山地茶园水土流失及生态调控措施研究

福建是我国的产茶大省,近年来随着山地开发热潮,大面积的山地被开发成茶园.茶园的开发加剧了山地的水土流失,大量肥沃表土的流失降低了茶园的经济效益.2003年福建省茶园水土流失面积高达6.35万hm2,占山地开发水土流失总面积的22.73%.占茶园总面积的比率高达46.62%.以乌龙茶之乡安溪县为研究区,在调查和试验的基础上,研究了新开垦茶园、不同开垦年限、不同耕作方式和山地茶园不同部位水土流失状况.研究结果表明新开垦茶园水土流失较严重;3 a生以下茶树的茶园土壤侵蚀显著高于5 a生茶树的茶园;茶园的顺坡种植会加剧茶园的水土流失;山脚的茶园土壤侵蚀最严重,其次是山顶茶园,而山腰茶园土壤侵蚀最轻.根据山地茶园各种情况下水土流失状况,提出对新建茶园应进行铺草覆盖或间种绿肥,提高茶园的覆盖度以降低茶园水土流失;改梯壁锄草法为割草覆盖;在山地茶园内合理设置排灌工程等相关措施,为从整体上治理茶园水土流失提供了依据.     

垦殖方式对侵蚀果园果实产量与品质的影响

研究不同垦殖方式对坡地果园土壤和果树产量及果实品质的影响。结果表明：坡地果园平台开垦及植草都能有效地减少果园土壤的水土流失和增加果园的土壤肥力;从果树的产量和品质来看,平台清耕的果树果实产量及品质最好,平台植草和顺坡清耕次之,顺坡植草的果树产量和品质最低,说明果园平台开垦能够提高果树产量和品质,果园植草则对果树果实产量品质存在着一定的影响。     

坡地幼龄果园不同水土保持措施水沙调控研究

坡地果园水土保持措施是否得当，不仅关系到果园经营的成败，而且关系到山地生态问题，是当前水土流失治理的重点。本文通过3年田间试验，对我省山地果园常见的水土保持模式的径流和泥沙流失特征进行了研究，结果表明：（1）果园水土流失主要出现在幼龄期，措施不当的果园在3年内水土流失处于轻度或强度流失状态。（2）梯田工程和生物措施对坡度果园泥沙和径流都有显著的调控作用，生物措施的调控作用前期尤其明显，在建园第1年就将水土流失控制在允许值之内，解决了幼龄果园水土流失问题。（3）不同措施对泥沙与径流的调控成效由大到小依次为：顺坡全园种植百喜草〉梯田全园种植百喜草〉顺坡种植百喜草带〉梯田梯壁种草〉梯田不种草〉顺坡不种草。     

湘中紫色土丘岗区水土流失规律及土壤允许侵蚀量的研究

自1988～2003年,在湖南省衡南县谭子山镇坡度5～20°的石灰性紫色土丘岗地上进行了水土流失的定位观察.结果表明水土流失与坡度、植被覆盖度及开发利用模式关系甚为密切.土壤侵蚀量随坡度增大而增大,坡度每增加1°,土壤侵蚀量年递增730～930 t/km2,坡度与土壤侵蚀量呈极显著正相关.植被覆盖度每增加1%,土壤侵蚀量则减少60～100 t/km2,土壤侵蚀量与植被覆盖度呈极显著负相关.等高作梯的旱耕地和园地土壤侵蚀量仅为顺坡直耕的旱耕地和园地顺坡的1/3左右;旱耕地、园地等高开垦的强度大,开垦之后1～2年土壤侵蚀量成倍增长;从水土保持角度看,林地乔、灌、草结合模式最好,裸地植草模式次之.应用土壤肥力平衡理论,选取化学退化主导指标N元素,并以石灰性紫色土恢复生态时土壤N1.5 g/kg为临界,与成土速度综合考虑,进行紫色土坡地土壤允许侵蚀量的研究,首次提出石灰性紫色土丘岗坡地土壤允许侵蚀量为每年170 t/km2.     

果园水土保持在生态环境建设中的作用初报

在山边沟的间距内,采用水平梯田梯壁植草（百喜草：Paspalum notatum）等8种不同的处理方式观测红壤坡地果园水土流失状况,于第一年（1998年）试验初步结果表明,不同处理已有显著差异。与全裸露（对照）比较,水平梯田梯壁植草水土 保持效果最佳,其平均径流系数减少85.19%,其他各处理也有不同程度防治水土流失的效果。因此建议在坡地果园中应进行以百喜草为主的 草生栽培,提高植被覆盖度。     

安溪县茶园水土流失监测分析及防治对策

通过1年来实地监测分析,安溪县山顶、山腰和山脚茶园土壤侵蚀刻度比为1.48:1:1.89;茶园的田埂平均土壤侵蚀数是坡壁的2.88倍;3年生以下茶树的茶园土壤侵蚀模数是5年生茶树茶园的1.6倍;梯田小区泥沙径流量只是裸露坡面小区的1/20。依法加强山地开垦审批管理,修建水平梯田及留草生草作业是有效防止山地茶园水土流失的重要措施。     

福建山地综合开发中红壤保育研究——I．不同垦殖方式对果园生态系统的影响

不同垦殖方式对果园生态系统的影响试验研究结果表明,降雨强度与径流量呈指数方程,水平平台开垦是山地防止径流和土壤侵蚀的有效工程措施,而顺坡开垦种果、果树间种50cm宽禾本科牧草形成草篱带、坡面种植优质牧草平托花生可防止径流发生。果园套种豆科牧草可降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度和土壤微生物种类与数量,提高土壤含水量,增加土壤有机质、全N和速效养分含量,调节地表和土层温度,有利于果树生长。     

四川黄壤区玉米季坡耕地自然降雨及其侵蚀产沙特征分析

为明确玉米全生育期自然降雨特征以及坡耕地产流产沙规律,以研究区自然降雨为基础,采用野外径流小区和室内分析相结合的方法,分别对横坡垄作、平作和顺坡垄作坡面玉米全生育期(苗期、拔节期、抽雄期和成熟期)的自然降雨、径流及侵蚀产沙量进行了测定。结果表明:研究区2015年玉米全生育期内雨量为676.71mm,其中成熟期侵蚀性雨量达411.71mm,占累计侵蚀性雨量的69.85%。玉米全生育期内,产流受雨量、玉米生育期显著影响,横坡垄作产沙受雨量、雨强的影响显著,而平作和顺坡垄作则受雨量、株高的影响显著;产流产沙均随玉米生育期的推进逐渐增加,且产沙受产流影响显著,横坡垄作和平作含沙量先减小后增加再减小,而顺坡垄作则先减小后增加;抽雄期横坡垄作产流显著小于顺坡垄作而产沙显著小于平作和顺坡垄作,成熟期横坡垄作产流产沙显著小于平作和顺坡垄作。研究区自然降雨条件下,雨量是影响黄壤坡耕地产流产沙的最主要因子,产沙滞后于产流;玉米成熟期土壤侵蚀最为严重,横坡垄作是防治研究区水土流失的有效途径,研究成果为山地黄壤水土流失有效防控与农业的可持续发展提供理论参考。     

红壤坡地果园水土保持效益的研究

试验研究红壤坡地果园水平梯田梯壁植草等 8种处理水土保持效益结果表明 ,不同处理间有显著差异 ,与全园裸露 (对照 )相比水平梯田梯壁植草水土保持效果最佳 ,其径流系数平均比对照减少 89.7% ,土壤侵蚀量控制基本达 10 0 % ,其他各处理均有不同程度防治水土流失的效果。生草栽培处理的土壤理化性质均有所改善     

南方红壤坡地不同耕作措施的水土保持效应

为解决南方红壤地区坡耕地水土流失问题,采用野外标准径流小区试验方法对南方红壤坡地常见的顺坡间作、横坡间作、果园清耕3种不同耕作方式下5 a时间水土保持蓄水保土效应进行了研究。结果表明,与对照小区相比,各试验小区减流率优劣次序为：横坡间作小区（75.33%）＞顺坡间作小区（59.56%）＞果园清耕小区（21.73%）,减沙效应优劣次序为横坡间作（80.57%）＞顺坡间作（65.11%）＞果园清耕（38.08%）,且4－9月的径流量占到全年径流量的85%以上,流失泥沙量占全年流失泥沙量的90%以上。因此,套种作物增加果园覆盖是防治果园水土流失的有效措施,且横坡间作优于顺坡间作。     

具有水窖设施的梯田苹果地抗暴雨侵蚀研究

针对2013年延安地区极端暴雨径流侵蚀条件下土壤侵蚀严重、水土资源利用效率低等问题,通过对陕北安塞县方塔村带有水沙调控措施的梯田—水窖—苹果水土流失状况进行定位监测,基于收集的降雨资料,研究该梯田内水沙调控措施在抗御暴雨条件下的防蚀作用和土壤侵蚀规律,结果表明:该梯田能够抗御暴雨的冲刷,各阶梯田土壤侵蚀都在中度侵蚀以下,平均土壤侵蚀模数仅为该区多年平均的1/7。集中性的高强度降雨对黄土高原土壤侵蚀起决定性作用,本文基于安塞水土保持试验站坡面土壤侵蚀预测预报模型,给出了适宜该区具有水沙调控措施的梯田土壤侵蚀预测预报模型,得到在I₃₀=0.24 mm/min前提下,当年降雨量小于191.1 mm时,土壤能够维持较高的生产力;当年降雨量小于997.13 mm时,该区土壤侵蚀模数可控制在多年平均水平以内。梯田内修建的水窖、梯壁植草、地表枯枝落叶以及梯田质量等因素的综合作用在抗御暴雨侵蚀过程中起到了重要作用。     

A comparison between seasonal changes in soil water storage and penetration resistance under conventional and conservation tillage systems in Aragón

Low and extremely variable precipitations limit dryland crop production in the semi-arid areas of Aragón (NE Spain). These areas are also affected by high annual rates of topsoil losses by both wind and water erosion. A long-term experiment to determine the feasibility of conservation tillage in the main winter barley production areas of Aragón was initiated in 1989 at four locations, three on loam to silt loam soils (Xerollic Calciorthid) and one on a silty clay loam (Fluventic Ustochrept), receiving between 300 and 600 mm of average annual rainfall. In this study, we compared, under both continuous cropping and cereal-fallow rotation, the effects of conventional tillage (mouldboard plough) and two conservation tillage systems, reduced tillage (chisel plough) and no-tillage, on soil water content and penetration resistance during the first two growing seasons. Whereas reduced and conventionally tilled treatments generally had similar soil water content during the experimental period, the effects of no-tillage were inconsistent. No-tilled plots had from 26% less to 17% more stored soil water (0–80 cm) than conventional tilled plots at the beginning of the growing season. In contrast to the conventional and reduced tillage treatments, penetration resistances were between 2 and 4 MPa after sowing in most of the plough layer (0–40 cm) under no-tillage at all sites. Fallow efficiencies in moisture storage in the cereal-fallow rotation, when compared with the continuous cropping system, ranged from −8.7 to 12%. The highest efficiencies were recorded when the rainfall in the months close to primary tillage exceeded 100 mm. Since this event is very unlikely, long fallowing (9–10 months) appears to be an inefficient practice for water conservation under both conventional and conservation management. Our results suggest that, up to now, only reduced tillage could replace conventional tillage without adverse effects on soil water content and penetration resistance in the dryland cereal-growing areas of Aragón.     

黄土高原水平梯田的蓄水保土效益分析

 在整理、分析黄土高原西峰等水土保持试验站径流、泥沙观测资料的基础上,研究了该地区水平梯田的蓄水保土效益。结果表明:其效益的平均值为867%和877%,但差异悬殊,主要是受暴雨、大暴雨质量的影响。次降雨综合参数PI、汛期降雨量和年产流降雨量分别小于200mm2/min、350mm和125mm时,蓄水保土效益均为100%,大于这些数值时,效益降低,两者呈负相关;同时,梯田的质量也影响蓄水保土效益。     

冀北土石山区坡面尺度径流特征及其影响因素

为了揭示区域水土流失规律,以冀北土石山区坡面径流小区定位观测资料为基础,对坡面尺度产流特征与地形因子、降雨因子、植被覆盖、水土保持工程措施等主要影响因素的关系进行分析,拟为该区水土流失防治及生态建设提供科学参考。研究结果表明:坡面径流小区的年径流量随坡度的增加出现先增后减的趋势,坡度临界值在11°00′左右;坡面径流小区的年径流量随坡长的增加而增加;不同坡度和不同坡长条件下,径流量与有效降雨量及平均降雨强度都成正相关,但与有效降雨量的相关系数要大于平均降雨强度的相关系数且在0.01水平上显著,与平均降雨强度的相关系数不显著;坡面径流小区的年径流量随着植被覆盖度的增加而减少,但覆盖度为60%和90%的草地径流小区的年径流量相差甚小,说明在水土保持治理过程中存在着临界植被覆盖度;水平阶、鱼鳞坑、梯田等水土保持工程措施通过改变下垫面状况,可以有效拦蓄径流,从而削弱降雨特征对径流的影响。     

黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作措施防治土壤侵蚀的土槽试验

为了研究黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作防治坡面土壤侵蚀的效应,该文利用8 m×1.5 m的试验土槽,设计3个降雨强度(50、75和100 mm/h)、1个典型坡度(5°)以及横坡垄作和无垄作(平坡裸地对照试验)的试验处理进行模拟降雨试验,研究东北黑土区横坡垄作坡面在不同降雨强度下的防治坡面侵蚀效应。结果表明:横坡垄作在50 mm/h降雨强度下坡面基本不发生土壤侵蚀,但在75和100 mm/h降雨强度下会发生断垄,造成防蚀效应急剧降低。横坡垄作坡面的径流和侵蚀过程均明显存在以断垄时间为界的突变,在3个降雨强度下,横坡垄作断垄前可使坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别减少97.7%和99.1%以上,坡面蓄渗率达到97.2%以上;而断垄后坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别增加23.3~25.9倍和136.8~171.5倍,蓄渗率下降至50%以下。试验研究表明横坡垄作在≤50 mm/h的降雨强度下具有很好的坡面防治侵蚀效应,但当遇到强降雨时易发生断垄,防蚀效应急剧降低。     

Wheel traffic and tillage effects on runoff and crop yield

Traffic and tillage effects on runoff, soil water and crop production under rainfall were investigated over a period of 6 years on a heavy clay vertosols (vertisols) in Queensland, Australia. A split plot design was used to isolate traffic effects, while the cropping program and treatments were broadly representative of extensive grain production practice in the northern grain region of Australia. Treatments subject to zero tillage and stubble mulch tillage each comprised pairs of 90 m² plots, from which runoff was recorded. A 3 m wide controlled traffic system allowed one of each pair to be maintained as a non-wheeled plot, while the complete surface area of the other received a single annual wheeling treatment from a working 100 kW tractor.

Mean annual runoff from controlled traffic plots was 81 mm (36.3%) smaller than that from wheeled plots, while runoff from zero tillage was reduced by 31 mm (15.7%). Traffic and tillage effects appeared to be cumulative, so the mean annual runoff from controlled traffic and zero tillage plots, representing best practice, was 112 mm (47.2%) less than that from wheeled stubble mulch plots, representing conventional cropping practice. Rainfall infiltration into controlled traffic zero tillage soil was thus 12.0% greater than into wheeled stubble mulched soil. Rainfall/runoff hydrographs show that wheeling produced a large and consistent increase in runoff, whereas tillage produced a smaller increase. Treatment effects were greater on dry soil, but were still present in large and intense rainfall events on wet soil.

Plant available water capacity (PAWC) in the 0–500 mm zone increased by 10 mm (11.5%) and mean grain yields increased by 337 kg/ha (9.4%) in controlled traffic plots, compared with wheeled plots. Mean grain yield of zero tillage was 2–8% greater than that of stubble mulch plots for all crops except for winter wheat in 1994 and 1998. Increased infiltration and plant available water were probably responsible for increased mean grain yields of 497 kg/ha (14.5%) in controlled traffic zero tillage, compared with wheeled stubble mulch treatments. Dissipation of tractive and tillage energy in the soil is the apparent mechanism of deleterious effects on the soils ability to support productive cropping in this environment. Controlled traffic and conservation tillage farming systems appear to be a practicable solution.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区梯田暴雨侵蚀状况及规律分析

针对2013年延安百年不遇暴雨造成的黄土丘陵沟壑区梯田侵蚀灾害严重、水土资源利用率低等问题。选取安塞县马家沟流域曹新庄梯田作为典型研究对象,在进行野外监测的基础上,分析了梯田在百年不遇暴雨条件下的梯级侵蚀灾害发生规律。结果表明:按高程最上级梯田侵蚀轻微,依次往下梯田侵蚀面积所占百分比逐渐增大并且增加明显,上部梯田主要以面蚀为主,仅发生轻微沟蚀,下部梯田面蚀、沟蚀都比较严重。梯田侵蚀量与梯田汇水面积、地表径流量等条件有关,影响梯田侵蚀灾害发生的主要因素是地表径流量。该区2013年6—9月延安百年不遇暴雨梯田平均侵蚀模数为20 659.7 t/hm²,超过该区平均年侵蚀模数的47.6%,6—9月月降雨量侵蚀的临界值为118.8 mm。布置水沙调控措施层层拦蓄径流是保证梯田安全的重要措施。     

黄土高原地区鱼鳞坑坡面侵蚀演化过程及水力学特征

为明确鱼鳞坑坡面抗侵蚀演化过程及其水流水力学特性,采用间歇性人工模拟降雨实验,对鱼鳞坑坡面水流水力学特性以及阻力规律进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)鱼鳞坑坡面侵蚀演化过程表现为:雨滴溅蚀—片蚀—股流冲刷—跌坑—细沟侵蚀—下切侵蚀—溯源侵蚀—崩塌。(2)随着降雨历时的增加,由于鱼鳞坑的层层拦截与蓄满,其下方的坡面径流流速、水深均呈波动式增长趋势,坑内出现旋涡,坡面径流呈现断续股流。降雨累积历时为58 min左右,总降雨量达到87 mm时,鱼鳞坑侵蚀量急剧增加,拦蓄径流作用失效。(3)五场降雨过程中,上坡和中坡水流流态为层流,下坡由于鱼鳞坑蓄满后径流出现波动,水流流态由层流变为紊流且时而为缓流时而为急流。(4)鱼鳞坑坡面水流阻力来源于降雨阻力、颗粒阻力、形态阻力叠加,在整个降雨过程中阻力总和呈下降趋势;其中,受地形高低起伏、地表糙度的影响,形态阻力一直居于主导地位。     

Soil erosion and participatory remediation strategy for bench terraces in northern Thailand

This study was carried out in Pang Prarachatan village, which is located in Chiang Rai province of northern Thailand. The farmers in this village construct bench terraces to reduce soil erosion and increase plant productivity. However, severe soil erosion occurs frequently on the bare bench terraces. This study investigates the impact of bench terracing on soil erosion. The use of weeds and plant residues to control soil and nutrient losses were also investigated using model slope plots and an artificial rainfall system. Finally, the knowledge gained from this study was transferred to the farmers through a workshop in the village, and their acceptance of the results was evaluated by means of a questionnaire. The severity of soil erosion is thought to vary according to the structure of the bench terrace and the ground cover conditions. Rills are the primary form of erosion on bare bench terraces. In addition, some rills develop into gullies that can run from the upper terrace down to the lower terrace. Nevertheless, rills and gullies are rarely found on weed-covered terraces. Moreover, the results of an erosion experiment using model slope plots and artificial rainfall systems showed that plots covered with weeds and plant residues had much less surface runoff and soil and nutrient losses than bare soil. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by weeds were 4.7 and 2.3 times smaller than the nitrogen and phosphorus losses due to soil erosion, respectively. The results of the field surveys and model slope experiment were announced to the farmers through participatory workshop in August 2003. The first questionnaire, conducted just after the workshop, clearly showed that around 90% of the farmers agreed to cover their slopes with weeds and plant residues so long as it did not affect soil fertility and plant growth. However, the second questionnaire, conducted in January 2004, showed that only 29% of farmers were covering the bench terraces or non-terraced slopes in their farmlands with weeds and plant residues. Therefore, participatory activities should continue to be held regularly in order to ensure greater acceptance and practice of soil conservation on the part of the farmers.