硅藻土对5种储粮害虫和不同磷化氢抗性水平杂拟谷盗防治效果的研究

为初步了解硅藻土对储粮害虫的防治效果以及与害虫磷化氢抗性发生发展的关系, 本研究采用直接拌粮法(设置剂量梯度为0?0.2?0.4?0.6 g/kg和 0.8 g/kg)测定硅藻土对赤拟谷盗?杂拟谷盗?锈赤扁谷盗?谷蠹?玉米象的防治效果, 以及磷化氢抗性杂拟谷盗(抗性倍数为 2.3~144.7)对硅藻土的敏感性差异; 除此之外, 本研究还分析了0.4 g/kg硅藻土在 4 种粮食(小麦?玉米?大豆?稻谷)中对赤拟谷盗的杀虫效果?研究结果表明:一定剂量(0.2~0.8 g/kg)的硅藻土均能够在一定时间内有效杀死上述 5种储粮害虫, 不同储粮害虫对硅藻土的敏感性存在显著差异(P<0.05), 其中杂拟谷盗对硅藻土的耐受性最强, 玉米象对硅藻土最为敏感?除个别品系外, 不同磷化氢抗性品系的杂拟谷盗对硅藻土的敏感性不存在显著差异(P>0.05), 且与磷化氢抗性无关; 硅藻土在不同粮食中对害虫的作用效果存在显著性差异(P<0.05)(处理 7 d后, 死亡率为 13%~98%), 其中在大豆中对赤拟谷盗的杀虫效果最强, 在玉米中对其作用效果不明显?因此本研究得出结论:硅藻土对主要储粮害虫均具有一定的防治作用, 且对抗磷化氢的杂拟谷盗具有良好的致死效果?因此, 硅藻土具备成为储粮害虫防治及其磷化氢抗性治理药剂的潜力?     

Insecticidal efficacy of beauveria bassiana,diatomaceous earth and fenitrothion against rhyzopertha dominica and tribolium castaneum on stored wheat

Bioassays were conducted in stored grains to evaluate the combined use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, diatomaceous earth (DE) and fenitrothion against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. The insecticide agents were applied to wheat as follows: the fungus at 1 × 10⁸ conidia/kg of wheat, DE at 3 g/kg of wheat and fenitrothion at a rate of 0.15 ml/kg of wheat (25% of field dose rate). Surviving insects and progeny production were monitored at thirty-day intervals until four months. For both insect species, significantly less progeny was produced on wheat treated with fenitrothion and DE + B. bassiana formulations in comparison with controls. The effect of insecticides on the grain damage, germination power of wheat and bulk density was also evaluated. After four months, B. bassiana mixed with DE reduced the damaged insect grains by 50% in comparison with both fenitrothion and control treatments. Trials using DE caused a reduction in bulk density while there were no significant differences for germination testing between treatments.     

Abrasive und hydrophil/lipophile Effekte unterschiedlicher inerter Stäube im Einsatz gegen Schadinsekten am Beispiel des Kornkäfers Sitophilus granarius L.

Modern research on the insecticidal effects of inert dusts as a stored-grain protectant and for plant protection purposes began in the 1920s. The main advantage of inert dusts is their low-mammalian toxicity. One group of inert dusts used for pest control is diatomaceous earth (DE). DE has been tested as a whole and evaluated as a Group 3 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A Group 3 listing indicates that DE is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans, since definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from the research conducted to date. DE is a form of naturally occurring amorphous silica that can kill insects by ab/adsorbing the lipids such as waxes and triglycerides of the outer cuticle layer by direct contact. When the thin, waterproof layer is lost, the insect looses water and dies. Desiccation follows Ficks law of diffusion into the surrounding atmosphere. In addition to its desiccant action the theory that DE works abrasively to rupture insect cuticles has been proposed. To evaluate the abrasive effects of DE we have tested 27 inert dusts with different surface properties. Materials were compared based on the time needed to kill 50% (LT₅₀) of Sitophilus granarius weevils in laboratory experiments. Substances with hydrophilic and/or hydrophobe properties were significantly more effective against S.?granarius than substances which are mainly abrasive. There is a strong correlation between LT₅₀ and weight loss (=?water loss) of insects (p?=?0.014). Particle size played only a secondary role (p?=?0.077). Commercial DE formulations and activated charcoal (Carbopal MB4) were the most effective hydrophilic substances tested. The most abrasive substances were corundum and silica sand with small particle sizes. It is concluded, that those materials were effective because of a good coverage of the insects outer cuticle and existing shear stress. All results presented are discussed in context of the insecticidal mode of action of inert dusts and possible registration of silica based formulations as biocide.     

Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)

Laboratory bioassays were carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of two diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Insecto and SilicoSec, against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F) in eight different grain commodities. The adherence of the two DEs to each grain was also measured. The eight grains tested were wheat, whole barley, peeled barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice and maize. These commodities were treated with the DEs at three rates, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 g DE kg(-1) grain. The mortality of R dominica adults was measured after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days and 14 days of exposure in the treated grains at 26 degrees C and 55% RH. After the 14-day mortality count, all adults were removed and the treated grains retained under the same conditions for a further 60 days. The treated grains were subsequently examined for F1 progeny. Significant differences were recorded among the eight grain types as well as between the DE formulations tested. After 14 days of exposure, even at the lowest DE rate for both formulations, adult mortality was high (>90%) in wheat and triticale. In contrast, adult mortality was significantly lower in peeled barley. Increasing the rate improved the efficacy of the DEs significantly in only some of the grains tested. Reproductive capacity in all the treated grains was significantly suppressed when compared with untreated grains. Generally, more F1 individuals of R dominica were noted in the treated peeled barley than in the other commodities. Significant differences in the percentage of DE retention were noted among the eight grains. The highest retention level was noted in rice (>87%) and the lowest in maize (<6%). However, the degree of DE adherence to a given grain was not always indicative of the effectiveness of DE against R dominica.     

4种种衣剂防治棉花苗期主要病虫害效果及经济效益比较

为明确4种复合型种衣剂对棉花苗期主要病虫害的防治效果和经济效益,以‘新陆早41号’为试材,采用田间小区试验,研究400 g/L福美双·萎锈灵种子处理悬浮剂(FS)、26%多菌灵·福美双·甲基立枯磷FS、25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS和30%噻虫嗪·嘧菌酯·咪鲜胺FS对棉花出苗、苗期立枯病和红腐病、地下害虫、苗期蓟马、蚜虫和产量的影响,分析其防治病虫害的效果及经济效益,以期筛选出田间试验效果最佳的种衣剂。结果表明:播种10 d时4种种衣剂处理的出苗率显著优于对照,较对照增加6.64%~19.23%,播种30 d时4种种衣剂对苗期立枯病和红腐病防治效果分别为30.88%~50.74%和31.13%~59.15%,对棉花地下害虫和蓟马的防治效果分别为39.24%~69.62%和39.12%~63.04%。棉花上蚜虫发生时间推迟1~3 d。400 g/L福美双·萎锈灵FS防病效果最佳,25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS防虫效果最佳。种衣剂处理收获株数较对照增加0.78%~1.11%,增产量为53.70~184.40 kg/hm 2,经济效益为322.20~1106.40元/hm 2,投入产出比为1∶5.65~1∶12.29。综合分析显示,25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS防治苗期病虫害和增产效果较好,具有推广应用价值。     

Evaluation of natural diatomaceous earth deposits from south‐eastern Europe for stored‐grain protection: the effect of particle size

BACKGROUND: The use of diatomaceous earths (DEs) provides a promising alternative to the use of contact insecticides in stored‐product IPM. Geographical origin and the physical properties of a given DE may affect its insecticidal activity. In the present study, DE samples were collected from different locations of south‐eastern Europe, and their efficacy was evaluated in the laboratory against Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujiidae), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). In addition, three fractions comprising particles of different size were obtained from each DE sample and assessed with regards to their effectiveness against the above stored‐product insect pests. RESULTS: DE from the Greek region of Elassona was the most effective against C. ferrugineus and S. oryzae, whereas the DE Kolubara 518, mined in the Serbian region of Kolubara, was the most effective against R. dominica. Smaller particles were more effective than larger particles against the three tested species, although significant differences in the efficacy of fractions containing particles of 0–150 µm and particles with sizes of < 45 µm were not always recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Deposits from south‐eastern Europe appeared to be very effective against the tested species, and therefore this region should be further evaluated as a source of development of commercial products. Particle size is a physical property that should always be taken into account during the DE manufacturing process, as it can strongly influence the insecticidal action of a given product. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

国内外杀虫绿僵菌制剂的登记现状与剂型技术进展

生物农药在植物保护工作中日益受到重视。绿僵菌是重要的昆虫病原真菌,作为真菌杀虫剂已被成功应用于蝗虫、金龟子、象甲等多种害虫的田间防治。近40年来,已有83个绿僵菌产品在13个国家或地区获得注册,制剂研究与加工技术方面取得了新进展,可湿性粉剂、悬浮剂等传统剂型质量得到改善,超低容量剂、浸渍剂等新剂型可适应特殊应用环境,产品的防治对象涵盖范围更广。本文就国内外绿僵菌产品注册登记情况、制剂类型特性及制剂技术的载体、助剂和加工过程等主要因素进行综述,以期为我国真菌生物农药的科研、应用及产业发展提供基础依据。     

气候变暖后我国作物害虫发生趋势分析

全球气候变暖及其影响已引起世界的普遍关注。根据我国气候变化的特点及气候对害虫的影响，本文分析了气候变暖后我国作物害虫发生的趋势，并提出了可能的防治对策。随着气候变暖，作物害虫生长发育速率将加快，年发生世代数可能增加，越冬界线将向北移动，为害将加重。但害虫向北扩展的速度将受到害虫所依赖的寄主作物向北迁移速度的限制     

Persistence and efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations and a mixture of diatomaceous earth with natural pyrethrum against Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on wheat and maize

Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the insecticidal and residual effects of three diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Insecto, PyriSec and SilicoSec, against Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val on wheat and maize. Quantities of wheat and maize were treated with the above formulations at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg kg(-1) and stored at 25 degrees C and 55% relative humidity (RH). Samples were taken on the day of storage and every 30 days until completion of a 360 day period of storage. Adults of T. confusum were exposed to these samples at 25 degrees C and 55% RH and the mortality was measured after 24 and 48 h and 7 and 14 days of exposure. Adult mortality was higher on wheat than on maize. At the beginning of the storage period, mortalities after 14 day exposure on maize treated with the highest rate were 60, 63 and 81% for Insecto, PyriSec and SilicoSec respectively, while on wheat the mortality was 100% for all DEs. On the same commodities 360 days after treatment the respective mortality figures for wheat were 99, 98 and 100%, while in the case of maize they did not exceed 7%. Generally, mortality at exposures < or =48 h decreased with increasing storage time. Furthermore, although mortality on wheat increased with dose, the increase in DE dose from 1000 to 1500 mg kg(-1) resulted in only a small increase in mortality. Thus a DE treatment of 1000 mg kg(-1) was shown to provide long-term protection of wheat against T. confusum, although higher DE application rates and exposure intervals are needed for a satisfactory level of protection of maize against this pest.     

Integrated Pest management in Forage Alfalfa

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., is among the most prized of forages, and is grown worldwide as a feed for all classes of livestock. It is one of man's oldest crops, and its cultivation probably predates recorded history. In addition to its versatility as a feed, alfalfa is well known for its ability to improve soil structure and, as a legume, is an effective source of biological nitrogen. As a perennial crop, alfalfa has a lifespan approaching 5 years, but in some areas of the world fields may remain productive for considerably longer. Such a long stand life affords ample time for the establishment and development of a diverse community structure by an abundance of organisms. In spite of system perturbations caused by frequent harvests and occasional pesticide applications, an alfalfa field provides a temporal stability which is uncommon among field crops. As a result of this stability, alfalfa supports an immense diversity of flora and fauna which, at times, exceeds that of riparian ecosystems. While most of alfalfa's inhabitants have little or no impact on it as a crop, a few are capable of causing extensive damage. Arthropods, plant pathogens, weeds, vertebrates, and plant parasitic nematodes can all cause significant yield and/or quality reductions and frequently contribute to shortening the productive life of the stand. This paper reviews the major strategies which have been developed to manage many of these alfalfa pests including: host plant resistance; cultural controls, such as harvest strategies, irrigation management, sanitation, planting schedules, and crop rotation; mechanical and physical controls; chemical control; and biological controls. Multiple pest interactions, e.g. insect-insect; insect-disease; insect-weed, and their management are discussed. Potential conflicts arising from the use of strategies which may reduce one pest but exacerbate others are also examined. A cross index of management strategies and their role in managing multiple pests is provided. Computer models, both ecological and economic, and their role in alfalfa pest management are discussed. Selected information sources on alfalfa and alfalfa IPM available over the Internet are listed. Alfalfa's role in the agricultural landscape, as it relates to pests, natural enemies, and pest management in other cropping systems as well as its role in crop rotation, is considered.     

金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421农药及应用情况

金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae是一种重要的生防真菌,具有安全、易在害虫种群中流行、环境友好、不易产生抗药性等优点,已在中国、美国、欧盟等多个国家或地区登记和应用。本文对我国广谱金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421农药的菌株选育、产品登记、应用技术及产品应用情况等方面进行了概述。     

主要农业害虫对茚虫威的抗性现状及其治理策略

茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物（decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW）后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,但是前者是使钠离子通道关闭延迟,而后者是阻断钠离子通道,开展相关基础研究,使菊酯类药剂与茚虫威合理地用于抗性治理中。本文综述了茚虫威的抗性现状、抗性机制与交互抗性、茚虫威的抗性风险评价,针对茚虫威的抗性特点提出了抗性治理策略。     

The stability and degradation of a new biological pesticide,pyoluteorin

BACKGROUND: Pyoluteorin (Plt) is a polyketide metabolite produced by fluorescent Pseudomonas. It controls a wide range of pests, including bacteria, epiphytes and weeds. It could become widely used as a new biological pesticide. However, ignorance of the stability of Plt is an obstacle to its use. This work studied the stability of Plt and its degradation under different conditions, including temperature, pH and UV–visible light irradiation. RESULTS: Degradation of Plt followed first‐order reaction kinetics. The degradation rate increased with increased temperature. The derived activation energy was 11.06 J mol^?1 K^?1. Plt was relatively stable in neutral solutions, in contrast to acid and alkaline solutions. Visible irradiation had no obvious effect on Plt stability, while UV irradiation greatly decreased its half‐life to 3–4 days, in contrast to its half‐life of 25 days in the dark. CONCLUSION: Plt is relatively stable in pure water solutions and at room temperature, with a half‐life of more than 20 days. However, UV irradiation and acidic or alkaline solutions will enhance its degradation, reducing its half‐life by a factor of 0.1–0.3. Before Plt is widely used as a pesticide, it might be necessary to modify the structure of Plt to make it more stable. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Assessment of the suitability of Tinopal as an enhancing adjuvant in formulations of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin

BACKGROUND: Biopesticides based on Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin hold great promise for the management of a wide range of insect pests. The conidia in the biopesticide formulation require an adjuvant to protect them from photoinactivation by sunlight. The suitability of Tinopal, an optical brightener used as sunscreen for baculovirus formulations, for use with B. bassiana was assessed. The aim was to study the effect of Tinopal on the growth and photoprotection of B. bassiana, and its effect on the susceptibility of insects to B. bassiana. RESULTS: Tinopal was found to have no adverse effect on the growth of B. bassiana. It was found to confer total protection (approximately 95% conidial germination at 10 g Tinopal L(-1)) from sunlight up to 3 h of exposure, and a better survival rate than controls even up to 4 h. Helicoverpa armigera Hübner larvae fed on diet with 5 g kg(-1) Tinopal were found to have reduced growth. The duration of the larval stage increased by 3-4 days in 1 and 5 g kg(-1) Tinopal treatments. Among the moths that emerged from larvae fed on diet with 5 g kg(-1) Tinopal, a significantly high number were malformed compared with controls. The larvae that were fed diet with Tinopal showed quicker and higher mortality and required a lower effective lethal dose (LC(50)) than the controls. Tinopal was found to have a synergistic effect with B. bassiana in causing insect mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Tinopal was found to be a suitable adjuvant for B. bassiana-based biopesticide formulations. It conferred tolerance to sunlight and caused stress in the insect, leading to a synergistic effect with B. bassiana.     

新疆棉花病虫害防治药剂剂型研发策略

棉花是我国重要的经济作物,也是受病虫害危害最严重的农作物之一。目前化学防治仍是棉田病虫害防治的重要技术。新疆棉区是我国最大的棉花主产区,气候类型属于典型的温带大陆性气候,具有光照充足、夏季高温干旱、多风、昼夜温差大等特殊气候特点,农药药液喷施过程中容易发生蒸发、飘移、降解等损失,严重影响药剂的防治效果。本文综述了温湿度、风、光照等环境因子对药剂防治效果的影响,以及国内外对提升药剂防治效果采取的调控措施,并结合新疆棉田的特殊气候条件提出了剂型研发的新策略。在提升产品理化稳定性的前提下,还需综合考虑有效成分的理化性质、棉花叶片的结构及润湿特性、施药器械等多种因素。结合农药学、植物保护学、界面化学、有机化学等多学科交叉理论知识指导,利用先进的技术和载体材料研发环境响应型、靶向高效的农药剂型,结合配套使用技术及措施,探索农药高效利用及减量调控途径,为实现农药减量增效、引领棉花产业绿色发展提供科技支撑。     

Release of atrazine and alachlor from clay-oxamide controlled-release formulations

Controlled-release herbicide formulations have been shown to decrease the leaching potential of several herbicides under laboratory and field conditions. The utility and efficacy of these formulations may be improved by combining several herbicides and a fertilizer source in a single formulation. The objective of these studies was to develop granular alginate formulations that were composed of a combination of the herbicides atrazine and alachlor with the slow-release nitrogen source oxamide (ethanediamide). Controlled release of the herbicides was obtained by addition of selected minerals, including calcium bentonite, fine-grind bentonite, montmorillonite K10, kaolinite and iron (III) oxide. A formulation without clay was used as a comparison. The formulations tested had herbicide active ingredient contents ranging from ∽0·02 to 0·54% and a nitrogen content of 21%. Release of the herbicides was studied by equilibrating the formulations with deionized water on a rotary shaker at 200 rev min^-1 and sampling at regular time intervals up to 104 hours. The minerals used in the different formulations influenced the herbicide active ingredient composition, as well as the release properties of the individual formulations. The atrazine content of the formulations decreased in the order calcium bentonite>fine-grind bentonite>kaolinite>montmorillonite=iron oxide>no clay. For alachlor the content decreased in the order of calcium bentonite>fine-grind bentonite>montmorillonite>iron oxide>kaolinite>no clay. Controlled release of atrazine (i.e. reduction in release rate) varied in the order calcium bentonite>iron oxide>montmorillonite>fine-grind bentonite= kaolinite>no clay, and for alachlor fine-grind bentonite>calcium bentonite>montmorillonite>no clay=kaolinite=iron oxide. A certain percentage of the applied active ingredient of both alachlor and atrazine was not recovered. From 5 to 27% of the active ingredient was not released, with the greatest retention by the bentonite formulations. Release of nitrogen was not strongly influenced by mineral type, although a trend indicated greater release with formulations containing kaolinite. © 1998 SCI     

Re‐evaluation of EPPO‐listed pests

In 2011, EPPO conducted a survey among its member countries to re‐evaluate the status of 14 pests currently listed on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests: Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Cacyreus marshalli, Ciborinia camelliae, Dickeya (Erwinia) chrysanthemi pv. dianthicola, Frankliniella occidentalis, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phialophora cinerescens, Puccina horiana, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Raspberry ringspot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Viteus vitifoliae, Xanthomonas fragariae. As a result of the survey, it was concluded that all these pests should be maintained on the A2 List.     

基于LAMP方法的苜蓿疫霉根腐病菌分子检测研究

苜蓿疫霉根腐病菌是我国检疫性有害生物之一.但是,目前国内尚无检测标准.笔者针对该病菌特异分子标记,设计了LAMP引物,建立了苜蓿疫霉根腐病菌恒温快速检测方法(巳申请发明专利).该方法快速、准确、无需PCR仪,很好地满足了口岸检疫部门的检测要求.     

虫害水平与植物影像色调的相关性研究

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