马拉瓜丽体鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在（28±1）℃条件下对马拉瓜丽体鱼（Cichlasoma managuense）仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定仔鱼的不可逆点（PNR）,并研究延迟投饵对仔鱼成活和生长的影响。结果显示,仔鱼在4日龄时开口摄食,进入混合营养期,持续3 d;7日龄时卵黄囊消失,进入外源营养期。初次摄食率开始时仅为15%,6日龄时的初次摄食率最高达100%,9日龄以后初次摄食率急剧下降,PNR出现在仔鱼孵出后第9至第10日龄。延迟投饵1～3 d对仔鱼的成活率影响不大,延迟投饵4 d以上仔鱼成活率明显下降。完全饥饿条件下仔鱼全长在0～8日龄为正增长,之后开始转为负增长。延迟投饵1～3 d的12日龄仔鱼全长无显著差异（P〉0.05）;延迟投饵超过4 d的仔鱼全长则有极显著差异（P〈0.01）。马拉瓜丽体鱼仔鱼的最佳投喂时间应在仔鱼开口后的3 d之内。     

黑鲷(♀)×真鲷(♂)杂交子二代仔鱼早期发育及饥饿不可逆点

以黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii♀)×真鲷(Pagrus major♂)杂交子一代为亲鱼,于2017年4月在水温(21.8±0.4)℃条件下,对自然受精、人工孵化获得的杂交子二代(F_2)早期仔鱼进行发育观察,并就饥饿对仔鱼早期生长与存活的影响及不可逆点(point of no return,PNR)进行研究。结果表明,杂交F_2初孵仔鱼全长(2.40±0.15)mm,仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,混合营养期4~5 d,7日龄全长增长到(3.95±0.04)mm,生长态势正常;杂交F_2仔鱼开始摄食的初次摄食率及最高摄食率分别为45.8%及77.21%,6日龄时初次摄食率下降为29.83%,抵达PNR时间;饥饿仔鱼5日龄时负生长,全长与对照组有显著差异(P0.05),6日龄时全长与对照组有极显著差异(P0.01)。研究表明杂交F2早期仔鱼具有较好的生长态势;其开始投饵的最适时机应于仔鱼开口后的3 d内。     

延迟投饵对匙吻鲟仔鱼存活与生长的影响

在（22±0.5）℃水温条件下,通过饥饿试验,研究了延迟投饵对匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathula）仔鱼存活与生长的影响。结果表明：延迟1~2 d投饵对仔鱼存活的影响不显著;延迟3 d以上投饵,仔鱼成活率显著下降;完全饥饿条件下,仔鱼半致死时间为11日龄,全部死亡时间为17日龄;延迟1 d投饵对仔鱼生长的影响不显著,延迟2 d以上投饵对仔鱼生长的影响显著。匙吻鲟仔鱼开口摄食期没有混合营养期,从初次开口摄食到饥饿半致死之间的间隔仅4 d。因此,匙吻鲟仔鱼初次投喂的最适时间建议在开口摄食后的2 d之内。     

温度对黄盖鲽仔鱼生长、发育、摄食及PNR的影响↑（*）

对黄盖鲽（Ｌｉｍａｎｄａｙｏｋｏｈａｍａｅ）仔鱼生长、发育、摄食及ＰＮＲ的研究结果表明：在１０．５－１９℃范围内,温度对其卵黄囊期仔鱼的生长基本上无影响,不适当地升高温度对卵黄耗尽至变态期之间仔鱼的生长不利,较高的温度可促进仔鱼的发育使之提早进入变态期,１０日龄内过高的升温可明显增加仔鱼的死亡率与畸形个体数。黄盖鲽仔鱼在２０日龄以内的摄食无明显节律性;温度对近变态期以前仔鱼在１０：００－１４：００之间的摄食强度基本上无影响,仔鱼的摄食强度随日龄的增加而逐步增加;适宜的轮虫投喂密度在１０日龄内为１０个／ｍｌ,１５－２０日龄为２０个／ｍｌ。黄盖鲽仔鱼的混合营养期很短,约在２４小时以内;仔鱼开口摄食期为孵化后４－６日;升温可使饥饿仔鱼提早进入ＰＮＲ。     

光照对细鳞裂腹鱼受精卵孵化率及仔鱼生长、摄食的影响

研究光照对细鳞裂腹鱼胚胎孵化及20日龄内仔鱼生长、摄食的影响,探讨了细鳞裂腹鱼胚胎及仔鱼所需的适宜光照条件,为该鱼的基础生物学研究积累资料,也为人工繁殖和养殖生产提供参考。仔鱼为人工育苗池中随机抽取的初孵仔鱼,仔鱼饵料为小球藻和鲜酵母混合培育的褶皱臂尾轮虫。水源为天然河水,试验期间水温16.0~18.0℃、溶解氧6.8~8.5 mg/L、pH 6.5~6.8,采用三基色节能荧光灯为暗室内光源。结果表明,在10~360 lx范围内,随着光照强度的增加,孵化率逐渐升高,300~360 lx时达到最高的孵化率88.1%,此后孵化率随着光照强度的增大又有所下降,细鳞裂腹鱼受精卵孵化适宜的光照强度为300~720 lx。光照对细鳞裂腹鱼仔鱼的生长及摄食有显著影响。12日龄后的仔鱼在40~60 lx光照强度下生长最好、摄食强度最大,400~600 lx次之;此后随着光照强度的增大,摄食强度又显著下降。在40~6 000 lx范围内随光照强度的增强,摄食强度下降,生长则变差。黑暗条件下的仔鱼摄食强度和摄食率最低,生长接近停滞,在15日龄时全部死亡。细鳞裂腹鱼仔鱼在20日龄以内的适宜光照强度为40~600 lx。     

七带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚鱼形态观察

对七带石斑鱼胚胎和仔稚鱼发育过程进行了观察,描述了从受精卵到仔稚鱼各发育时期的形态特征;在水温22±0.5℃、盐度30条件下进行七带石斑鱼仔鱼的饥饿耐受力实验,记录了饥饿条件下初孵仔鱼的存活与生长、卵黄囊与油球的利用情况。结果表明,胚胎发育可划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温20.5±0.5℃、盐度30.0条件下,受精卵历时38h45min孵化出膜。初孵仔鱼全长1.059±0.071mm,至4日龄全长2.27～2.36mm时,卵黄囊完全消失;16日龄,全长4.99mm时,鳔形成;至25～30日龄,尾鳍鳍条发育完整。在饥饿条件下,初孵仔鱼的死亡高峰出现在孵化后4～6d,半数死亡时间出现在5d,至7d饥饿仔鱼全部死亡。卵黄囊期仔鱼的生长可分为3个阶段:仔鱼初孵时的快速生长期,卵黄囊消失前后的慢速生长期,以及在不能建立外源性摄食后的负生长期。随着生长发育时间的延长,饥饿仔鱼与正常条件下仔鱼的生长差异显著(P<0.05)。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。     

延迟投饵对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

在盐度为5‰,水温(28±0.5)℃的条件下,对延迟投饵0~7d的奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)仔鱼摄食、生长与存活进行了研究,并确定了仔鱼的饥饿不可逆点(PNR)。试验于仔鱼开口的当天开始试验。结果显示:仔鱼于3日龄开口;延迟投饵0~7 d组,投饵2 h后仔鱼摄食发生率分别为20%、100%、83.3%、36.7%、13.3%、6.7%、3.3%和0%,各组之间差异显著(P<0.05);延迟投饵在2 d以内,10日龄仔鱼体长和体重与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),延迟投饵超过2 d,体长和体重显著低于对照组(P<0.05);奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼存活率随延迟投饵天数增加而降低,延迟0~2 d的10日龄仔鱼的存活率相差不大,介于78.6%~79.3%,各组差异不显著(P>0.05),延迟投饵超过2 d的仔鱼存活率较低,介于0%~33.3%;奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼的不可逆点出现在仔鱼开口后第4 d,开始投喂的最佳时间在仔鱼开口后的3 d之内。     

饥饿对圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti仔鱼早期发育的影响

在水温(22.0±1.0)℃条件下,研究饥饿状态下圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti仔鱼生长、初次摄食率、不可逆点(PNR)以及摄食节律。结果表明:圆口铜鱼初孵仔鱼全长(7.50±0.01)mm,卵黄囊体积(3.36±0.11)mm~3,摄食组仔鱼全长生长呈线性增加,饥饿组仔鱼生长呈先增长后下降趋势。早期仔鱼(5日龄)和晚期仔鱼(15日龄)的摄食节律相似,高峰在凌晨6:00和黄昏18:00,属于典型的晨昏摄食类型。1~3日龄仔鱼为内源性营养期;4日龄仔鱼开口摄食,进入混合营养期,初次摄食率约为25.1%;5日龄卵黄囊耗尽,进入外源营养期;7日龄仔鱼摄食率达到最高水平为100%,最高摄食率维持6d,PNR期为13~14日龄。在本实验水温下,圆口铜鱼仔鱼最佳投喂时间为4~6日龄。     

延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

试验分延迟0d、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d投饵和完全饥饿9个试验组,研究了延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响。结果显示：水温27℃±1℃时,泥鳅仔鱼3日龄开口,混合营养期2d,4日龄卵黄囊消失。开口当日初次摄食率为36%,最高初次摄食率出现在5日龄,达98%,饥饿不可逆点（PNR）在8～9日龄。延迟0d（正常投饵）和1d投饵组仔鱼体长一直呈增长趋势,至11日龄,两组仔鱼体长没有显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,仔鱼体长生长速度明显降低;完全饥饿组仔鱼3～5日龄呈正增长,随后转为负增长。延迟0d和1d投饵组,11日龄时仔鱼存活率分别为82.67%和89.33%,且两者无显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,11日龄时仔鱼存活率明显降低;完全饥饿组,11日龄时仔鱼全部死亡。     

叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

为了更好地增殖和保护叶尔羌高原鳅（Triplophysa yarkandensisa）这一塔里木河水系优势土著鱼类,拟采用实验生态法,在水温（20±1）℃条件下,利用人工孵化获得叶尔羌高原鳅初孵仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定仔鱼的不可逆点（PNR）,并研究延迟投饵对仔鱼成活和生长的影响。结果显示,叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼3日龄即开口摄食,进入混合营养期,仔鱼卵黄囊于6～7日龄消耗完毕,混合营养期维持仅为3～4 d。初次摄食点出现在3日龄时,摄食率仅为16.7%,初次摄食率最高达在7日龄,摄食率可达90%,PNR出现在仔鱼孵出后的8～9日龄。3日龄后饥饿对仔鱼卵黄吸收速度影响显著((P< 0.05);摄食仔鱼生长呈线性增加,饥饿仔鱼生长呈现先升高后降低的趋势。叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼的最佳投喂时间应在仔鱼开口后4d之内。研究表明：叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼个体较小,对于初次摄食饵料的的选择范围较小,食谱范围窄,初孵仔鱼死亡率高,对于高原鳅属仔鱼开口饵料有待进一步开发。     

Influence of light intensity on feeding, growth, and early survival of leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) larvae under mass-scale rearing conditions

This study investigated the effect of different light intensities on feeding, growth and survival of early stage leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus larvae. Four different light intensities (0, 500, 1000 and 3000 lx) were used and larvae were kept under constant light conditions from 0 day after hatching (DAH) to 5 DAH. The larvae were fed a small S-type of Thai strain rotifers at a density of 20 individuals/mL from 2 DAH. The number of rotifers in larval digestive organ and total length of larvae were examined at 3 h intervals between 04:00 and 22:00 h on 3 DAH, and thereafter at 6 h intervals until the end of the experiment (5 DAH). Four experimental trials of the larval rearing were repeated using by 60 kL mass-scale rearing tanks. The results indicate that coral grouper larvae are visual feeders and their food intake increases with increasing light intensity. Food intake of larvae reared at 3000 lx was significantly higher than those reared at 0–1000 lx on 3 DAH despite being the first-feeding day (P < 0.01). On 4 DAH, total length of larvae reared at 3000 lx was significantly larger than those reared at the lower light intensities (0, 500 and 1000 lx), and thereafter light intensity significantly influenced larval feeding and growth until the end of the experiment. Survival on 5 DAH did not show a significant difference between light intensities, but survival rate at 3000 lx and 1000 lx had a tendency to be higher than those reared at the lower light intensities (0 and 500 lx). In contrast, larvae reared at 0 lx exhibited stagnant and/or negative growth. These results indicate that light intensity is significantly the factor affecting larval feeding, growth, and survival in coral grouper larvae under the rearing conditions.     

光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长及消化酶活性的影响

本研究以紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina)为研究对象,通过水槽实验方法,模拟分析了自然光周期条件下光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长、存活以及体内消化酶活性的影响,旨在为紫海胆苗种的规模化繁育提供必要的生物学参数。研究发现,在实验设计的光照强度梯度(0、500、1000、2000、3000 lx)内,光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度的影响趋势一致,影响程度由高到低为500 lx>0 lx>1000 lx>2000 lx>3000 lx。在500 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度都达到最高,且显著优于其他实验组(P<0.05),此时脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性最强;在2000 lx条件下,紫海胆的胃蛋白酶活性最强;在3000 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体发育到11 d已全部死亡。研究表明,在500 lx光照强度下,紫海胆浮游幼体可保持最佳的生长速度、消化酶活性以及存活率,500 lx为紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的最佳光照强度。     

Effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, growth and survival of early-stage grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae

ABSTRACT: A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage Epinephelus coioides larvae. Newly hatched larvae were transferred to 40-L aquaria at a density of 1500 individuals/aquarium. Larvae were exposed to different levels of aeration (0 mL/min per L, 0.62 mL/min per L, 1.25 mL/min per L, 2.50 mL/min per L, or 3.75 mL/min per L); salinity (8 ppt, 16 ppt, 24 ppt, 32 ppt, or 40 ppt); and light intensity (0 lx, 120 lx, 230 lx, 500 lx, or 700 lx) for 4–6 days. Twenty larvae were sampled daily at 11:00 hours to measure for total length (TL), oil globule volume, and feeding incidence. Survival rates were determined by counting the total number of larvae remaining in each aquarium at the end of the experiment. Significantly higher survival rates ( P   <  0.05) were observed at aeration levels of 0.62 mL/min per L and 1.25 mL/min per L, at salinity levels of 16 ppt and 24 ppt, and at light intensities of 500 lx and 700 lx. The influence of aeration level, salinity and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage grouper larvae are discussed.     

Feeding rhythm and growth of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, during its early life stages

The feeding rhythm and growth characteristics of the early life stages of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, were studied. Larvae began to prey on rotifers about 2–3 days after hatching at 23°C. About 12 days after hatching, larvae had grown to 8–9 mm in total length and were able to prey on Artemia larvae. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity for day‐6 larvae was highest at 12:00 and 18:00 hours, about 2–3 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day‐16 larvae occurred between 09:00 and 18:00 hours. By day 26, when the larvae had metamorphosed, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages, feeding intensity peaked at 18:00 and 24:00 hours concurrently with feeding incidence. Thus, tongue sole were found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre‐ and post‐metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in the daytime during the larval planktonic stage, and at night during the juvenile benthic stage. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 65%, 40% and 11% of body weight on days 6, 16 (larvae) and 26 (juveniles) respectively. Size variation increased markedly with development.     

Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

光照强度对人工养殖的山女鳟幼鱼生长性能的影响

在水温12.1～13.9°C下和直径80 cm、高60 cm,水深40 cm的圆形选育缸中研究了不同光照强度(1200lx、600 lx和300 lx)对平均体质量为10.10±0.8g的山女鳟(Oncorhynchus masou masou)幼鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明,光照强度显著影响山女鳟幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)和变异系数(CV)(P<0.01),高光照强度组SGR和CF值显著高于两个低光照强度组,而CV值则是高光照强度组显著低于两个低光照强度组;高光照强度组摄食率(FI)明显高于两个低光照强度组。实验表明,适度增强光照强度有利于山女鳟幼鱼的生长,这对于优化山女鳟幼鱼培育条件具有指导意义。     

Effects of light intensity on larval development and juvenile growth of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

The growth rate, survival rate, development and setting rate of larval sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were measured under four light intensities (0, 50, 500 and 2,000 lx), and the growth rate and metabolism of the juvenile sea cucumbers were investigated under four light intensity treatments (0, 100, 1,000 and 2,500 lx). The light requirements (i.e. intensity) of the sea cucumber changed as they grew. Better growth performance, development and survival rate were observed in embryos and larvae under 500 lx treatment. However, reduced light intensity (50 lx) increased the settlement rate of the larvae. The highest specific growth rate occurred in juvenile sea cucumbers under 1,000 lx. The sea cucumbers in this group also had the lowest oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate, but the highest O:N ratio, indicating that the optimal light intensity for the juvenile sea cucumber culture was 1,000 lx. Therefore, appropriate light intensities were suggested to provide larval and juvenile sea cucumbers with better growth and development conditions.     

Effects of light intensity on growth,feeding activity and development in common sole (Solea solea L.) larvae in relation to sensory organ ontogeny

The effects of four light intensities (1000 lx, 500 lx, 50 lx, 3 lx) on growth, survival and feeding activity in common sole (Solea solea L.) larvae were studied from 4 to 51 days post hatching (dph). During the pelagic larval stage (4–12 dph), larvae reared at 3 lx showed a lower growth. From 19 onwards, the larvae reared under 3 lx displayed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) higher SGR than the other treatments and a higher final weight compared to 1000 lx and 500 lx. Survival rate was higher under intermediate light intensities (500 and 50 lx). Larvae reared at 3 lx displayed a significant delay in the degree of metamorphosis compared to the other treatments, while at 33 dph metamorphosis was completed under all treatments. Histological examination revealed the importance of vision and light in the first feeding of this species, while after metamorphosis, the full development of other sensory organs indicated that feeding activity is also mediated by chemosensory perception. Results indicate that high light intensity seems to be more suitable during the pelagic larvae, while the opposite would ensure better growth from the onset of metamorphosis to the benthic phase.     

漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律的研究

在实验室条件下研究了漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律。试验结果表明：漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食具有昼夜节律性，其摄食活动主要在白天进行，在10：00光照度为400lx时摄食最为活跃，抵达摄食高峰，仔鱼夜间不摄食，全天表现明显的摄食节律。     

The effect of light intensity on the growth of Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773)

A 35‐day experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on growth of Brachymystax lenok under different light intensities: 10, 70, 240 and 1000 lx. Fish(5.5 ± 0.24 g)used in the experiment were fed to satiation twice a day (08:00 hours, 14:00 hours).The photoperiod was 12L:12D (08:00–20:00 hours). The specific growth rate(SGR) of B. lenok under lower intensities(10 lx,70 lx)was significantly higher than the other groups(P < 0.05).No significant difference in feed intake was observed at different light intensities, but feed efficiency (FE) in wet weight at lower intensities (1070 lx) was higher than that at higher intensities(240,1000 lx) (P < 0.05).The final survival rate of juveniles varied from 86.33% to 93.66%,and there was no significant difference between experimental groups. The tested fish under higher light intensities (240 and 1000 lx) spent much more energy in respiration and excretion while depositing less energy for growth than those fish under lower light intensities. It is concluded that light intensity significantly affected growth and optimal light intensity for B. lenok juveniles was about 10–70 lx.