Comparison of lettuce diseases and yield under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation

ABSTRACT Subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were compared on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cvs. Salinas and Misty Day for yield and incidence and severity of three important diseases of lettuce in the Salinas Valley, CA. Experiments were conducted between 1993 and 1995 during the spring and fall seasons. The diseases examined included lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor), downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), and corky root (Rhizomonas suberifaciens). Replicated plots of subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were arranged in a randomized complete-block design. All plants were inoculated with S. minor at the initiation of the experiment during the 1993 spring season. Plots were not inoculated for downy mildew and corky root during any season nor were the plots reinoculated with S. minor. During each season, all plots were sprinkler irrigated until thinning, and subsequently, the irrigation treatments were begun. The furrow plots were irrigated once per week, and the drip plots received water twice per week. The distribution of soil moisture at two soil depths (0 to 5 and 6 to 15 cm) at 5, 10, and 15 cm distance on either side of the bed center in two diagonal directions was significantly lower in drip-irrigated compared with furrow-irrigated plots. Plots were evaluated for lettuce drop incidence and downy mildew incidence and severity at weekly intervals until harvest. Corky root severity and yield components were determined at maturity. Lettuce drop incidence and corky root severity were significantly lower and yields were higher in plots under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation, regardless of the cultivar, except during the 1994 fall season. Incidence and severity of downy mildew were not significantly different between the two irrigation methods throughout the study. The differential microclimates created by the two irrigation treatments did not affect downy mildew infection, presumably because the mesoclimate is usually favorable in the Salinas Valley. Subsurface drip irrigation is a viable, long-term strategy for soilborne disease management in lettuce in the Salinas Valley.     

Effects of Irrigation and Tillage on Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Sclerotinia minor Sclerotia and Lettuce Drop Incidence

ABSTRACT The temporal and spatial dynamics of Sclerotinia minor sclerotia and the resulting incidence of lettuce drop were studied under furrow irrigation with conventional tillage and subsurface-drip irrigation with minimum tillage during 1993-95. Lettuce crops were grown each year during the spring and fall seasons. All plants were inoculated immediately after thinning in the spring of 1993. Grids of 24 contiguous quadrats (1 by 1 m(2)) were demarcated in the centers of each 150-m(2) plot. Lettuce drop incidence in each quadrat was evaluated each season prior to harvest. One soil sample (100 cm(3)) was collected from each quadrat at harvest and after tillage prior to planting of the next crop for both spring and fall crops and assayed for S. minor sclerotia using wet sieving. Lloyd's index of patchiness, the beta-binomial distribution, and variance of moving window averages were used to evaluate the spatial patterns of sclerotia and lettuce drop incidence under the two irrigation systems and associated tillage treatments. Disease incidence remained significantly higher under furrow irrigation than under subsurface-drip irrigation throughout the study period, and was significantly higher on fall crops than on spring crops. Under furrow irrigation, the number of sclerotia at the end of a crop season increased significantly over that at the beginning of the season, but no significant changes were detected over years. In contrast, the number of sclerotia within a single season did not increase significantly under subsurface drip irrigation, nor was year-to-year accumulation of sclerotia statistically significant. The degree of aggregation of sclerotia increased significantly during a cropping season under furrow irrigation, but not under subsurface drip irrigation. The conventional tillage after harvest under furrow irrigation decreased the degree of aggregation of sclerotia after each season, but the distribution pattern of sclerotia under subsurface-drip irrigation changed little by the associated minimum tillage. Spatial pattern analyses suggested that the aggregation of S. minor sclerotia occurred at a scale of no more than 1 m, and distribution of diseased lettuce plants was random at a scale larger than 1 m. The combination of fewer sclerotia produced by each crop and its unaltered distribution under subsurface drip irrigation and associated minimum tillage makes it a valuable cultural practice for lettuce drop management.     

灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响

用温室小区栽培试验的方法,研究滴灌、渗灌、沟灌三种灌溉方法对番茄养分吸收、产量及水分利用效率的影响;结果表明,温室番茄栽培采用渗灌灌溉,在其它条件相同的情况下,1 m3灌溉用水生产出的番茄数量是沟灌的1.9倍、滴灌的1.2倍,滴灌则是沟灌的1.6倍;在番茄生长的整个生育期内,滴灌土壤水吸力平均值最大为24.20 k Pa,渗灌次之为23.11 k Pa,沟灌最小为22.01 k Pa;土壤温度表现出一定差异,但差异相对较小。沟灌处理番茄果实氮素含量高于滴灌和渗灌,而滴灌能够促进番茄的营养器官对氮素的吸收。渗灌和滴灌能有效地调控耕层土壤水分,有利于土壤养分供应,具有明显的节水、增产效果,是理想的设施番茄栽培灌溉模式。     

盐碱棉田地表-地下接力式滴灌下水盐分布及棉花生长特征

地表-地下接力滴灌是集膜下滴灌和地下滴灌优点于一体的新型节水控盐技术,但目前针对该技术应用效果的研究尚少。针对如何对地表-地下接力式滴灌中的地表滴灌和地下滴灌进行水量分配效果最优这一问题,设置100%地表滴灌(W1)、75%地表滴灌+25%地下滴灌(W2)、50%地表滴灌+50%地下滴灌(W3)、25%地表滴灌+75%地下滴灌(W4)、100%地下滴灌(W5)共计5个处理,比较了不同水量分配下的地表-地下接力式滴灌与单一地表滴灌、单一地下滴灌对盐碱棉田土壤水盐分布和棉花产量的影响。结果表明：(1)W3处理根区土壤含水量分布最均匀,干燥区域面积最小。(2)W4处理窄行区域淋洗范围最大,脱盐效果最显著。(3)W3处理棉花吐絮期总干物质量和籽棉产量最大,分别为112.66 g和9 147 kg·hm^-2;吐絮期总干物质量比W1和W5处理分别提高11.3%和19.1%,籽棉产量比W1和W5处理分别提高14.1%和11.9%。地表-地下接力式滴灌处理下土壤含水量得以显著改善,在对土壤盐分进行淋洗的过程中表现出接力效应,淋洗面积和淋洗效果均有所增大。相比于单一地表滴灌和单一地...     

Analyses of Lettuce Drop Incidence and Population Structure of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor

ABSTRACT To understand the geographical distribution of lettuce drop incidence and the structure of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum populations, commercial lettuce fields were surveyed in the Salinas, San Joaquin, and Santa Maria Valleys in California. Lettuce drop incidence, pathogen species, and mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were determined and analyzed using geostatistic and geographical information system tools. Lettuce drop incidence was lowest in the San Joaquin Valley, and not significantly different between the other two valleys. Semivariogram analysis revealed that lettuce drop incidence was not spatially correlated between different fields in the Salinas Valley, suggesting negligible field-to-field spread or influence of inoculum in one field on other fields. Lettuce drop incidence was significantly lower in fields with a surface drip system than in fields with furrow or sprinkler irrigation systems, suggesting that the surface drip system can be a potential management measure for reducing lettuce drop. In the San Joaquin Valley, S. sclerotiorum was the prevalent species, causing drop in 63.5% of the fields, whereas S. minor also was identified in 25.4% of the fields. In contrast, in the Salinas Valley, S. minor was the dominant species (76.1%) whereas S sclerotiorum only observed in only 13.6% fields, in which only a few plants were infected by S. sclerotiorum. In the Santa Maria Valley, both species frequently were identified, with S. minor being slightly more common. Although many MCGs were identified in S. minor, most of them consisted of only one or two isolates. In all, approximately 91.4% of the isolates belonged to four MCGs. Among them, MCG-1 was the most prevalent group in all three valleys, accounting for 49.8% of total isolates. It was distributed all over the surveyed areas, whereas other MCGs were distributed more or less locally. Populations of S. sclerotiorum exhibited greater diversity, with 89 isolates collected from the Salinas and San Joaquin Valleys belonging to 37 different MCGs. Among them, the most recurrent MCG-A contained 16 isolates, and 30 MCGs contained only 1 isolate each. Many MCGs occurred within only one or a part of the two valleys. Potential reasons for this abundant diversity are discussed.     

滴灌条件下春小麦耗水规律研究

通过对滴灌(4个水分处理:150、300、450mm和600 mm)和漫灌(CK)不同品种(新春6号、新春22号)的春小麦生育期耗水量的分析,研究新疆石河子地区滴灌春小麦的作物系数、耗水规律及对产量的影响。结果表明:滴灌小麦各水分处理耗水量随着灌水量的增大而增大,整个生育期内蒸发蒸腾量为545.94 mm,平均阶段耗水强度为5.35 mm/d;蒸散量、蒸散强度呈抛物线型,在抽穗~乳熟期达到最高点;滴灌小麦的产量与耗水量呈单峰曲线关系;不同生育阶段的作物系数与FAO推荐的单值作物系数法查得的作物系数不同,在初始生长期、生育后期都大于标准条件下的作物系数值。     

Impact of consumer-driven changes to crop production practices on lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor

Increasing demands for value-added salad products have triggered revolutionary changes in the production practices of vegetable salad crops in recent years. One of the pivotal changes is the adaptation of 2-m-wide beds for increased vegetable biomass per unit area. The move away from the traditional 1-m-wide raised beds in cool-season vegetable production and the associated irrigation practices potentially can have a major influence on diseases affecting cool-season vegetables. To assess the potential impacts of this shift on lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum, the two bed widths and different irrigation frequencies within each were compared in two separate field experiments over four lettuce crops in 2 years. Treatments included 1- and 2-m bed widths with twice-weekly, weekly and biweekly drip irrigation serving as subplot treatments that were begun immediately following thinning. Incidence of lettuce drop was evaluated weekly thereafter until maturity. For S. sclerotiorum, 36 half-liter soil samples were also collected once each season and assayed for the number of sclerotia, and apothecia were counted weekly in a 10-m(2) area for each plot. Regardless of the species, the effects of bed width and irrigation frequency were both significant. Twice-weekly irrigation and 2-m bed width resulted in higher lettuce drop incidence than other treatments. For S. sclerotiorum, twice-weekly irrigation and 2-m bed width also significantly increased the number of apothecia per unit area and the accumulation of soilborne sclerotia over multiple cropping seasons. Results demonstrated that the 2-m bed width combined with the practiced frequency of irrigations can result in higher lettuce drop caused by S. minor and increased incidence of airborne infection by S. sclerotiorum in the Salinas Valley where, historically, it has not been a serious threat. Increased incidence of S. sclerotiorum infection in commercial lettuce fields in the Salinas Valley between 2001 and 2006 validates these experimental results. These relatively new crop production practices can alter the balance of the two Sclerotinia spp. that has long existed in California.     

灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分及产量品质的影响

采用沟灌、畦灌、滴灌、微喷灌和不灌水(CK)5种灌溉方式,通过对比试验研究不同灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分含量、叶片光合参数及果实产量与品质的影响,筛选适宜的节水抗旱灌溉技术。结果表明:(1)果树根层(0～60 cm)土壤含水量表现为微喷灌>滴灌>畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌的蓄水能力显著高于其它灌溉方式;(2)叶片净光合速率表现为微喷灌≥滴灌≥畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌处理的梨树叶片光合作用能力最强,其次是滴灌;(3)增产效果最好的是微喷灌,其次是滴灌,单株产量分别比CK提高了54.98%和44.18%;(4)在果实品质方面,微喷灌和滴灌显著提高了果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物含量及可溶性总糖含量,并且显著降低了果实硬度、含酸量及石细胞含量,两者对果实品质的改善效果明显好于沟灌和畦灌。综合分析表明,微喷灌能够明显改善梨园土壤水分条件和梨树光合能力,显著提高果实产量与品质,是较为理想的节水灌溉技术。     

日光温室茄子合理灌溉方法初探

在日光温室中采用沟灌、滴灌、渗灌、小孔出流4种灌溉方法,通过对比试验研究了不同灌溉方法在不同土壤水分控制范围内对茄子生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,并利用数理统计方法对试验结果进行了分析.研究得出:可以优先选择的4种灌溉处理组合为CT_1>DT_2>CT_3>CT_2,其中CT1(即渗灌条件下)当土壤水分控制范围在田间持水量的55%～65%(开花着果期)和田间持水量的65%～75%(结果期)时,茄子长势良好,其产量较相同水分处理下沟灌增产17%;且水分利用效率最高,分别为其他优选灌溉处理组合的1.12倍、1.38倍和1.37倍.     

Biological control of Sclerotinia minor using a chitinolytic bacterium and actinomycetes

Isolates of 85 bacteria and 94 streptomycete and 35 nonstreptomycete actinomycetes were obtained from a lettuce-growing field in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, on colloidal chitin agar, and screened for their ability to produce chitinase. Twenty-three bacteria and 38 streptomycete and 15 nonstreptomycete actinomycete isolates produced high levels of chitinase and were examined in vitro for their ability to suppress the growth of Sclerotinia minor , a pathogen causing basal drop disease of lettuce. The three most suppressive isolates were examined further for their production of β-1,3-glucanase and antifungal activity as well as their ability to colonize the roots and rhizosphere of lettuce in vitro and in planta . The three isolates, Serratia marcescens, Streptomyces viridodiasticus and Micromonospora carbonacea , significantly reduced the growth of S. minor in vitro , and produced high levels of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Streptomyces viridodiasticus also produced antifungal metabolite(s) that significantly reduced the growth of the pathogen in vitro . When the pathogen was presented as the sole carbon source, all three isolates caused extensive hyphal plasmolysis and cell wall lysis. Serratia marcescens and St. viridodiasticus were competent to varying degrees in colonizing the roots of lettuce seedlings after 8 days on agar plates and the rhizosphere within 14 days in pots, with their competency being superior to that of M. carbonacea . All three isolates, individually or in combination, were antagonistic to S. minor and significantly reduced incidence of disease under controlled glasshouse conditions.     

甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌条件下春玉米田水盐特征分析

通过对甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米种植条件下土壤水分、盐分的观测,分析了膜下滴灌春玉米生育期土壤水分、盐分动态变化及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:不同生育期,同一土层深度,土壤水分含量高低分布与土壤盐分含量高低分布相反,均表现出土壤不同深度盐分含量高的区域相应水分含量低,滴灌带之间土壤盐分积累较滴头之间显著;灌水定额480 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水分在土层纵向运移显著,深层渗漏明显,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水在土壤不同深度横向层面运移显著,有利于作物吸收利用;膜下滴灌能够在滴水过程中明显降低土壤表层0~40 cm盐分含量,土壤下层40~100 cm为盐分聚集区域;灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,春玉米产量构成和水分利用效率较高。从作物生长水盐环境及高效节水的角度出发,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理的效益最优。     

灌水方式对轻度盐化土壤玉米生长及土壤水分的影响

以盆栽玉米为研究对象研究了直接浇灌、滴灌、微润灌等3种灌水方式下玉米的生长、叶绿素含量和光合速率、蒸腾速率等生理生态指标及土壤水分垂直分布的特征,结果表明:灌水方式对玉米生理生态指标有较大影响,苗期滴灌玉米生长较快,拔节前期,微润灌条件下玉米生长最为迅速,滴灌次之,直接浇灌生长最慢;滴灌条件下叶绿素含量最高,拔节期需水旺季时微润灌叶绿素含量最低.三种灌水方式对玉米光合速率的影响为:微润灌＜滴灌＜直接浇灌.土壤水分特征表明:微润灌稳定后土壤水分主要分布在10～ 30 cm土层,滴灌主要分布在10～ 40 cm土层;苗期、拔节期灌水后取样测定的土壤含水率表明,作物根系层内微润灌与滴灌均大于直接浇灌时的土壤含水率.     

Effects of Irrigation and Verticillium dahliae on Cauliflower Root and Shoot Growth Dynamics

ABSTRACT Cauliflower root and plant growth and Verticillium wilt development were evaluated under different moisture regimes in the presence or absence of V. dahliae. Treatments included two main plots (V. dahliae-infested and fumigated), two subplots (furrow and subsurface drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive regimes) that were arranged in a split-split-plot design in the field. Soil cores with roots were periodically sampled at 5 and 25 cm distance from plants. Total roots in each soil core were extracted with a hydropneumatic root elutriator, and root length from each sample was determined with a digital image analysis system. Incidence and severity of Verticillium wilt, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weights of leaves and roots were determined on 10 plants sampled at 7- to 10-day intervals 1 month after cauliflower transplanting and continued until harvest. To evaluate the effects of Verticillium wilt-induced stress on cauliflower plants, stomatal resistance was measured in upper healthy and lower (or diseased) leaves. Root length density at 5 and 25 cm from plant was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in subsurface drip than in furrow irrigation. Root length density was significantly higher in excessive irrigation regime than in the other regimes. Concomitantly, there was higher wilt incidence and severity in excessive and moderate regimes than deficit regime regardless of the irrigation method. Plant height was affected by irrigation methods and deficit regime. Neither the method of irrigation nor the quantity of water affected the other variables. Stomatal resistance in lower diseased leaves was significantly higher in infested than in fumigated plots but it was not in the upper healthy leaves. In this study, cauliflower yield was not affected by V. dahliae and irrigation method, but the deficit irrigation regime resulted in reduced yield even though it suppressed wilt in cauliflower. Thus, higher moisture levels resulted in higher root length density in V. dahliae-infested plots that in turn lead to greater incidence of Verticillium wilt and severity. The pathogen also affected physiological processes such as hydraulic conductance of cauliflower leaves, but not shoot growth or yield under these experimental conditions.     

考虑水分再分布的沟灌入渗模拟与春小麦垄作沟灌合理垄宽

垄作沟灌技术具有显著的节水增产作用,但在春小麦种植中应用尚缺乏参数设计方面的理论支撑。本研究采用粉砂质粘壤土与粘土两种典型土壤实测水分运动参数和HYDRUS软件,模拟了梯形灌水沟不同垄宽情况下的土壤水分运动和停水后水分再分布,研究了不同灌水量时湿润锋推进过程和水分再分布后的湿润体变化,分析了设计灌水定额下适宜作物生长湿润体范围,提出了粉砂质粘壤土和粘土宜采用的合理垄宽为20～50 cm和20～35 cm,这一结果为干旱区春小麦垄作沟灌技术推广提供了技术支撑。     

不同灌溉方式对渭北果园土壤水分及水分利用的影响

为了筛选适合渭北黄土高原苹果园的节水灌溉方式,以陕富6号苹果为试材,研究了不同灌溉方式下0～1 m土壤含水率的动态变化规律、土壤储水量和水分利用效率.结果表明:(1)3～10月份,不同层次土壤含水率由高到低为:膜下滴灌＞膜下沟溉≈滴灌＞沟灌＞不灌溉,覆膜与不覆膜之间比较,膜下沟灌＞沟灌,膜下滴灌＞滴灌.(2)6月15日...     

Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Potato Production Under Different Dry Stress Conditions

Efficient water delivery systems such as drip irrigation can contribute towards increasing crop yield potential, improving crop water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, critical management considerations such as subsurface drip irrigation are necessary to attain improved irrigation efficiencies and production benefits particularly under arid regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two irrigation methods, surface and subsurface drip irrigation combined with four irrigation levels, 100, 80, 60 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration on yield and yield components of potato grown on sandy soil. The field experiments were conducted in the years 2008 and 2009. In terms of soil water availability to plants, subsurface drip provided more favorable growth conditions for plant growth and maintained higher soil water content at the root zone, which resulted in a significant higher potato yield compared to surface drip irrigation. The difference between the two irrigation methods on yield components was concentrated on the mean tuber weight per plant, while no significant difference was found on the tuber number per plant. Reducing the amounts of applied water significantly decreased total potato yield and its components. Under subsurface drip irrigation, reducing amounts of applied water to 80% ETc gave comparable yield and yield components to surface drip at full irrigation supply, indicating that 20% irrigation water can be saved without affecting the potato yield. At all irrigation levels, subsurface drip recorded higher water use efficiency (WUE) over surface drip. Maximum value was observed at 40% ETc. Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was also higher under subsurface drip and reduced significantly under both irrigation methods with increasing water deficit. These results suggested that subsurface drip offers the potential of better water management with respect to saving and distribution of water in the root zone and to obtain maximum yield accompanied by highest water and FUE.     

局部控制地下浸润灌溉对叶用莴苣生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过两年的盆栽试验,对比研究了局部控制地下浸润灌溉和地表滴灌对作物根区土壤水分动态及叶用莴苣的光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,局部控制地下浸润灌溉的蒸发量明显小于地表滴灌处理,莴苣产量高于地表滴灌处理;水分利用效率是局部控制地下浸润灌溉处理最高,达到了42.42 kg/m3,地表滴灌仅为15.14 kg/m3;各处理光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈"双峰"曲线,且呈处理1>处理2>处理3>处理4的趋势;局部控制地下浸润灌溉处理的根冠比较高,最大值达0.187,而地表滴灌处理的根冠比仅为0.071;局部控制地下浸润灌溉中莴苣的Vc含量达到了14.62 mg/100g,而地表滴灌处理仅为12.82mg/100g。说明局部控制地下浸润灌溉能有效改善莴苣的光合产物分配,调整根冠比关系,提高莴苣的水分利用效率,使作物产量与品质得到统一。     

极端干旱区垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长及水分利用效率的影响

灌溉方式对根系湿润方式的不同会影响作物生长及其对水分的利用效率。以常规滴灌方式为对照,通过田间试验研究了垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:葡萄生育关键期灌水前后垂直线源灌方式根层土壤平均含水率可达到田间持水率的75.1%和82.8%,常规滴灌方式为田间持水率的60%和72%;垂直线源灌条件下净光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度均较常规滴灌高,净光合速率均经历了气孔限制和非气孔限制,其中由水分胁迫引起的非气孔限制,垂直线源灌晚于常规滴灌出现,且表现不明显;垂直线源灌方式在地上生物量生长方面略好于常规滴灌方式,但两者未表现出明显差异;垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式在产量上提高了1.2%;叶片水平上的水分利用效率,垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式提高了57.4%。     

滴灌条件下根区水分对春小麦根系分布特征及产量的影响

通过小区滴灌根区水分控制试验,研究亏缺、丰水、适水不同水分处理对春小麦根系特征的垂直分布、产量构成和水分利用效率等的影响.结果表明,孕穗-扬花是滴灌春小麦根系生长的关键时期,其根系主要分布在0～40 cm土层,根长密度和根干重在土壤剖面上的分布呈y=A×e-Bx的负指数递减趋势.不同根区水分对春小麦根系生长及分布有显著...     

膜下滴灌灌水频率对土壤水盐运移及棉花产量的影响

通过棉花膜下滴灌大田试验,研究了灌水频率对土壤水盐运移和分布规律的影响,并对不同灌水频率的保墒、控盐、增产效果进行了评价.试验结果表明:在灌溉水质为淡水且定额为375 mm时,低频(10 d)和适频(7 d)灌溉下膜内0～60 cm土层的含水量适宜,低频灌溉的含水量最高,而高频(3 d)灌溉下各土层在花铃期处于轻度干旱...