黄土高原植被恢复过程中土壤表面电化学性质演变特征

土壤胶体表面所带电荷是土壤具有一系列物理、化学性质的根本原因。表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度、表面电场强度以及表面电位是土壤胶体颗粒重要性质,影响土壤中物理、化学、生物化学过程。运用带电颗粒表面性质联合分析法,测定黄土高原子午岭地区不同植被类型下土壤表面电荷性质,研究自然植被恢复过程对土壤表面电荷性质的影响。结果表明:随着植被的演替,子午岭林区土壤表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度均随植被的恢复增加,变化范围分别为10.88～19.85 cmol·kg~(–1)、40.67～61.71 m~2·g~(–1)和0.22～0.31 c·m~(–2),平均值分别为16.18 cmol·kg~(–1)、54.88 m2·g~(–1)和0.28 c·m~(–2),土壤表面电场强度达108 V·m~(–1)数量级;土壤黏粒、有机碳含量是影响表面电荷性质的主要因素,解释率分别为62.5%和27.9%;土壤基本性质对表面电荷性质的影响由强到弱依次为:黏粒、有机碳、砂粒、全氮、C/N、粉粒、碳酸钙、pH。研究结果对于进一步认识黄土高原土壤颗粒表面性质,加深理解土壤中发生的一系列物理化学过程具有重要意义。     

黄土高原黄土团粒组成及其与碳酸钙关系的研究

通过团粒分析、电子显微镜 (SEM/EDX)扫描等元素分析扫描方法和手段 ,对黄土高原西北部自然黄土中的团粒数量及其与碳酸钙的溶解量的关系、团粒表面和内部碳酸钙的分布进行了研究。结果表明 :碳酸钙大约参与了 99%的团粒形成 ,呈现团粒越大 ,碳酸钙含量越多的趋势 ;反之 ,团粒数量与碳酸钙的溶解量成反比 ;随着团粒表面碳酸钙分布的减少 ,附着在团粒表面的微团粒及粉粒、粘粒减少 ;在团粒内部 ,碳酸钙与矿物颗粒之间存在 3种胶结方式 ,分别为碳酸钙附着在矿物颗粒表面、碳酸钙分布于矿物颗粒之间以及碳酸钙表面附着矿物颗粒。实验结果证明了黄土团粒的主要胶结物是碳酸钙这一理论。     

模拟降雨条件下塿土的溅蚀特征试验研究

溅蚀在破坏土壤表层结构的同时为后续侵蚀提供丰富材料,以黄土高原典型土壤塿土为试验用土,通过模拟降雨试验,根据溅蚀速率、溅蚀前后土壤颗粒组成及表面强度变化指标,系统研究塿土的溅蚀特征。结果表明,溅蚀速率随降雨历时呈现幂函数变化,分为迅速降低、缓慢降低、趋于稳定3个阶段。土盘表面松散颗粒及利于溅蚀的粒级范围内颗粒的消耗、团聚体破碎及超渗产生的水层消耗雨滴能量、结皮的形成和发育分别是3个阶段的主要影响因素。在90mm/h的雨强下,塿土颗粒富集与耗损的临界粒径是0.05mm,雨滴打击分离粒级0.05mm颗粒,富集迁移粒级0.05mm颗粒。当含水率相等时,降雨历时越长贯入深度越浅。塿土表面强度随降雨历时增加,0~30min是塿土结皮形成的关键时期。塿土溅蚀过程是表土颗粒组成不断变化和表面强度逐渐完善的过程。     

空间诱变甜椒后代的花粉粒超微结构观察

本文用空间诱变后经连续4代自交授粉获得的变异体(SP06-31)和其对照L06-30为材料,评估材料的花粉生活力和扫描电镜下的花粉粒超微结构。结果发现:与对照相比,部分花粉粒表面附有不确定颗粒物,同时一部分花粉粒形状发生变异。研究认为空间环境条件可以导致甜椒后代植株花粉粒的超微结构发生改变。     

有机质对三峡库区水体中土壤胶体颗粒凝聚影响机制研究

采用联合测定法和光散射技术分别研究了有机质对土壤颗粒表面电荷性质和水体中胶体颗粒凝聚过程的影响。结果表明:添加有机质能显著改变土壤表面电荷性质,使得土壤颗粒表面电荷数量降低6.8%,比表面积增加12.3%,使颗粒表面电荷密度减小,表面电位降低;进一步理论计算表明添加有机质降低了胶体颗粒间的静电排斥力,使得净引力增大,胶体颗粒更易发生凝聚。通过动态光散射分析水体中土壤胶体颗粒的凝聚特征,发现有机质去除前后的临界聚沉浓度(CCC)分别为91.6 mmol/L和139.3mmol/L,去除有机质土壤显著大于未去除有机质的土壤,相应浓度下的临界电位值计算结果均为-150mV左右,与颗粒间出现净引力的临界浓度值基本一致。有机质对水体中胶体颗粒凝聚特性的影响主要是通过改变颗粒表面性质使得颗粒间的相互作用发生变化而引起。     

黄土剖面土壤颗粒组成对土壤含水量的影响

土壤水资源是影响黄土高原土地利用和生态建设的重要因子,而土壤颗粒组成又是影响黄土高原土壤含水量的重要因素之一.为了分析黄土丘陵半干旱区深层剖面土壤颗粒组成对土壤含水量的影响.选择陕北绥德县境内的人工柠条林地和农地为研究对象,测定0-18 m土壤含水量及颗粒组成,分析深层土壤含水量与颗粒组成的关系.结果表明,人工柠条林耗水深度以下、农地3 m以下的土壤含水量主要受黏粒含量的影响,且土壤含水量与黏粒含量之间呈极显著的对数关系.人工柠条林在其耗水深度内,颗粒组成对含水量的影响不显著.     

黄土高原聚湫沉积旋回特征及地球化学划分

黄土高原聚湫/淤地坝内的沉积物是黄土再侵蚀搬运的直接结果,以高堆积速率和多沉积旋回为特征,是追踪该地区小流域土壤侵蚀、认识黄土高原地球关键带过程的理想载体。如何鉴定并有效划分沉积旋回是利用沉积序列恢复小流域土壤侵蚀和生态环境变化过程的基础。本文选取靖边和合水聚湫为代表,通过典型可见沉积旋回的物理、地球化学和生物等指标综合分析,较全面地认识沉积旋回特征,进而提出划分旋回的有效地球化学指标。结果表明:沉积旋回的下部粗颗粒层主要由粗粉砂和细砂组成,以低含水量、高亮度为特征,富集石英和锆石,Si和Zr含量高;上部细颗粒层主要由黏粒和细粉砂组成,具水平层理,含水量高,亮度较低,富集方解石、白云母、伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石等轻矿物,高Al、K、Fe、Rb、Ca和Sr等造岩元素,富含孢粉、有机碳氮、磷脂脂肪酸及微生物。在此基础上,提出Rb/Zr比值是有效划分黄土高原聚湫/淤地坝沉积旋回的地球化学指标。这为深入认识黄土高原地球关键带中侵蚀风化、水文和生态环境变化等过程提供了研究载体和基础。     

基于CFD-DEM耦合的磨粒流微小孔加工数值分析与试验

由于当前具有微小孔的结构等零部件加工难度大,精度要求高,传统加工方法无法满足现有的加工精度要求,该文采用一种软性加工方法—磨粒流加工技术,实现微小孔结构精密加工。采用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)和DEM(discrete element method)相结合的方法对磨粒流加工过程进行数值分析。在数值分析过程中,考虑颗粒对壁面的碰撞作用,对不同入口速度条件下的流体和颗粒的分布状态进行对比分析,揭示磨粒流微切削作用行为,通过对材料去除机理的分析揭示颗粒对壁面的作用规律。数值模拟结果表明:随着入口速度的增大,颗粒与零件表面的摩擦与碰撞作用更为剧烈,颗粒动能转化为切削能,提高了材料的去除率;当颗粒碰撞应力小于材料极限应力时,材料只发生塑性变形,当碰撞应力大于材料极限应力时,才会发生材料去除。试验结果表明:经磨粒流加工的表面粗糙度Ra值由2.03μm降低到0.65μm,研究结果可为后续研究颗粒碰撞和颗粒微切削提供一定借鉴价值。     

黄土高原水土流失综合治理与开发的途径与前景

在分析黄土高原资源潜力的基础上,对黄土高原综合治理与开发的基本经验进行了系统总结,并指出黄土高原综合治理与开发是一项世纪性的宏伟的系统工程。国家设在黄土高原的１１个试区经过１０ａ多的科技攻关,已初步显示出可观的资源潜力和开发前景。     

沙粒形状对风力机翼型磨损特性及临界颗粒Stokes数的影响

风力机不可避免地运行在风沙环境下,风沙对风力机叶片的磨损将造成机组的气动性能下降和发电量降低。研究风沙对风力机翼型的冲蚀磨损特性时,通常将沙尘颗粒简化为球形颗粒,忽略了实际非球形颗粒的影响,相关研究表明颗粒形状对材料的冲蚀磨损率有一定的影响,该文以NACA 0012翼型直叶段为对象,研究沙尘颗粒形状对风力机翼型的磨损特性、气动性能及其临界颗粒Stokes数的影响规律。通过对风沙环境下NACA 0012翼型直叶段的流场进行数值模拟,研究了4种不同形状(颗粒形状因子分别为0.671、0.75、0.846和1)颗粒情况下,风力机翼型的磨损特性随颗粒体积当量直径的变化规律,以及颗粒形状对翼型开始发生磨损时临界颗粒Stokes数范围的影响规律。结果表明:来流风速为14.6 m/s、攻角为6°时,4种颗粒形状下翼型的最大磨损率均随颗粒体积当量直径的增大先增大后减小然后再增大,颗粒直径达到80μm为翼型最大磨损率的转折点;同一颗粒体积当量直径时,球形颗粒比非球形颗粒对翼型的冲蚀磨损程度小;颗粒形状对翼型升力系数和升阻比的影响很小;4种颗粒形状情况下,翼型表面的磨损区域均随颗粒体积当量直径的增大逐渐从翼型的前缘附近沿翼型压力面向尾缘扩展,并且翼型磨损最严重区域出现在前缘附近;颗粒形状会影响翼型开始发生磨损的临界颗粒Stokes数范围,颗粒形状因子越小,翼型开始发生磨损的临界颗粒Stokes数越大,Stokes数可以作为判断翼型表面是否发生磨损的依据。研究结果可为风力机叶片的防风沙磨损设计提供参考。     

Surface morphology of quartz grains from tropical soils and its significance for assessing soil weathering

The surface morphology of quartz grains can indicate the degree of weathering of soil material. We have compared two methods of assessing the relative weathering of soils on the basis of differences in the surface morphology of quartz sand grains in a catena of soils in Rwanda. One method is based on the presence or absence of surface features indicative of weathering or freshness, while the other uses the frequency and size of dissolution etch pits. A ranking of relative weathering could be obtained using the first technique for the slightly and somewhat weathered soils but not for the weathered soils. On the other hand, weathering trends and differences between the horizons studied were detected in weathered soils using the second method. The introduction of more specific definitions of the weathering classes used in the latter method leads to clear improvement of the inter-observer reproducibility of the weathering classification. The surface features on the quartz grains suggest that the soil at the summit is less weathered than the other soils of the sequence. Quartz grains from the well-drained soils on the slopes, which are subjected to more intense leaching and thus to stronger chemical weathering, have more triangular etch pits and chatter marks. In the imperfectly drained soils in the valley bottom quartz grains are less etched because dissolution is inhibited by the oversaturation in silica of the drainage waters.     

贵州喀斯特地区土壤石漠化的本质特征研究

喀斯特土壤石漠化是我国西南喀斯特地区诱发重要地质灾害的生态环境问题,是制约区域社会经济发展的关键因素.通过分析贵州喀斯特地区土壤的机械组成、物质成分、理化性质和微生物特性,探讨了土壤石漠化的本质.结果表明土壤侵蚀,细粒物质减少,表层土壤消失,岩土界面缺少风化母质的过渡层,或者被裸露基岩取代;土壤质地出现砂化,颗粒变粗;土壤有机质及养分含量减少,保水保肥性能减弱;土壤微生物功能多样性降低;超载的社会经济压力等是导致喀斯特地区土壤石漠化最重要的驱动力.     

The influence of slope aspect on soil weathering processes in the Springerville volcanic field,Arizona

A comparison was made between soils on north- and south-facing slopes of six cinder cones in the Springerville volcanic field (SVF), Arizona, in order to determine the influence of slope aspect on soil weathering processes. Twenty-four soil pedons were sampled on different aspects of six cinder cones. To control for the influence of slope on pedogenesis, all sample sites possessed slopes of 17±2°. Soil weathering processes were characterized by solum depth, texture, and Ca:Zr chemical weathering indices. Quartz and mica were used to identify eolian additions to the volcanic soils. Accelerated rates of weathering and soil development were found to occur in soils on south-facing slopes while no trend with aspect was found for eolian additions. Accelerated rates of weathering and soil development may influence cinder cone degradation and cone morphology.     

Refining the interpretation of orthic horizons in South Africa

The relationship between soil water regime and soil profile morphology could contribute towards improving catchment water yield. This paper proposes refinements to the interpretation of orthic A horizons (ochric), defined in Soil Classification — A Taxonomic System for South Africa, to aid interpretation for hydrological purposes. Soil water contents have been measured for six years in the Weatherley catchment in South Africa and used to classify orthic A horizons in terms of wetness classes defined in the Soil Survey Manual. The well drained class is applicable to orthic A horizons overlying red apedal B, yellow-brown apedal B (agric or ferralic) or neocutanic B (cambic) horizons. The moderate poorly and poorly drained classes are applicable to orthic A horizons overlying E (albic), soft plinthic B (ferric) or G (gleyic) horizons. The occurrence of mottles and matrix colour can be used for differentiation between the latter two wetness classes. Interpretation of orthic A horizons can therefore be enhanced by wetness classification, utilizing the nature of the underlying horizon, the occurrence of mottles and matrix colour.     

崩岗发生区岩土类型分析

本文应用岩土工程的试验方法及其分类标准,对崩岗发生区的风化壳岩土进行分析.结果表明:1)依据地质成因和风化程度,风化壳可划分为坡积层和风化岩土层;其中,风化岩土层又分为残积土层、全风化层、强风化层,并以粘、石英含量高、粉、长石含量高分别为各自的典型特征.2)依据土的颗粒组成、塑性指数、颗粒的矿物组成,可将风化壳的岩土分为六大类:粘性土、石英砾砂、粉土类、粉砂、长石砾砂和角砾;且对应的风化壳层次分别为坡积层,残积土层,全风化层,强风化层上部、强风化层中部、强风化层底部.3)坡积层与风化岩土层的性质变化大,界限明显;风化岩土层中各层次之间为渐变过渡关系.     

贵州喀斯特地区土壤石漠化的本质特征研究

喀斯特土壤石漠化是我国西南喀斯特地区诱发重要地质灾害的生态环境问题,是制约区域社会经济发展的关键因素。通过分析贵州喀斯特地区土壤的机械组成、物质成分、理化性质和微生物特性,探讨了土壤石漠化的本质。结果表明:土壤侵蚀,细粒物质减少,表层土壤消失,岩土界面缺少风化母质的过渡层,或者被裸露基岩取代;土壤质地出现砂化,颗粒变粗;土壤有机质及养分含量减少,保水保肥性能减弱;土壤微生物功能多样性降低;超载的社会经济压力等是导致喀斯特地区土壤石漠化最重要的驱动力。     

THE RESIDUA SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING: A MODEL FOR THE CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF SILICATE ROCKS AT THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH

The residua system of chemical weathering is here defined as the chemical sink towards which the bulk of earth's surface materials (i.e. the silicate rocks) trend during weathering. Chemically the system is defined in terms of four major components, SiO₂–Al₂O₃–Fe₂O₃–H₂O, evidence being derived from relative solubilities of components under earth-surface conditions; from experiments in which weathering environments have been simulated in the laboratory; and from field studies of rocks and their weathered mantle. The residua system can be used as a framework to construct mineral facies diagrams showing assemblages of the commonest earth-surface minerals that occur within it: quartz, gibbsite, goethite, kaolinite, halloysite. In a qualitative manner the facies diagrams can then be interpreted in terms of the partial pressure of water (PH₄O) and the temperature, T. The usefulness of this approach in systematizing studies of soil genesis is illustrated with reference to the weathering of granite.     

Assessing parent material uniformity of a red and black soil complex in the landscapes

The distribution of red and black soil (Xeralfs–Xerolls) associations in the Monarto area (South Australia) is complex and their genesis either being derived from a uniform parent material or a lithologic discontinuity is not known. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess Zr- and Ti-bearing grains as minerals resistant to chemical weathering prior to employing Zr and Ti in determining parent material uniformity, and (ii) to confirm whether pedological processes or a lithologic discontinuity may be responsible for the textural contrast within the red and black soil profiles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) were used to study chemical weathering and elemental composition of surfaces of Zr- and Ti-bearing grains. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was used to determine elemental concentrations in various soil fractions. Results showed that Zr-bearing grains consisted of only zircon having smooth clean surfaces, which are characteristic of a mineral resistant to chemical weathering. EDAX spectra confirmed that Zr was a specific element to represent zircon, suggesting its reliability to be used in assessing parent material uniformity. On the other hand, Ti derived not only from minerals (rutile/anatase) resistant but also from minerals (ilmenite/pseudorutile, biotite) susceptible to chemical weathering. This limited the usefulness of Ti as an index mineral for soil development studies. Except for Zr:Ti ratio, all other indicators of parent material uniformity, i.e., depth distribution curves of Zr and Y in various fractions and Y:Zr ratio showed no considerable inflection and variation with depth in a Xeralf (red soil). This indicated the Xeralf derived from a uniform parent material (mica schists), thereby texture contrast within a profile is due to pedological processes. On the other hand, depth distribution curves showed clear inflection and variation in Xerolls (black soils), indicating soils developed from lithologic discontinuities, so different trends in particle size fractions between 0–48 cm for MA5 and 0–59 cm for MA3 profiles compared to the underlying layers are due to parent material differences and not pedogenesis. The presence of complex red and black soil association in the landscape is attributed to the difference in parent materials, where the red soil developed from mica schist and the black soils from calcareous deposits.     

热带地区玄武岩发育时间序列土壤中石英颗粒微形态特征

利用扫描电镜研究了热带地区雷州半岛和琼北地区不同年代喷发的玄武岩上发育的时间序列土壤中石英颗粒的表面形态特征,结果表明:①同一剖面中表层土壤中石英的风化程度相对较大。②从新成土到铁铝土阶段(0.01~1.33 Ma),石英颗粒表面风化程度逐渐加深,机械作用形成的特征完全消失。成土时间较长的铁铝土(6.12 Ma)中石英颗粒出现裂解现象。③本研究一方面证实Darmody评估方法在研究我国热带地区土壤石英颗粒表面风化程度的可行性,同时也说明在相同母质和环境条件下发育的土壤中,石英颗粒表面的风化状况在一定程度上可以指示土壤的相对发育程度。     

Rock weathering rates at the soil surface in an alpine environment

Mass loss from 60 g samples of crushed rhyodacite exposed on 71 plots at two localities above treeline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado are used to estimate weathering rates at the soil surface. The results define an average rate of loss of 0.079 ± 0.012 %/yr (mean of 42 plots over 5 years, ± 2 standard errors), with an apparent slowing of the rate as the period of observation increased. Two features of the soil surface environment influence the observed weathering rates: the soil pH (which is dependent on the vegetation cover); and the volume and residence time of water moving through and over the soil. Both of these are controlled basically by the distribution of the winter snow cover.