犊牛大肠杆菌K_(99)-F_(41)二价菌毛疫苗的制备及免疫效果的测定

为了比较分析由致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌分离株K99-F41分别制成的二价菌毛油佐剂苗和全菌体油佐剂灭活苗不同注射剂量时的妊娠母牛、所产犊牛免疫抗体效价及抗体消长时间的差异,试验采用免疫接种方法将两种疫苗分别按照不同剂量接种怀孕母牛,收集母牛产后6个时段内的初乳及所产犊牛灌服初乳后1,3,5,7天的血清,并通过间接ELISA法检测初乳和犊牛血清中相应抗体效价。结果表明:两种疫苗在剂量为5 m L时初乳中抗体效价明显高于3 m L,初乳中抗体效价在24 h后呈下降趋势;犊牛血清中的抗体效价明显上升;两种疫苗5 m L时犊牛腹泻自然发病率分别为15.4%和7.7%。说明两种疫苗均能产生良好的免疫应答及预防初生犊牛的大肠杆菌腹泻。     

牛支原体灭活疫苗免疫程序及母源抗体消长规律研究

为评价不同剂量的自主研发牛支原体灭活氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗对怀孕母牛免疫后抗体消长规律和免疫效果,本试验选择产前30～15d围产母牛70头,随机分为7组,每组10头牛,间隔15d,采用不同剂量免疫,定期采集初乳和犊牛血清,采用已建立的牛支原体间接ELISA检测方法检测初乳乳清和犊牛血清中的抗体滴度,统计分析其抗体消长规律。结果表明,使用自主研发牛支原体灭活氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗免疫怀孕母牛无红肿、发热等症状,是安全可靠的;用不同剂量疫苗免疫怀孕母牛,初乳乳清抗体中牛支原体Ig G抗体水平在奶牛分娩后3h达到一个峰值,随着奶牛产后时间的延长抗体水平呈逐步下降,在奶牛产后96h,抗体值均在0.3以下;A组的抗体最低,B组、C组、D组抗体均低于E组和F组;E组和F组抗体滴度较高,两者无差异。不同剂量疫苗免疫母牛所产犊牛哺食初乳后,犊牛血清中牛支原体Ig G抗体在犊牛出生后24h达到最高,随着犊牛日龄的增加,抗体滴度呈现逐步下降趋势;在A组、B组和C组抗体呈现层次不齐的状况,D组抗体水平高于A组、B组、C组,低于E组和F组;E组和F组抗体水平较高,且维持时间较长。研究结果为牛支原体疫苗的免疫程序制定提供了...     

保护性抗原对犊牛大肠杆菌病的予防

新生犊牛大肠杆菌病的特异性预防,是用几个血清群的病原体所制做的疫苗,给怀孕母牛接种及用大肠杆菌的高度免疫血清给新生犊牛注射实现的。对怀孕母牛疫苗接种可激发它们本身产生特异性抗体。母体内免疫抗体的形成过程,多集聚于乳腺和初乳分泌物中,再     

牛经试验感染野生型蓝舌病毒血清8型后的胎盘和口腔传播能力研究

本研究探讨了牛野生型蓝舌病毒血清8型(BTV-8)的垂直传播能力。研究人员发现了一例经胎盘传播感染了BTV-8的牛及另一例经口腔感染BTV-8的牛。对15头经产奶牛中的7头在怀孕8月龄时经试验感染BTV-8后,每头新生犊牛在初乳前均通过反转录实时定量PCR检测有无经胎盘传播的BTV。对未经胎盘传播感染该病的犊牛,喂给感染母牛或虽未感染却曾输入含BTV-8病毒血液母牛的初乳。其中1头感染母牛所产犊牛经反转录实时定量PCR检测为阳性,BTV特异性抗体检测为阴性,并在其血液中分离到BTV病毒。该牛出生后便伴有典型的蓝舌病症状,且仅存活2 d。尸检组织悬液经反转录实时定量PCR检测也为阳性。喂给感染母牛初乳的7头犊牛,无1头发生感染。喂给虽未感染却曾输入含BTV病毒血液母牛初乳的6头犊牛中,其中1头在产后第8天的检测中呈现PCR结果阳性,27 d后发生血清转换,PCR检测和抗体检测在整个试验期(即产后70 d内)始终为阳性。该研究结果表明,在牛怀孕后期胎盘传播以及新生牛通过口腔感染BTV-8在试验条件下是可行的。     

抗犊牛肺炎支原体免疫初乳乳清的制备

为探讨抗犊牛肺炎支原体免疫初乳乳清的制备方法,本试验采用牛支原体灭活佐剂疫苗于经产前2～4周给怀孕母牛免疫接种2次,制备高免初乳,收集产后12 h之内的初乳,分别采用离心沉淀与过滤法制备脱脂初乳,采用不同的酸化法、酶化法、酸和酶结合法制备乳清,通过紫外分光光度计及ELISA方法检测乳清中的总蛋白含量及抗牛支原体抗体滴度。结果显示,4 ℃、3500 r/min离心30 min对初乳的脱脂效果最好,初乳总蛋白含量及抗牛支原体抗体滴度损失最少;酶和酸结合法的乳清析出率最高,维生素C（0.2 g/mL）处理法对脱脂初乳中蛋白损失最小,盐酸处理法对脱脂初乳中抗牛支原体抗体滴度损失最小。结果表明用0.6 mol/L盐酸调pH至4.6,室温下放置30 min,10000 r/min离心20 min是高免初乳乳清制备的适宜方法。     

试验感染牛野生型蓝舌病毒血清8型胎盘及口腔传播的研究

本试验旨在探究野生型蓝舌病毒血清8型（BTV-8）对牛的潜在垂直传播。试验结果表明，1头犊牛经胎盘传播感染野生型BTV-8，用另1头犊牛经口感染野生型BTV-8。用15头怀孕8个月的多次经产母牛中的7头进行BTV-8感染试验，RRT—PCR检测结果表明，每头新生犊牛摄食初乳之前就已经胎盘感染了BTV，如果经胎盘感染试验不成立，那么给犊牛饲喂感染BTV-8母牛的初乳或未感染BTV-8母牛的初乳。初乳中掺入含BTV-8的血液。     

用前列腺素F_(2α)处理母牛引起早产犊牛吮吸初乳后血液中副流感3型病毒中和抗体的变化

由前列腺素F_(2α)处理的6头胎儿期为257—277日的早产犊,在生后6—11.5小时吮吸500～3,500毫升初乳。调查犊牛吮吸初乳后血液中副流感3型病毒中和抗体效价的变化,并和母牛分娩前后血液中抗体效价作比较,探讨犊牛被动免疫获得的情况。取得以下的结果。 1.所有犊牛在吮吸初乳前血液中都没有抗体效价。但吮吸初乳后急速增加,经过12小时左右达到最高峰。最高值可维持6日。 2.犊牛吮吸初乳后血液中抗体效价的最高值和母牛分娩前后血液中的抗体效价相同。弄清了用前列腺素F_(2α)处理母牛引起早产犊牛在吮吸初乳后12小时左右获得和母牛血液中抗体值相同的被动免疫的情况。     

西门塔尔杂交母牛初乳成分及其对新生犊牛免疫的影响

牛的初乳是新生犊牛重要的营养来源,是新生犊牛获得被动免疫的重要物质基础。研究表明母牛的品种、年龄及初乳量都会对初乳的质量产生一定的影响。本文对西杂母牛初乳中常规营养成分和犊牛采食初乳后血清中免疫球蛋白、胰岛素含量变化进行了分析,结果表明:母牛产后2¹2 h与2412 h与24¹44 h相比,初乳中总乳固体、乳蛋白含量高,且差异显著(P<0.05);乳糖含量低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。母牛产后12 h,初乳中乳蛋白含量显著高于产后24 h、72 h(P<0.05)。犊牛采食初乳后24 h,血清中IgA含量最高;采食初乳后72 h,血清中IgA含量最高。犊牛出生后2 h以内采食初乳与出生后2144 h相比,初乳中总乳固体、乳蛋白含量高,且差异显著(P<0.05);乳糖含量低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。母牛产后12 h,初乳中乳蛋白含量显著高于产后24 h、72 h(P<0.05)。犊牛采食初乳后24 h,血清中IgA含量最高;采食初乳后72 h,血清中IgA含量最高。犊牛出生后2 h以内采食初乳与出生后2⁴ h采食初乳相比,采食初乳后24 h采食初乳相比,采食初乳后2¹44 h,血清中IgG含量较高。试验表明:母牛产后2144 h,血清中IgG含量较高。试验表明:母牛产后2¹2 h的初乳具有较高的营养价值,犊牛出生后212 h的初乳具有较高的营养价值,犊牛出生后2²4 h,小肠对IgG、IgA吸收能力较高,犊牛产后2 h以内采食初乳更有利于提高自身免疫力。     

牛冠状病毒灭活疫苗的免疫效力试验

为了评价制备的牛冠状病毒灭活疫苗的免疫效力,试验选用分离鉴定出来的牛冠状病毒(BCV-YC分离株)为制苗种毒,接种HRT-18细胞进行增殖,收集上清液进行超速离心浓缩,最后加入甲醛灭活制成油乳剂灭活疫苗,分别接种小鼠和妊娠母牛。结果表明,疫苗不仅使小鼠具有一定的保护力,而且使妊娠母牛也能产生较高的抗体水平,犊牛攻毒试验证明,产生的母源抗体能使初生犊牛抵抗牛冠状病毒的攻击。说明制备的牛冠状病毒灭活疫苗对抵抗牛冠状病毒感染具有良好的保护性。     

重组鸡白细胞介素6对重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗(H5N1,Re-6株+Re-7株)免疫增强作用的观察

为评价重组鸡白细胞介素6(rChIL-6)在商品鸡体内对重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗(H5N1,Re-6株+Re-7株)免疫增强作用,将rChIL-6与重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗(H5N1,Re-6株+Re-7株)采用肌肉注射方式免疫57日龄麻鸡,分别在疫苗接种前和接种后第7、14、21、35、42天,检测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(Re-6、Re-7)血凝抑制(HI)抗体水平。结果表明:与灭活疫苗同时注射rChIL-6组比单一注射疫苗组的H5N1 Re-6抗体滴度可提高1.6 log2,Re-7抗体滴度可提高1.8 log2。提示rChIL-6对重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗(H5N1,Re-6株+Re-7株)有显著的免疫增强作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.