杜仲四倍体与二倍体光合特性比较

采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对杜仲四倍体和二倍体植株进行光合速率日变化、季节变化、光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线测定。结果表明:杜仲四倍体和二倍体净光合速率的日变化呈双峰曲线,中午存在明显的光合"午休"现象。杜仲四倍体的全天最大净光合速率显著高于二倍体。四倍体与二倍体的光合速率季节变化呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在6月和8月。四倍体与二倍体的LCP在18.00～27.78μmol.m-2.s-1之间,LSP在1 216.67～1 240.00μmol.m-2.s-1之间。CCP在72.50～117.75μmol/mol,CSP在1 347.47～1 397.48μmol/mol之间。杜仲四倍体的光合性能优于二倍体。     

山金柑四倍体资源的发掘与鉴定

在山金柑自然群体中通过流式细胞术发掘到1株四倍体植株,对其叶片、花朵、花粉、果实、种子等性状进行鉴定,并利用该材料自交创制新的四倍体材料。鉴定结果表明:四倍体相对于二倍体,叶片更宽、更厚、叶形指数变小,叶片气孔密度变小、气孔器更大;四倍体的花直径、整花长度、花瓣长度、花丝长度、雌蕊长度、花粉粒均极显著大于二倍体,花粉外壁纹饰密度极显著小于二倍体;四倍体的果形指数变大,果皮厚度增大,色泽指数无显著差异;四倍体种子横径与二倍体无显著差异,纵径极显著大于二倍体;其种子胚类型为多胚。四倍体山金柑自交后代均为四倍体,可作为柑橘育种和基础研究的资源。     

多倍体何首乌产量和品质初步评价

比较何首乌二倍体、三倍体及同源四倍体在块根产量和品质方面的差异,为筛选优质高产多倍体新品种奠定基础。结果表明:何首乌多倍体表现为块根重显著提高,营养优势明显优于二倍体;三倍体和同源四倍体单株块根有效成分二苯乙烯苷产量是二倍体的2.99倍和1.69倍。与四倍体相比,三倍体在块根产量及二苯乙烯苷产量方面更具优势,在药用植物何首乌优质高产育种中具有高的价值。     

紫菜薹同源四倍体的诱导鉴定及特性研究

为获得优质、抗病的同源四倍体紫菜薹(Brassica campestris var. purpurea Bailey)新材料，使用0.2 g·L^-1秋水仙素溶液点滴二倍体子叶顶端分生组织，经形态和解剖学、细胞学鉴定筛选得到同源四倍体植株。通过对二倍体、四倍体植株农艺性状和营养品质分析发现：四倍体植株的株高极显著增高；开展度、叶片宽、叶柄长显著增加；叶片数极显著降低。营养品质方面，可溶性蛋白、花青苷含量显著增高；可溶性糖和纤维素含量极显著降低；硝态氮含量显著降低。光合特性分析发现，四倍体植株的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均高于二倍体，表明四倍体更能适应强光。抗病性分析发现，四倍体受灰霉菌侵染后，菌斑面积小，颜色淡，具有更强的抗病性。     

二倍体与四倍体矮脚黄白菜光合特性比较

引言 不给球白菜矮脚黄二倍体,在南京以及长江中下游各大城市蔬菜周年均衡供应中起着十分重要的作用。刘惠吉等1980年用秋水仙碱处理诱变得到了矮脚黄四倍体,经过几年的试验表明,四倍体矮脚黄能稳定遗传,且生长迅速.产量比二倍体高20—25%左右,品质好,深受广大消费者的欢迎,目前已在南京,无锡,常州等城市示范推广。 在某些植物的二倍体与四倍体形态学和解剖学方面都有人作过详细的研究,但生理学方面差异的探讨甚少(1),尤其在光合作用方面。本试验通过对二倍体与四倍体矮脚黄白菜某些光合特性的比较,旨在为分析四倍体高产的原因,提供一些理论…     

不同倍性蓝靛果叶片活性成分含量分析

以二倍体、四倍体、八倍体蓝靛果组培苗及大田苗为试材,采用分光光度法测定并分析了蓝靛果叶片生理活性成分含量差异,为多倍体蓝靛果植株的早期筛选提供了依据。结果表明：蓝靛果叶片中花青素、类黄酮和总酚含量随倍性升高而升高,八倍体含量显著高于二倍体和四倍体,四倍体明显高于二倍体,组培苗和大田苗趋势一致。Vc含量随倍性增加逐渐减少,二倍体和八倍体有明显差异,二倍体和四倍体有差异但不明显。随倍性增加,叶片中叶绿素含量升高,且不同倍性总叶绿素含量存在显著差异。不同倍性蓝靛果叶片的叶色值存在显著差异,倍性越大,叶色值越大,绿色越浓郁,组培苗和大田苗趋势一致。蓝靛果叶片氮素含量与倍性呈正相关,组培苗和大田苗趋势一致。     

不同光质对白及二倍体和四倍体组培苗增殖及生长的影响

以白及二倍体及四倍体组培苗为试材,采用7组LED红、蓝、绿、白光进行不同光质配比组合,1组荧光灯作对照,对组培苗增殖率和生长指标进行比较。结果表明:1RB(红:蓝=1:1)的白及组培苗增殖率最高,白及二倍体增殖率高于四倍体,分别为247.62%、157.14%。2RB(红:蓝=2:1)的白及二倍体和四倍体增殖率最低,分别为66.67%、42.86%。R的白及二倍体及四倍体组培苗株高最高分别为40.27、44.13 mm;RBW(红:蓝:白=6:1:1)的白及二倍体及四倍体叶长最长分别为78.27、108.73 mm,叶宽最宽分别为10.50、11.82 mm。RBG(红:蓝:绿=4:2:1)的白及二倍体和四倍体假鳞茎直径最大分别为6.91,8.31 mm,与对照组有极显著差异。因此,1RB(红:蓝=1:1)对白及二倍体和四倍体增殖效果最佳,红光有利于白及组培苗株高增高,促进白及组培苗的生长;蓝光有利于白及横茎、叶长、叶宽的生长,RBG(红:蓝:绿=4:2:1)的白及假鳞茎增大效果最佳。     

叶片气孔保卫细胞周长用于鉴定黄花蒿倍性的研究

以二倍体、四倍体及经秋水仙素处理的黄花蒿植株为试材,采用整体透明技术制备黄花蒿叶片样品,对不同倍性植物的叶片气孔保卫细胞长轴长、短轴长及其周长进行考察,探讨气孔保卫细胞大小与植株倍性的相关性。结果表明:以10%氢氧化钾溶液为透明剂,透化时间为1.5h的透化效果最好;二倍体与四倍体植物的气孔保卫细胞长轴长、短轴长及其周长差异显著,其周长范围分别为57.19~70.33μm和83.36~91.99μm;利用二倍体与四倍体的周长分布在不同区间范围,可以对秋水仙素处理的黄花蒿植株进行快速的初步倍性鉴定。     

芦笋四倍体诱导、倍性鉴定及生物学特性的研究

以南方主栽品种"井岗701"二倍体芦笋的露白种子和幼苗为试材,研究了秋水仙素浓度、处理时间及浸泡时的转速对芦笋四倍体诱导效果的影响,并对四倍体和二倍体芦笋的部分抗性和形态特征进行了比较。结果表明:以0.2%的秋水仙素浸泡露白种子6h效果最好,四倍体诱导率最高,为20%,但浸泡时的不同转速对四倍体诱导影响差异不显著;而用0.3%的秋水仙素连续滴苗4d,四倍体诱导率最高为18%;浸泡露白种子法比滴苗法诱导效果好;四倍体植株较二倍体更加粗壮,在抗热性和抗旱性方面也明显优于二倍体。     

‘寒富’苹果与其同源四倍体耐盐差异研究

以含有200 mmol·L-1 NaCl的1/2 Hoagland营养液处理‘寒富’二倍体苹果及其同源四倍体幼苗8 d,分别在处理0、2、4、6和8 d时进行叶片相关生理指标及水通道蛋白相关基因表达水平的测定,比较分析两者的耐盐性差异。结果表明:盐胁迫下四倍体的形态表现优于二倍体;四倍体和二倍体的叶片相对含水量一直在下降,二倍体下降幅度大于四倍体,丙二醛含量和脯氨酸的积累随胁迫时间的延长而增加,二倍体含量始终高于四倍体;NaCl处理8 d时,二倍体的叶片相对含水量比四倍体低8%,丙二醛含量比四倍体多4.466 nmol·g-1FW,脯氨酸含量为四倍体的1.18倍;盐胁迫下两者叶片中水通道相关蛋白基因Md PIP1;1、Md PIP2;1、Md TIP1;1和Md TIP2;1的表达量均出现先下降后上升趋势,且四倍体均高于二倍体,尤其在处理24 h时差异最显著。四倍体比二倍体具有更强的耐盐性,可能与盐胁迫下四倍体相关水通道蛋白基因表达水平较高有关。     

甜瓜同源四倍体的创制及其初步定性研究

通过未成熟胚子叶的组织培养创造体细胞无性系变异,诱导出了齐甜1号的同源四倍体甜瓜,激素质量浓度以BA3.0mg/L为佳,加倍率为14.3%。对再生的同源四倍体及二倍体甜瓜植株进行了茎、叶、花、果实、种子的形态观察,及各项形态指标和主要品质指标的测定。结果表明:除果形指数变小外,四倍体植株的茎、叶、花、果实、种子各项形态指标的值均显著大于二倍体。同时,四倍体甜瓜维生素C、可溶性糖含量也显著高于二倍体。     

Tetraploid muskmelon alters morphological characteristics and improves fruit quality

Tetraploid muskmelon plants were induced successfully from diploid Cucumis melo inbred M01-3 (2n = 24) by colchicine. The morphological characteristics and fruit qualities of diploid and tetraploid muskmelons were investigated. The results showed that the leaves and flowers of the tetraploid plants were markedly larger, the plants were obviously higher, and the stems were thicker than those of the diploid plants. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed that the numbers of chloroplast, granule and grana, and the length of chloroplast and granule of the tetraploid plant leaves were significantly more or longer than those of the diploid plants. The soluble solid, soluble sugar and vitamin C contents in the tetraploid fruit were distinctly higher than those in the diploid fruit. The weight of the tetraploid fruit was 30% heavier than that of the diploid fruit. And the seeds from the tetraploid plants were broader and thicker than those from the diploid plants. Together, our results suggest that the tetraploid muskmelon exhibited better agronomical characteristics than the diploid muskmelon and the tetraploid muskmelon could be used as the improved variety and a potential germplasm for the development of triploid fruit.     

抗菌肽MB39基因导入‘皇家嘎啦’苹果及其四倍体植株的培育

 采用农杆菌介导法, 将抗菌肽MB₃₉基因转入‘皇家嘎啦’苹果, 获得了7 个转基因株系。通过秋水仙素诱变染色体组工程育种技术, 由转化体叶片获得了20 个四倍体植株。经PCR 检测和Southern Blotting 杂交证明, 抗菌肽MB₃₉基因已经整合到皇家嘎啦苹果的染色体组中。转基因株系TR21、TR23 提高了对火疫病的抗性。采用流式细胞技术( Flow Cytometry) 确定植株为四倍体。     

不同倍性蝴蝶兰杂交后代的染色体倍性研究

 对不同倍性蝴蝶兰小孢子母细胞减数分裂及其杂交后代的根尖染色体数进行了检测。结果表 明,除三倍体和三倍体杂交未能产生杂交后代外,不同倍性蝴蝶兰杂交后代的倍性均出现分离。二倍体和 二倍体、二倍体和四倍体杂交均产生二倍体、三倍体和四倍体;二倍体和三倍体杂交产生二倍体、三倍体、 五倍体和非整倍体;三倍体和四倍体随正反交不同而异,三倍体@四倍体的后代倍性有三倍体、四倍体、 八倍体和非整倍体,而四倍体@三倍体的后代倍性有三倍体、四倍体、五倍体和非整倍体;四倍体和四倍 体杂交产生二倍体、三倍体、四倍体、五倍体、六倍体和非整倍体。不同倍性蝴蝶兰的小孢子母细胞减数 分裂普遍存在微核、落后染色体和三分体等异常现象,导致小孢子和杂种后代的倍性出现多样性。     

番茄同源四倍体离体诱导及生理特性分析

以番茄品种渝粉109为试验材料,在建立番茄植株高效离体再生体系的基础上,将带绿芽生长点的子叶愈伤组织接种到含有秋水仙素的固体培养基中进行诱导。结果表明：以0.2%秋水仙素处理48 h效果最佳。对番茄四倍体与二倍体植株形态、生理指标比较分析发现：四倍体植株长势强,表现出巨大性|四倍体番茄叶片中叶绿素总量、POD活性、SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量高于二倍体,MDA含量低于二倍体。     

四倍体黑芥的获得与鉴定

以黑芥为材料进行了同源多倍体的诱导和鉴定研究。结果表明,用0.1%秋水仙素药液处理黑芥籽苗生长点24 ~ 72 h均可诱导获得多倍体植株,其中处理48 h的诱导效果最好,四倍体株率达73.33%。四倍体黑芥长势良好,叶片和花变大,叶柄变短,叶色和花色变深,开花期较二倍体晚2 ~ 3 d。四倍体黑芥能正常开花散粉,但结籽率较低,仅为13.83%。     

二倍体与四倍体宝塔菜的可溶性蛋白质凝胶电泳分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE),分析了二倍体与四倍体宝塔菜叶片和块茎中可溶性蛋白质的谱带分布情况.研究结果表明,四倍体宝塔菜块茎和叶片表达出来的蛋白质种类均比二倍体的多,且一些相同种类蛋白质的含量比二倍体高.     

不同倍性西瓜幼苗叶片超微结构的比较

以蜜枚西瓜二倍体、三倍体、四倍体作为实验材料,通过透射电镜观察不同倍性的西瓜幼苗叶片超微结构的差异,结果表明,与二倍体相比,三倍体和四倍体西瓜的叶片内,维管束组织较强,细胞较大,单个细胞内的叶绿体、线粒体、基粒以及基粒片层数增加,细胞活性增强,表现出基因的剂量效应和多倍体的抗性优势。     

In vitro induced tetraploid of Dendranthema nankingense (Nakai) Tzvel. shows an improved level of abiotic stress tolerance

The tetraploid of Dendranthema nankingense (Nakai) Tzvel. was induced by the colchicine treatment using nodal segments. Ploidy level was determined by an analysis of flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The morphological characteristics such as the stomata, leaves, flowers and pollen grains of the tetraploid were significantly larger than those of the diploid. The tolerance responses of the diploid and tetraploid were compared under the imposition of heat, cold, drought and salinity stress. Semi-lethal temperatures suggest that cold tolerance is improved by polyploidization, but the heat tolerance is reduced. Under drought and salt stress, the activity of peroxidase (POD) and relative water content (RWC) in the tetraploid were higher than those in the diploid. Accordingly its malondialdehyde (MDA) content maintained a lower level. The content of chlorophyll (a + b) in the tetraploid was higher, and decrease of its content was postponed in tetraploid compared with the diploid under salt stress. It suggested that polyploidization could alleviate oxidative stress, maintain good water balance and higher chlorophyll (a + b) content, thereby enhanced the drought and salt tolerance in colchicine induced tetraploid.     

DNA ploidy level of colchicine-treated hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

The genome doubling agent colchicine has been used effectively to obtain tetraploid plants when starting with diploid material. Since the plant meristem consists of many cells, as well as obtaining tetraploids, it is possible to obtain mixoploids (chimeras consisting of diploid and tetraploid tissue) after colchicine treatment. Flow cytometry was used to determine the DNA ploidy level of different tissues of individual hop plants following colchicine treatment of diploid hops. Plants that are shown to be mixoploid after analysis of leaf tissue can display higher levels of tetraploid nuclei in root tissue, such that they could be mistakenly classified as tetraploid. The hop variety Galena-4n, which was previously considered to be a tetraploid, is shown to be a mixoploid based on leaf material. However, Galena-4n consistently produces triploid progeny when crossed with a diploid hop variety, indicating that Galena-4n produces tetraploid reproductive tissues and is effectively a tetraploid from a breeding perspective. The results from this study indicate that care should be taken when determining the DNA ploidy level of an individual plant after exposure to genome-doubling agents based on single tissues and that leaf tissue is a choice material for flow cytometric analysis.