CINAU18-723 辅助选择的遗传背景相对简单的F7 和F8 近等基因系为材料,研究了小麦抗白粉病基因Pm21 的抗病性表达。结果发现,在3 个含有6VS. 6AL 易位染色体的感病F6 植株繁殖的F7 近等基因系中发生了白粉病抗性的分离,分离比率符合13 感病︰ 3 抗病的理论值。在随机选取的F7 感病小麦单株所繁殖的F8 近等基因系中,有7 / 13 的株系一致地重感白粉病,有6 / 13 的株系发生了抗白粉病的分离,其中2 / 13 的株系分离比符合3 感病︰ 1 抗病、4 / 13 的株系分离比符合13 感病︰ 3 抗病的分离模式。这一结果指出,小麦株系中的抗白粉病基因Pm21 的抗性表达受小麦基因组中的一对显性抑制基因所控制,该基因来源于小麦品种(系)川农12或R14,建议命名为SuPm21。本研究指出,在把外源基因引入小麦的研究中,有利的外源基因与不含抑制基因的受体遗传资源同等重要。     

2009—2010年河南省小麦白粉菌群体毒性及其遗传多样性分析

利用40个鉴别寄主对河南省5个小麦产区的44个单孢子堆纯化分离的小麦白粉病菌进行毒性鉴定分析,并采用多基因家系法进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,供试群体对Pm8、Pm1、Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3f、Pm3e、Pm5、Pm6、Pm7、Pm17、Pm19、Pm34等抗病基因的毒性频率分别达到90%以上,已不能再作为抗源利用;对Pm12、Pm16、Pm21、Pm18、Pm2、Pm2＋6、Pm2＋MLD、Pm5（Mli）、Pm23、Pm30、Pm4a等基因的毒性频率低于15%,仍可以在抗病育种中加以利用;河南省的小麦白粉病菌存在地理之间的差异,同时病菌在地区之间有自西南向东北/东方向的传播。表明省内群体中存在着丰富的遗传多样性。