湖北省小麦黄花叶病病原的部分序列鉴定

 从湖北省真菌传小麦黄花叶病病毒分离物中抽提病毒总RNA,应用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法,合成病毒外壳蛋白(CP)基因cDNA。对所获得的cDNA克隆进行序列测定及分析,结果表明,湖北省真菌传小麦黄花叶病病毒分离物与小麦梭条斑花叶病毒(WSSMV)、大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)、大麦和性花叶病毒(BaMMV)等病毒CP基因相应序列的同源性均低于70%,而与报道的小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)分离物CP基因核苷酸及编码氨基酸序列同源性均超过97%。表明湖北省真菌传小麦黄花叶病病原应为小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)。     

小麦引进品种对小麦黄花叶病的田间抗性鉴定

利用田间抗性鉴定方法对110个小麦引进品种在自然病圃区进行了对小麦黄花叶病的抗性鉴定。结果表明 ,不同小麦品种对小麦黄花叶病抗性有显著差异 ,抗性较好的品种有55个 ,其中有34个品种生育期接近于扬麦158,且田间性状较好。     

真菌传小麦病毒病研究中几个问题的研讨

 自然侵染小麦的病毒病,初步报道计有30余种,其中系经土壤中禾谷多粘菌(Polymyxa graminis)传播的病毒病,自1923年(1919年发现)由Mckinny首次报道小麦(土传)花叶病[wheat (soilbor-ne) mosaic-WSBM]以来,先后又由铸方等和Slykhuis分别于1940(发现)~1961和1964年报道了小麦黄花叶病(wheat yellow mosaic-WYM)和小麦梭条花叶病(Wheat spindle streak mosaic-WSSM),尔后在美国、印度、法国和德国相继又报道WSSM的危害。     

河南省平舆县小麦黄花叶病重发原因分析与综合控制对策

小麦黄花叶病是严重为害小麦的病毒病害,近年来该病迅速蔓延,为害逐年加重,已成为平舆县小麦生产的主要病害。笔者根据近年来平舆县小麦黄花叶病发生特点,通过生产调查、田间试验和数据分析,从气候、品种、病原、栽培管理等多方面分析了该病害重发原因,并提出了适合当地的综合控制对策,为有效控制小麦黄花叶病提供技术支持。     

平舆县小麦黄花叶病发生的气象条件分析和预报模型研究

小麦黄花叶病的发生与气象因素关系密切。为探索其相关关系和关联度,根据平舆县小麦黄花叶病发生面积和气象因子进行回归分析,建立预报模型。通过分析,小麦黄花叶病发生与秋季降水量和平均气温关系密切。通过模型拟合和预测验证,平均吻合度96.30%,预测准确性为94.03%。     

河南信阳小麦棱条花叶病及防治

小麦棱条花叶病,又称小麦花叶病、小麦黄叶病,是近年来我省小麦上新发生的一种重要病害。信阳地区常年发病４０～５０万亩,病株率４０％～６０％,发病严重田块达８０％～９０％,一般减产为２０％～５０％。小麦感病后植株矮小,根系和分蘖减少,返青缓慢,长势衰弱,...     

病毒介体—禾谷多粘菌Polymyxa graminis生防菌的筛选初报

 禾谷多粘菌(Polymyxa graminis Led.)能传播多种病毒病,如小麦土传花叶病毒病(WsbMV)、小麦梭条斑病(WssMV)和大麦黄花叶病(BYMV)等。这些病曾在美国、英国、德国和日本等国家流行为害。     

小麦品种(系)对小麦黄花叶病毒抗性测定结果

 四川省天全县发生的小麦黄花叶病是由病毒侵染引起的土传病毒病,作者曾以土传小麦黄色花叶病(SBWYMV)的暂名报道了一些研究结果,现经进一步探明该病毒粒体为线条状,在自然条件下除侵染小麦属的一些品种外,还侵染大麦属和黑麦属的一些品种,这些更接近已报道的小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)的特性,故现采用小麦黄花叶病名。     

ELISA法鉴定大麦品种对黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)的抗性

 将供试的国内外大麦品种384个,种植于浙江嘉善县、江苏盐城市和上海市大麦黄花叶病抗性鉴定圃,以感病大麦品种早熟3号为阳性对照,无病田健株为阴性对照。在3月份大麦黄花叶病发病季节,每一品种选可疑株或随机采样品10株,每株采已充分展开的心叶1片,用F (ab')₂-ELISA方法进行检测,根据检测结果与症状表现进行比较,探讨应用血清学方法大量检测大麦品种对黄花叶病抗性评价的可行性。     

关于小麦黄矮病分级标准的商榷

依据小麦黄矮病症状表现规律及其特征,笔者认为小麦黄矮病的分级标准,仍用以往的3级分级标准比较切实可行。其主要理由如下: 1.小麦黄矮病主要发生流行于黄淮中熟冬麦区,通常在小麦开始灌浆期病情趋于终     

我国禾谷多粘菌地理分布和生理分化研究

 调查我国26个省、市、自治区,93个县市,183个取样点,1 373个大、小麦根样本。根据休眠孢子出现频率(有休眠孢子样本数/总样本数)和每克麦根休眠孢子数,将我国禾谷多粘菌的分布区分为3个,多菌区包括江、浙、沪、皖、赣、湘、鄂和鲁的大部分和川、陕小部分,冀个别地区;少菌区包括豫大部和晋、甘小部或个别地区;其余地区为无菌区。分布区主要在长江、黄河和淮河中下游流域。禾谷多粘菌的分布范围比大麦黄花叶病等3种病毒病的分布更广泛。本研究还探讨了我国各地禾谷多粘菌的分离物存在生理分化现象     

Serological relationships between five fungally transmitted cereal viruses and other elongated viruses

F(ab')₂ and protein A ELISA tests were used to investigate the serological affinities of five fungally transmitted cereal viruses: barley yellow mosaic (BaYMV), barley mild mosaic (BaMMV), oat mosaic (OMV), wheat yellow mosaic (WYMV) and oat golden stripe (OGSV). Within this group only BaYMV and WYMV were related. Chinese and UK isolates of BaYMV appeared to be similar. In tests using antisera to 29 other elongated viruses, BaYMV was related to one isolate of bean yellow mosaic poty virus (BYMV-G) and OGSV had affinities with BYMV-G, potato virus M, red clover vein mosaic (both carlaviruses) and perhaps Hordeum mosaic virus. The results were confirmed in immunoelectron microscopic tests. No affinities were found for BaMMV, OMV or WYMV.     

基于MaxEnt模型的小麦印度腥黑穗病在中国的适生性分析

本文用MaxEnt软件对小麦印度腥黑穗病(Karnalbunt)在我国的潜在分布进行了预测。结果表明,小麦印度腥黑穗病在中国适生范围广。根据适生值的大小,中风险区和高风险区主要分布在我国华北、黄淮海、西南、西北、长江中下游和东北地区的小麦主产区,加强这些区域的调查监测和检疫对保护我国的小麦生产有重要意义。     

Magnetostratigraphy and provenance of the Qingzhou loess in Shandong province

Loess deposits with varying thickness are widely distributed on the intermontane valleys and piedmont zones on the northern side of the central Shandong mountainous regions. However, the basal ages and material resources of the loess deposits are not clear. The paper studied the Qingzhou loess profile in Shandong with magnetostratigraphic and optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods and further investigated its main provenances with the mineralogical methods. The magnetostratigraphic results showed that the Brunhes/Matuyama (B/M) reversal boundary was not recognized, suggesting a basal age younger than 0.78 Ma. Extrapolations by sedimentation rates, based on the upper part depositional rate from the OSL age, the basal age of the Qingzhou loess is about 0.5 Ma. Until now, older loess deposits have not been reported on the northern side of the central Shandong mountainous regions. The results of the paper indicate that the loess deposits in this area might have strated from the Middle Pleistocene. The basal age of Qingzhou loess is approximately synchronous with the Xiashu loess in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. Major components of clay minerals in the Qingzhou profile are dominated by illite. Other clay mineral compositions are mainly smectite, chlorite and kaolinite, which are similar with the Xifeng loess in the Loess Plateau. However, the contents of smectite and the ratios of illite and kaolinte in the Qingzhou loess samples are higher than those in the Xifeng loess samples of the Loess Plateau, indicating that the loess in the northern side of the central Shandong mountainous regions has different sources from that of the loess deposits in the Loess Plateau. The clay mineral analysis further reinforces the earlier conclu- sion that the marine strata exposed in the Laizhou Bay and the fluvial plain of the lower reaches of Yellow River during the glacier periods are the main material sources for the Qingzhou loess deposits, which is an indicator to the local aridification of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Loess deposition in the central Shandong mountainous regions started at around 0.5 Ma. The age of Qingzhou loess is approximately synchronous with the ongoing high-latitude cold since the Middle Pleistocene, which indicates that strengthened East Asian winter monsoon was sufficiently energetic to bring substantial quantities of material from the marine strata exposed in the Laizhou Bay and the fluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the central Shandong mountainous regions. The results therefore suggest that both regional geological process and global changes were responsible for the formation of Qingzhou loess since Middle Pleistocene.     

Comparison and differentiation of Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus(WYMV), Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus (WSSMV) and Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV) isolates using WYMV monoclonal antibodies

Twelve monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were obtained by immunizing mice with a French isolate (F1) of wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV). Three of these (3D12, 2C1, 6C3) belong to the IgM class and the nine others to the IgG class (3D8, 3H1, 2B8, 1F2, 3C10, 4F12, 3H9, 1G5, 54). In antigen-coated plate (ACP) ELISA and indirect double antibody sandwich (IDAS) ELISA, all MAbs recognize the WYMV (F1) both in the form of purified particles and in wheat leaf extract. The analysis of numerous French isolates of WYMV shows a variable reactivity with MAbs 3D8, 3H1, 2B8, 3C10, 3H9 and 1G5 in IDAS — and ACP-ELISA. The Japanese isolate of WYMV and United States isolates of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) were detected in IDAS- and ACP-ELISA by ten of the MAbs tested showing that the wheat bymoviruses originating from the three locations share a high epitopic homology. French isolates of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV; pathotypes 1 and 2) were only detected in ACP-ELISA with MAbs 6C3, 3D8, 3H1 and 2B8 whereas the two Japanese strains (I-1, II-1) of MaYMV were recognized with these and also with that of 3C10. In IDAS-ELISA, the two Japanese strains were clearly detected by MAbs, 6C3, 3D8, 3H1, 1F2, 3C10 and 1G5 and the British and Belgian (pathotype 2) isolates only by that of 6C3. Only the Japanese strain of BaYMV, 1-1 could be detected with MAb 3H9 in this ELISA system.     

The distribution of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) in UK winter barley samples, 1987-1990

Improved diagnosis of barley yellow mosaic (BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic (BaMMV) viruses was obtained by adjusting the buffers used in immunospecific electron microscopy (ISEM) to ensure a pH ≥ 7-0 and in ELISA by replacing ovalbumin with 10 g/l full cream milk powder.
Over 70% of samples of winter barley with symptoms of mosaic received from different sites in the UK during 1987-90 had BaYMV and 37% had BaMMV, with 11% containing both viruses. BaMMV was much more common on malting cultivars than on those grown for feed and this resulted in an easterly bias to the geographical distribution of the virus. Both viruses were, however, widely distributed in areas where winter barley is grown intensively. A small number of BaYMV records were from cultivars previously regarded as resistant and these are probably a distinct strain of the virus.     

古代黄河中游饥荒与环境变化关系及其影响

通过对地方灾害史料收集整理,统计出黄河中游近2000年来共发生了306次饥荒。分析表明:饥荒的发生与气候变化、自然灾害以及环境变化之间有显著的关系。主要表现为:气候寒冷时期,农业生产受到影响,饥荒发生频率较高;气候温暖时期,农业生产发展,饥荒发生频率较低。历史上严重的自然灾害常常引发饥荒,尤其是旱灾与饥荒的发生关系最为密切。历史时期黄河中游环境的恶化也是饥荒发生的重要原因。频繁发生的饥荒对社会经济及城市发展建设都造成一定的影响。     

我国四大麦区小麦籽粒镰刀菌毒素检测与污染分析

为明确自然发病条件下我国小麦主产区小麦籽粒镰刀菌毒素污染情况,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定了长江中下游冬麦组(CZX)、黄淮冬麦区南片冬水组(HNS)、黄淮冬麦区北片水地组(HBS)、北部冬麦区水地组(BBS)180份小麦样品中DON、3ADON、15ADON、T-2、HT-2和ZEN共6种镰刀菌毒素含量并对其进行比较分析。结果显示:来自CZX小麦籽粒中的DON、3ADON与ZEN毒素含量显著高于其他麦区;T-2毒素在CZX小麦籽粒中含量显著低于其他麦区;15ADON毒素含量在HNS与CZX、HBS与BBS以及CZX与BBS差异不显著,其他麦区间该毒素含量差异显著,15ADON在HNS含量最高;检出率方面,HT-2毒素均未检出;ZEN、3ADON检出率较低,DON、15ADON和T-2毒素的检出率较高。     

中国小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)分布的RT-PCR鉴定

 镰刀菌产生的单端孢霉烯毒素,包括DON、DAS和T-2毒素,是一类重要的植物病原真菌毒素。这类毒素不仅加强病菌的为害程度,而且人畜食用罹病谷物及其制成品易造成中毒。近年来,单端孢霉烯毒素的生物合成途径、关键酶及其基因克隆,毒素在致病过程中的作用,以及利用毒素作为选择压鉴定小麦抗病性和筛选抗病突变体均取得了明显进展。本文对此作一综述。