西双版纳野生牧草种质资源调查及评价

对云南省最南部西双版纳傣族自治州开展野生牧草种质资源野外调查和收集,得出西双版纳州草地资源丰富,种类繁多,蕴含着大量的野生牧草种质资源。全州草地主要植物有128科,577属,1052种,其中禾本科(Gramineae)71属,140种;豆科(Leguminosae)47属,136种;莎草科(Cyperaceae)17属,60种。可食牧草有24科,209种,以禾本科、豆科、莎草科牧草为主。并对重要野生牧草种质资源的经济特性和饲用价值进行了评价分析,得出西双版纳地区野生牧草具有多叶、常绿、高产、低消化率等特性。开发利用这些优良野生牧草种质资源需根据具体的用途和牧草本身的特点采取不同的开发方式。     

基于MaxEnt模型的3种野生牧草西藏地区潜在适生区分析

西藏地区草地资源丰富，但利用水平尚待提高，加强野生牧草的适生性分析，对种质资源选育和草地生态畜牧业的发展具有重要意义。高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、小花棘豆(Oxytropis glabra)和紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)是西藏地区广泛分布且品质优良的野生牧草，为探究三种野生牧草在西藏地区分布的主导环境气候因子，利用MaxEnt模型，分析适宜草种混播区域，以期为重要野生牧草资源在西藏地区高寒草地推广种植和人工草地混播提供科学依据。结果表明：高山嵩草最适生长区集中在西藏地区中部，影响其分布的关键环境因子是生长季月平均辐射；小花棘豆最适生区分布在日喀则市中部、山南市西北部和拉萨市，等温性是影响其分布的关键环境因子；紫花针茅在西藏地区分布广泛，影响其分布的关键环境因子是坡度。本研究明确了3种野生牧草混播种植的适生区域，为下一步推广人工草地种植提供理论依据。     

内蒙古野生优良牧草种质资源保护与利用

笔者概述了内蒙古野生牧草种质资源状况，并针对野生牧草的保护与利用现状及存在的问题，提出了野生牧草资源保护与利用的几点建议。     

海南岛野生牧草种质资源考察

2004年6月—2005年4月对海南岛野生牧草种质资源进行了实地考察。收集了野生牧草种质资源549份,隶属7科、33属,近60种。并对收集到的野生牧草种质资源的种类、分布情况、生长习性进行了描述。通过考察,挽救了一批濒临灭绝的品种;发掘了一批可供生产和育种单位直接利用的种质资源,丰富了国家种质库。还就海南的野生牧草种质资源的保存和利用等提出意见和建议。     

吉林省野生牧草种质资源的考察与搜集

搜集吉林省境内有利用价值的野生牧草种质资源,为吉林省野生牧草种质资源保护、研究和开发利用提供基础材料.2008-2009年连续2年对吉林省内野生牧草种质资源进行考察与搜集.共采集野生牧草种质资源材料191份,涵盖18科59属89种,其中,豆科91份,禾本科64份,其他科36份.这些野生牧草种质材料中既有独特的地方野生种...     

云南牧草种质资源研究现状及前景

云南省复杂的自然地理和气候条件决定了云南省牧草种质资源的丰富性。为此,介绍了云南省自然条件概况并对云南省牧草种质资源种类的丰富度、分布及研究现状进行了总结,列出了云南草地主要牧草资源植物以及11类草地的草群组成。针对云南省种质资源存在的问题,从保护和利用的目标出发,提出了广泛收集牧草种质资源,对收集到的牧草种质资源进行有效保护和深入研究,积极创新和永续利用的建议和对策,并对牧草种质资源研究的预期目标和前景进行了展望。     

浅论青海省牧草种质资源利用现状与保护

位于青藏高原的青海草地,是世界上高寒类牧草的种质资源库。青海天然草地上多种野生牧草的抗寒、抗旱等抗逆基因和特殊种性是在世界其他地区所无法寻觅的,也是弥足珍贵的种质资源。因此,保护青海天然草地上极具挖掘潜力的牧草种质资源,进一步深入研究和合理开发利用优质牧草资源是十分必要的。     

野生优良旱生牧草引种培育研究及其利用

通过对野生材料的调查研究、搜集、引种与鉴定,成功育成了大青山草地早熟禾、乌拉特毛穗赖草、蒙古冰草、科尔沁型华北驼绒藜等8个牧草野生栽培品种。利用培育的抗旱牧草品种、抗逆性坪用植物品种,在草地建设、饲草料开发、城市绿化和生态环境治理等方面发挥了积极作用．并在旱生牧草种质资源发掘、鉴定、评价、保存与综合利用研究等方面进行了积极探索。     

野生优良旱生牧草引种培育研究及其利用

通过对野生材料的调查研究、搜集、引种与鉴定,成功育成了大青山草地早熟禾、乌拉特毛穗赖草、蒙古冰草、科尔沁型华北驼绒藜等8个牧草野生栽培品种.利用培育的抗旱牧草品种、抗逆性坪用植物品种,在草地建设、饲草料开发、城市绿化和生态环境治理等方面发挥了积极作用,并在旱生牧草种质资源发掘、鉴定、评价、保存与综合利用研究等方面进行了积极探索.     

青海省牧草育种研究进展

青海境内有草地3 644.94万hm2,畜牧业是当地经济的主体,也是我国三大河流长江、黄河、澜沧江的涵养源。但长期受多种自然和人为因素影响,草地环境受到严重破坏,草原生产力大幅下降。多年来,为解决青海草地畜牧业生产中饲草种植、天然草地改良及栽培草地建设缺乏适宜草种这一问题,青海草原工作者进行了大量牧草品种选育及驯化研究,通过长年对牧草种质资源的收集及大量引种及当地野生草种的驯化试验,培育了一些适应当地种植的牧草品种,现有14种被国家牧草品种审定委员会登记为牧草新品种。文章回顾了青海省牧草种质资源利用及育种研究工作历史,介绍了牧草育种工作取得的成就及工作现状,并针对目前存在的问题提出了建议。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.