甜樱桃主要栽培品种多酚含量的测定与品质分析

为建立包括植物多酚在内的樱桃果实品质评价标准体系,进而为品种选育和栽培管理提供技术依据,定量分析研究山西省栽培的樱桃品种‘那翁’、‘红灯’、‘佐藤锦’、‘大紫’、‘龙冠’、‘红玛瑙’、‘8-2’、‘6-19’果实的总酚、原花色素、绿原酸、总糖、总酸含量与果实形态指标对果实风味品质的影响。研究结果表明,植物多酚类物质总量与种类对樱桃果实的风味品质具有重要影响,植物多酚类物质总量与种类可以作为衡量樱桃果实风味品质的主要指标。通过对试验测定数据进行相关分析和聚类分析计算,提出樱桃果实风味品质分级的数量指标。     

苹果茎尖组培苗继代保存多年后繁殖特性研究

为解决种质离体保存的适宜年限等实用性问题,需了解多年继代保存的组培苗繁殖能力有无变化。本试验对继代保存不同年限的 ‘金冠’、‘乔纳金’和‘嘎拉’、‘富士’茎尖组培苗进行继代增殖能力、不定根诱导和离体叶片不定芽再生能力的研究。结果表明：外植体接种初期4年以内,即继代次数为24或40代时,‘富士’、‘金冠’、‘乔纳金’的新梢增殖能力较低,‘嘠拉’生根率较低,‘金冠’、‘富士’、‘嘠拉’离体叶片再生率较低,随着培养时间延长,继代次数增加,以上品种的继代增殖效率、生根能力及离体叶片再生能力均稳定在较高水平。长期继代保存的苹果品种茎尖组培苗（‘富士’已保存25年,‘金冠’、‘乔纳金’19年,‘嘠拉’10年）仍保持其器官再生能力。     

苹果多酚提取物对血管紧张素转换酶活性的抑制

为研究不同品种、成熟度的苹果多酚对血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）活性的影响,确立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定苹果多酚对血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）活性抑制的检测方法。选取‘富士’、‘国光’2个品种、2个成熟度的苹果多酚提取物作为实验材料,研究其对ACE活性的抑制。实验结果表明,多酚浓度在1~250 μg/mL范围时,未成熟‘富士’、成熟‘富士’、未成熟‘国光’、成熟‘国光’的苹果多酚对ACE活性的抑制逐渐增强,其中未成熟‘富士’多酚提取物的半抑制率浓度IC50值最低,成熟‘国光’的IC50值最高,分别为16.9、80.8 μg/mL。由以上结果得出,未成熟‘富士’的苹果多酚对ACE活性的抑制作用最强,可以作为天然优良的ACE活性抑制剂。     

广西高淀粉甘薯引种试验初报

为了选育出适合广西栽培的高淀粉含量能源型甘薯新品种,对9个引进的品种进行对比试验,通过采用随机区组设计,以‘广薯87’为对照,研究不同品种的植株地上部性状、块根性状、鲜薯产量和淀粉含量等。结果表明,JSP-4和‘徐薯22’的淀粉产量较高,分别达到6698.42 kg/hm2和5685.96 kg/hm2,分别比对照高43.54%和21.84%。通过研究得出,JSP-4和‘徐薯22’可作为高淀粉含量的能源型甘薯品种在广西推广种植。     

不同生态型玉米品种低温下出苗机理研究

为了探讨不同的玉米品种对冷害的抗性,本研究以黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、河南、山西等地的10个玉米品种‘郑单958’、‘辽单565’、‘中地77’、‘永玉3’、‘山西708’、‘山西712’、‘银河32’、‘吉单198’、‘九单48’、‘龙单13’为试验材料,测定各个品种在5℃低温和25℃恒温条件下的发芽率、吸水率、电导率、细胞内游离脯氨酸含量、淀粉含量,研究结果表明：不同的玉米品种在低温下的活力差异应与24 h内种子吸水率、电导率、细胞内游离脯氨酸含量、淀粉含量、细胞内各种酶的活性有关。经低温处理后,‘辽单565’的发芽率降幅最低,仅为5.34%,其次为‘龙单13’和‘中地77’,降幅分别为5.67%和7%,表明这3个玉米品种对冷害的抗性比较强,适合在黑龙江等冷害灾害较为常见的地区播种。     

云南茶树种质资源的抗性鉴定和评价

为有效利用茶树种质资源,筛选适于高效抗性育种的茶树亲本材料。采用田间自然鉴定、低温处理试验等方法,对105份云南茶树种质资源进行了抗寒性和抗虫性鉴定,筛选出11份抗性表现较好的资源,其中抗寒性较强的资源有‘86-8-1’、‘86-9-12’、‘86-12-7’、‘86-6-9’、‘河头白尖毛茶’和‘弄岛黑茶’等6份,抗假小绿叶蝉虫性较强的资源有‘马鞍山大叶茶’、‘昌选2’和‘中叶2号’3份,抗咖啡小爪螨虫性较强的资源有‘基诺大叶茶’和‘丫口小茶’2份,抗根结线虫性较强的资源有‘84-1-1’和‘曼喷龙大叶茶’2份。这些抗性资源即可直接用于推广生产外,还可作为进一步单株选育和杂交育种的亲本或诱变育种的原始材料,为推动茶树新品种选育提供了良好的物质技术基础。     

湖南湘西特色烟叶品种筛选研究

为筛选适合湘西地区种植且优质、高产、抗性好的品种,2011年2-11月,从生育期、植物学性状、农艺性状、发病率、经济性状、外观质量6个方面对该地区引进的‘云烟97’、‘南江3号’等7个烟叶品种与对照品种‘K326’进行了比较筛选试验。结果表明：（1）各品种生育期主要植物学性状差异不明显。（2）株高以‘中烟201’和‘HY-9-7’最高,达到115.0 cm;‘中烟201’、‘贵烟4号’的茎围和节距均大于对照。（3）各品种发病率以‘中烟201’较少,‘KRK26’和对照‘K326’发病率较高,（4）小区产量和产值均以‘贵烟4号’最高,‘中烟201’次之,津巴布韦引进品种‘KRK26’最少。综合各项研究结果,‘中烟201’与‘贵烟4号’品种表现较好,建议小规模示范种植。     

豫东蔬菜产区越夏辣椒品种比较试验

为了调整、优化豫东辣椒产区品种结构,筛选适宜的越夏辣椒优良品种供菜农使用并满足市场需求,以‘绿剑’、‘永利109’、‘博研168’、‘极品158’、‘香辣4号’和‘黄金龙’等6个夏辣椒品种为试验材料,以‘湘研16’为对照,采用常规田间试验方法进行了品种比较试验。在豫东蔬菜产区现行的生产、生态及技术条件下,这6个夏辣椒品种的生长发育性状、产量因素、增产增收效应及抗病性等总体上均优于对照‘湘研16号’。这些辣椒品种既是比较理想的‘湘研16’替代品种,又可满足辣椒生产中品种结构调整优化和多元化的市场需求。     

彩色甜椒品种比较试验

为筛选获得适合广东大棚栽培种植的优良彩色甜椒品种,采用随机区组设计方法对引进的5个彩色甜椒品种‘锦紫’、‘锦玉’、‘锦黄’、‘锦红’和‘锦桂’进行品种比较试验。品种间植物学性状、产量、商品性和果实品质分析的结果表明：品种间植株生长势差异显著;‘锦紫’和‘锦红’单株产量和小区产量高,但‘锦紫’果实品质差;‘锦红’和‘锦黄’维生素C含量高、含糖量高、口感好、商品性最好,可作为广东大棚大面积推广的优质品种。     

高产、双抗型小麦新品种‘川麦51’产量、抗病性等特征分析

为了明确新品种的增产潜力和加快新品种的推广应用,实现新品种的应用价值,通过方差分析、多重比较等方法对小麦新品种--‘川麦51’的产量、抗病性等特征进行比较分析。‘川麦51’是四川省农科院作物研究所选育的一个中筋小麦品种,该品种在2年的区试试验中分别比对照增产12.6%和14.2%,生产试验中比对照增产11.4%。采用DPS软件进行区域试验分析的结果表明,‘川麦51’具有良好的丰产性、稳产性和稳定性。抗病性鉴定结果表明,‘川麦51’高抗条锈病和中抗白粉病,能够抵御频繁爆发条锈病和偶发白粉病的四川气候条件。综合评价认为‘川麦51’具有较高的推广应用价值。     

Mapping QTL involved in powdery mildew resistance of the apple clone U 211

Scab and powdery mildew, caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. and Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis et Ev.) Salm. are the most important apple diseases. The apple clone U 211 is resistant to scab and is also highly resistant to powdery mildew under field conditions. The interval mapping method was applied for the identification of genomic regions conferring U 211 resistance to powdery mildew. The genetic maps of the ‘Idared’ and U 211 genome sectors were constructed using amplified fragment lenght polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers and 98 individuals from the progeny of the cross ‘Idared’× U 211. On the basis of the phenotypic and molecular marker data 10 powdery mildew resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in U 211 and ‘Idared’. One of the QTL in the clone U 211 explained 48‐72% of the phenotypic variation and its effect was stable over years.     

过氧化物酶同工酶电泳技术在冬小麦抗白粉病鉴定中的应用

通过对１４个抗白粉病、２３个感白粉病的冬小麦品种、品系功能叶过氧化物酶同工酶分析证明，由于对白粉病反应不同，在拔节至抽穗期，抗、感品种功能叶的过氧化物酶酶谱有明显差别，据此可以对田间大量育种材料进行早期预测，以防使用感病材料接种花药和进行杂交。用叶片同工酶鉴定抗病性，不影响植株生长发育，可与育种试验同时进行，是一种简便易行的鉴定方法。     

Short Communication Comparison between QTL analysis of powdery mildew resistance in barley based on detached primary leaves and on field data

A quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of quantitative powdery mildew resistance was performed on 216 doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between the winter-barley varieties ‘Igri’ and ‘Danilo’ using 67 RFLP loci. Resistance to powdery mildew was determined in the field with natural infection and on detached primary leaves with a specific isolate. The major QTL found in both sets of analysis mapped to the same chromosomal region. No further QTL could be found in the analysis based on detached leaves and one additional minor QTL was found in the analysis based on field data.     

苹果白粉病发生情况调查及田间药剂筛选

为寻找有效防控苹果白粉病的措施,采用普查和定点调查相结合的方法,定期调查苹果园内白粉病的发生时期、为害程度。通过田间防治试验,对生物制剂、诱抗剂和高效化学药剂的防治效果进行评价。结果表明,苹果白粉病春季于4—5月发病,秋季于9月左右发病;且‘华硕’发病较‘富士’重。防治苹果白粉病,生防制剂8%嘧啶核苷酸类抗菌素可湿性粉剂防治效果较好(75.27%),其次是10%多抗霉素可湿性粉剂,防效为62.09%。3种诱抗剂对苹果白粉病防治均有一定的效果,50μg/mL水杨酸处理效果最好,达66.85%;草酸仅高浓度处理的防治效果超过50%;5%氨基寡糖素水剂2000倍处理效果与50μg/mL水杨酸处理效果接近,为65.26%。供试的5种常用化学制剂中,50%丙环唑乳油防治白粉病效果最好(98.59%),其次是10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂(92.80%),5%己唑醇悬浮剂、30%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂和40%腈菌唑悬浮剂防治效果也均在80%以上。试验结果可对后期苹果病虫害综合防治技术体系的集成与示范提供技术指导。     

Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in 127 Northwest European Spring Barley Varieties

One hundred and twenty-seven spring barley varieties grown in Denmark since 1979 were characterized for resistance genes using 30 powdery mildew isolates. The resistance genes are traced in the pedigrees to verify the results. Eleven named genes, 12 tentatively named genes/resistances and six unknown resistances were found. Resistance in many varieties was based on combinations of either known genes or of known and new factors. The following five new or relatively new resistance genes more or less effective against the present powdery mildew populations were detected: the ‘Mlo’ resistance conferred by the recessive mlo gene with the characteristic infection type 0/(4), ‘Ricardo’ and ‘Turkish’ sources having gene Mla3 in common and ‘Turkish’ with Ml(Tu2) in addition. In three varieties the new resistance Ml(IM9) was found in combination with different Mia alleles. Variety ‘Jarek’ has two new unidentified resistances.     

Assessment of partial resistance to powdery mildew in Chinese wheat varieties

Field trials in two cropping seasons and two locations in central China were conducted on 60 Chinese autumn‐sown wheat varieties to assess their partial resistance to powdery mildew. Mean levels of disease severity ranged from close to 0 to more than 90%. The method of inoculation and the location in which trials were conducted affected the relative performance of the varieties, but these effects were much smaller than the main effect of variety. The area under the disease progress curve was highly correlated with final disease severity, but both were poorly correlated with apparent infection rate. Disease severity was regressed against frequencies of virulence in the Blumeria graminis (syn. Erysiphe graminis) f sp. tritici populations in the trial plots. A vertical distance (D) from the mean mildew severity to the fitted line was calculated for each variety and was used to quantify partial resistance. Five of the 60 varieties, ‘Hx8541’, ‘E28547’, ‘Chuan1066’, ‘Zhe88pin6’ and ‘Lin5064’, consistently expressed relatively low levels of disease despite high frequencies of virulence in the pathogen and had consistently high D‐values. They may therefore have good levels of partial resistance.     

Effect of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) on photosynthesis and grain yield of partially resistant genotypes of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The effect of powdery mildew on the photosynthesis and grain yield of partially resistant spring barley was investigated. The effect of powdery mildew on the CO₂ exchange rate (CER) of inoculated and non-inoculated leaves was measured in several glasshouse experiments. Grain yield reduction by powdery mildew was determined in three field experiments. The CER of the inoculated leaves was reduced by infection but that of the non-inoculated leaves was not significantly different from that of the corresponding leaves of the control plants. The reduction in CER of the different genotypes was closely related to the percentage leaf area infected with powdery mildew. The correlation between degree of mildew infection and grain yield reduction varied between r = 0.84 (significant at P = 0.01) and r = 0.41 (not significant). Differences in greenness of the crop were correlated better with grain yield reduction (r = 0.66, P = 0.01) than powdery-mildew infection itself. Low percentages of powdery-mildew infection did not lead to significant reduction in grain yield. Partial resistance to powdery mildew could thus be a valuable attribute of future barley varieties.     

Race-Specific Resistance Genes Against Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in Old and Recent French Barley Accessions

Leaf segments from seedlings of 68 old barley varieties and 38 more recent cultivars of past or current importance in France were infected with 6—9 powdery mildew isolates in order to identify race-specific resistance genes. No resistance gene was apparent in the 21 old winter varieties, 43 of 47 old spring varieties, 10 recent winter and 3 recent spring cultivars. Two old spring varieties (‘Colmar S 142’ and ‘Johanna’) were postulated to have Mlg and Ml(CP), and two others (‘Pontrieux’ and ‘Finistère 62-5’) had an unidentified, weakly effective gene. Mlg, Ml(CP), Mlb, Mla6 and Mlal3 were the only genes detected in recent winter cultivars. Recent spring cultivars presented the greatest diversity; the presence of one or several genes among Mlal, Mla6, Mla9, Mla12, Mlg, Ml(CP), Ml(La), Mlk and mlo was postulated in several lines.     

Barley Isolines with Genes for Resistance to Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in the Recurrent Parent 'Siri'

A group of 17 spring barley isolines with genes for race specific resistance to barley powdery mildew were developed by backcrossing using the cultivar ‘Siri’ as the recurrent parent. A test with 22 isolates of powdery mildew showed that each of the 17 isolines had the same reaction as its donor parent, and that 17 different resistance genes or gene combinations are present among the lines- The isolines are very similar to ‘Siri’ in morphology and agronomic performance.     

‘尧麦16’选育过程中白粉病抗性与产量相关性研究

研究小麦品种选育过程中白粉病和产量之间的互作关系,为育种家在品种选育过程中相关品系的取舍提供参考。在国审品种‘尧麦16’选育过程中,该家系出现不同白粉病抗性和产量的品系。利用白粉抗性不同的‘尧麦16’家系及衍生品系为材料,比较材料间白粉病抗性与产量的差异。4个高代品系的产量三要素差异不显著,但小区产量随着抗白粉程度的降低逐渐提高,较抗病RI16-1依次提高13.2%、16.5%和23.9%。高感RI16-4的衍生品系白粉病反应型略有差异,RI16-4-1和RI16-4-2为3级,RI16-4-3、RI16-4-4、RI16-4-5、RI16-4-6、RI16-4-7和RI16-4-8均为4级;RI16-1的5个衍生平均产量为4.75 kg,而RI16-4高感白粉的6个衍生品系较RI16-1的衍生品系平均增产11.16%,平均产量为5.28 kg,感白粉的衍生品系普遍超过抗白粉衍生品系的产量。综合两年度各品系性状可以看出随着白粉病抗性的降低,不同衍生品系的小区产量随之提高。此外,小区产量整体上呈现产量水平与抗病性具有负相关的趋势。