马铃薯微型薯田间繁殖的研究

以马铃薯晚熟品种“下寨６５”为试验材料，研究了离体诱导微型薯直播田间繁殖块茎繁殖脱毒田间１－５代种薯的质量和效率。结果表明，生育阶段比同品种网室繁殖脱毒小薯同代脱毒种薯略迟；生长势，株高，茎粗，主式分枝数，单株叶面积，根系数，匍茎数和匍匐茎长度等生长指标，ＰＶＸ，ＰＶＹ，ＰＬＲＶ和ＰＶＡ等重要病毒害发病率及病情指数，干腐病和软腐病发病率，晚疫病发病率和叶面枯死率相同；     

采收次数对马铃薯微型薯产量的影响

利用组织培养技术及无土基质栽培技术生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯,其单株结薯数较大田生产薯偏少,从而间接导致微型薯生产成本提高.影响马铃薯形成块茎数量多少的因素较多,本试验主要从采收方法上着手,分析比较采收次数对微型薯产量的影响.     

雾培马铃薯不同品种生长及微型薯产量比较

雾培法生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯是一项新型的无土栽培技术。甘肃省马铃薯微型薯雾培法生产中存在品种数量较少、多样性程度较低的问题,阻碍当地马铃薯产业化发展。为筛选出适宜雾培法生产微型薯的马铃薯新品种,促进甘肃省马铃薯产业的发展,选用4个马铃薯品种,以当地雾培主栽品种‘庄薯3号’为对照,采用马铃薯微型薯雾培法进行品种比较试验,对不同马铃薯品种的形态指标、生理指标及微型薯产量进行比较研究。结果表明,不同品种在株高、茎粗、根长、叶面积、叶绿素SPAD值、匍匐茎数量和微型薯产量方面存在差异。从单株结薯数来看,‘庄薯3号’(CK)微型薯产量最高,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’次之,‘陇薯10号’和‘冀张薯8号’产量最低。通过比较研究,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’品种生长性状好、微型薯产量高,适合雾培繁育微型薯。     

脱毒马铃薯小种薯的高效繁育方法初报

研究开发了一种利用防虫网隔离匍匐茎的脱毒马铃薯小种薯高效繁育方法:马铃薯播种在防虫网上,用少量基质覆盖种薯,上覆银-黑双色地膜,马铃薯匍匐茎生长在双色地膜与防虫网之间所形成的黑暗、潮湿空间中,形成类似雾培法的环境条件。播后45d,单株产生82个匍匐茎顶端,经5次采收,单株结薯数可达59.2个,平均薯重10.7g,大大提高脱毒马铃薯的繁殖效率。     

脱毒小薯原原种粒级,密度,品种熟性对一级原种繁殖的影响

采用马铃薯脱毒小薯不同粒级，不同密度，不同品种熟性三因子三水平正交试验，研究了原原种对一级原种的产量、单株平均结薯数及＜２５ｇ小薯所占比率的影响。结果表明：当早熟、结薯少、薯块均匀的品种原原种播种密度在１．２万株／亩以上，晚熟和中晚熟、结薯较多薯块不均匀品种在１．０～１．２万株／亩之间，且播种粒级大于０．５ｇ／粒时，一级原种繁殖方可收到既高产又具较高的繁殖系数和较低用种量的效果。     

脱毒小薯原原种粒级、密度、品种熟性对一级原种繁殖的影响

采用马铃薯脱毒小薯不同粒级、不同密度、不同品种熟性三因子三水平正交试验，研究了原原种对一级原种的产量、单株平均结薯数及＜２５ｇ小薯所占比率的影响。结果表明：当早熟、结薯少、薯块均匀的品种原原种播种密度在１．２万株／亩以上，晚熟和中晚熟、结薯较多薯块不均匀的品种在１．０～１．２万株／亩之间，且播种粒级大于０．５ｇ／粒时，一级原种繁殖方可收到既高产又具较高的繁殖系数和较低用种量的效果。     

基施有机肥对马铃薯原原种生产及二次结薯的影响

以早熟马铃薯‘早大白’为供试品种,在防虫温室内进行了有机肥对脱毒马铃薯试管苗生长及二次结薯影响的试验,旨在探索提高微型薯产量及试管苗利用率的途径。试管苗移栽70 d后收获微型薯并尽量保护好根系,继续使其结薯,进行多次收获。结果表明:多次收获微型薯的产量远高于一次性收获的微型薯产量,因此二次结薯可大大提高试管苗的生产效率。全部追施处理二次结薯单株结薯2.3粒,而基施有机肥33 kg/667 m2条件下单株结薯3.8粒,因此基施有机肥有利于试管苗的生长。     

不同磷肥水平下马铃薯整薯播种产量分析

多年的生产实践证明,施用磷肥和采用整薯播种都可以提高马铃薯产量。本试验选用同等大小的马铃薯品种‘夏波蒂’脱毒二级原种小整薯和切块作为种薯播种,研究在不同施磷条件下马铃薯产量情况。结果发现,高磷整薯的平均单株结薯数显著高于其他处理,50 g以上块茎高磷整薯的产量显著高于其他处理,而低磷整薯的产量则显著低于低磷切块。     

提高雾化栽培马铃薯微型薯结薯能力的初步研究

用 3种处理方法 ,下放植株 ,激素 (CCC) ,剪尖对雾化栽培室内的脱毒苗进行随机区组处理。结果表明 :激素和剪尖对叶面积系数 (LAI)、株高、茎粗等营养器官生长特征影响一致 ,可用剪尖替代激素促进形态建成 ;下放植株可极显著促进根系发育 ,促使腋芽向匍匐茎转化 ,可极显著提高微型小薯的产量 ;同时 ,相关分析表明 ,LAI与单株薯数呈极显著正相关 (r =0 874 8 ) ;根系体积与单株薯数显著相关 (r=0 82 0 1 ) ,与单株匍匐茎数极显著相关 (r =0 8770 )。     

脱毒小薯无土栽培生产培养基质研究

本研究对温室条件下无土栽培脱毒小薯生产基质进行了试验研究，供试品种中薯２号，中薯３号，Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ，Ａｇｒｕａ４２上品种。结果栽培蘑菇后的棉籽皮做基质生产脱毒小薯，其扦插苗成活率，单株块茎数，单株块茎重都高于用蛭石和珍珠岩基质。棉籽皮和砂子不同配比基质，以２份棉籽皮１份砂子的配比生产效果最好，从而为我国棉产区温室条件下生产脱毒小薯，找到了一种廉价的基质，为降低脱毒小薯生产成本，提高产量提出了一     

Comparative performance of different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed

The growth and yield of plants from different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed were evaluated on a per stem, per plant, and per unit area basis using either single or multiple-sprout tubers. In single-sprout tubers, haulm dry weight per stem 47 days after planting was greater in the 40–60 g tubers when compared with that in the 5–10 g or the 10–20 g tubers. This resulted in greater tuber weight per stem in the 40–60 g tubers throughout the growing season. The number of tubers per stem was not affected by seed tuber size. In multiple-sprout seed tubers of increasing size, total tuber number and total tuber weight, as well as weight of those tubers larger than 45 mm, increased on a per plant basis but decreased on a per stem basis. At different rates of planting, 1–5 g seed tubers produced smaller tubers than 5–10 g or 10–20 g seed tubers. Increased rate of planting resulted in non-significant yield increases per unit area in plots planted with 1–5 g seed tubers. The yield increases were significant when 5–10 g and 10–20 g seed tubers were planted at higher rates. The number of main stems per unit of seed tuber weight was five times greater in 1–5 g tubers compared with that in 40–60 g tubers. This resulted in low seed weights per hectare when small tubers were planted and in a high ratio of harvested to planted tuber weight.     

Field performance of potato minitubers with different fresh weights and conventional seed tubers: Multiplication factors and progeny yield variation

Summary Multiplication factors and progeny yield variation in crops from minitubers of five weight classes (ranging from 0.13–0.25 g to 2.00–3.99 g) and conventional seed tubers were studied in field experiments in three years. Multiplication factors were calculated as the number and weight of progeny tubers produced per planted tuber or per unit planted tuber weight. They were lower for the lighter minitubers when calculated per tuber and higher when calculated per weight. Yield variation was described by coefficients of variation for the number and weight of progeny tubers produced. Variation over individual plants of a crop was higher in stands from the lighter minitubers. Variation over plots within a field was sometimes higher for the lighter minitubers, but variation over years was similar for all minituber classes. Variation over plots in progeny tuber weight was higher for minitubers than for conventional tubers.     

脱毒小薯无土栽培生产培养基质研究

本研究对温室条件下无土栽培脱毒小薯生产基质进行了试验研究，供试品种中薯２号、中薯３号、Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ、Ａｇｒｉａ４个品种。结果栽培蘑菇后的棉籽皮做基质生产脱毒小薯，其扦插苗成活率、单株块茎数、单株块茎重都高于用蛭石和珍珠岩基质。棉籽皮和砂子不同配比基质，以２份棉籽皮１份砂子的配比生产效果最好，从而为我国棉产区温室条件下生产脱毒小薯，找到了一种廉价的基质，为降低脱毒小薯生产成本，提高产量提出了一种新的技术方法。     

Production of potato minitubers by repeated harvesting: Effects of crop husbandry on yield parameters

Summary Minitubers can be produced in large quantities by repeated harvesting of tubers from in vitro propagated plantlets at 4, 7 and 10 weeks after transplanting to the glasshouse at high plant densities. Yield parameters of minitubers can be manipulated by crop husbandry. By supplying nutrients or using a square plant arrangement, minituber yield increased. Effects on numbers of tubers were cultivar-dependent. Changing plant density from 50 to 800 plants per m² or the minimal diameter of harvested tubers from 5 to 12 mm did not significantly affect tuber yield per m². Higher plant densities resulted in more tubers per m² but fewer tubers per plant. Removing smaller tubers greatly increased the number of small tubers, but did not affect yield and number of tubers in larger grades. Crop husbandry techniques affected minituber yield mainly through their effects on leaf area duration, and the number of minitubers through their effects on growth of tubers to a harvestable size.     

Effect of cultivar maturity period on the growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers

Potato plants of early cultivars grown from microtubers have been reported to have a much lower growth vigor and produce lower yields than microtubers of late cultivars. This study intended to clarify the field performance of plants grown from directly planted microtubers of cultivars with different maturity periods, with a special attention to early cultivars. The experiments were conducted at Hokkaido University, Japan, over four years. Microtubers and conventional seed tubers of the early cultivar Kitaakari, late cultivars Konafubuki and Norin 1, and very late breeding line IWA-1 were planted, and the plant growth and tuber yields were analyzed. The microtuber plants of Kitaakari had a lower initial increase in leaf area index than conventional seed tuber plants, but at the maximum shoot growth had the same leaf area index. This pattern was also observed in the other cultivars. Tuber initiation and tuber bulking occurred on average five days later in microtuber plants than in conventional seed tuber plants of cultivar Kitaakari. At maximum shoot growth, microtuber plants had on average 65% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants, with small variation among cultivars. Irrespective of maturity period, microtuber plants showed a higher tuber increase after maximum shoot growth, achieving around 86% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants at harvest. From the results of this study we conclude that microtuber plants of early and late cultivars have a similar yield potential relative to conventional seed tuber plants, and microtubers of both early and late cultivars might be used as an alternative seed tuber source for potato production, if necessary.     

Relationships between numbers of main stems and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Erntestolz) as influenced by different daylengths

Summary The relationshops between numbers of main stems and some measures of growth and yield, as well as total tuber yield, were examined for potatoes grown under different daylengths. Leaf area, tuber number and tuber yield per plant increased significantly with increasing daylength and number of main stems. Numbers of main stems and leaf area were correlated positively with tuber number and tuber yield and negatively with average tuber weight. The correlations were stronger with stem number than with leaf area and were differently affected by daylength. Standard regression coefficients indicated that stem number has strong positive and negative relationships with tuber number and average tuber weight, respectively. Since tuber number was a better determinant of yeild than average tuber weight, the final relationship between the numbers of main stems and tuber yield remained positive for all daylengths. Determinants that will best explain variation in tuber total yield, tuber number, and average tuber weight are suggested.     

Planting materials for warm tropic potato production: growth and yield of transplanted seedlings or rooted cuttings and tuber materials in the field

Expansion of potato production in lowland tropical regions has been constrained by the lack of planting materials, given that adapted genotypes and suitable field management practices now exist.

The respective performance of transplanted materials (i.e., true potato seed (TPS) seedlings or rooted stem cuttings) produced in situ in the warm tropics were compared with that of genetically identical seedling tubers (tubers produced from seedlings) or seed tubers. Seed and seedling tubers had been previously produced under optimal cool conditions. Transplanted materials achieved lower maximum leaf area index than did tuber materials (1.3–2.2 vs. 2.7) but relative growth rates of cuttings and seedlings were greater. This was in part due to the greater net assimilation rate of cuttings and to greater leaf:stem ratio for both compared with plants originating from tubers. Stolon and tuber formation were greater in seed tubers than in cuttings and in seedlings versus seedling tubers. On average, seedlings produced 14 tubers per plant, apical cuttings 12, seedling tubers 8, and stem cuttings 6.

Tuber yields within a genotype were statistically similar for crops from seed tubers or cuttings and for crops from seedling tubers or seedlings. However, the proportion of marketable (i.e., > 3.5 cm diameter) tubers was approximately 12% less in the crops from seed tuber and seedlings compared with those from cuttings and seedling tubers, respectively. Within a genotype, the crop duration in the field was similar whatever the type of planting material. Maximum yields, at 23 t/ha in warm sites, were still below those of temperate potato crops, but could be achieved equally well with transplanted in situ-produced materials or imported cool-climate seed tubers.     

Potato Plants Grown from Minitubers are Delayed in Maturity and Lower in Yield,but are not at a Higher Risk of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> Infection than Plants Grown from Conventional Seed

Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important virus in North American seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production. Planting virus-free minitubers in place of field-grown seed, which usually has a low PVY incidence, reduces initial PVY inoculum in the field. However, plants grown from minitubers are smaller and emerge later than those grown from conventional seed, which could make them more likely to become infected with PVY. We tested the effects of seed type of three potato cultivars (Dark Red Norland, Goldrush, and Red La Soda) on PVY incidence, tuber yield, and flowering time. The incidence of PVY in plants grown from minitubers did not differ from that of plants grown from conventional seed. Minituber-grown plants produced lower tuber yields than plants grown from conventional seed. Plants from minitubers also emerged and flowered later, but this did not increase their incidence of PVY. Cultivar-specific differences were observed in tuber yield and flowering times, suggesting that this variation may influence PVY incidence more than seed type.     

Effect of seed production location on the performance of Russet Burbank clones in southern Australia

In this study, three clones of Russet Burbank were grown at five different seed production sites and one other clone was grown at three of these sites. Seed from these treatments was then evaluated at two commercial production sites, in Victoria and Tasmania. Production site had a significant effect on the subsequent performance. Plant establishment, vigor, maturity, and stem and tuber number per plant were influenced by seed production site. Seed from more southerly locations had increased plant emergence, greater early vigor, earlier maturity, and reduced stem and tuber numbers per plant. Differences between the Tasmanian, Ruen and Victorian Netted Gem clones were small and restricted to the numbers of stems and tubers produced, and some yield components. The Ballarat clone was late maturing and had a high total but low marketable yield due to high levels of oversized and misshapen tubers. However this clone also showed least dark end to the fried crisp. Interactions were detected between clone and seed production site but these have no practical significance.     

Potato minituber production using aeroponics: Effect of plant density and harvesting intervals

To optimize minituber production through aeroponics some horticultural management factors should be studied. Potato plantlets, cv Zorba, were grown aeroponically at two different plant densities (60 and 100 plants/m²). Plants showed an extended vegetative cycle of about 5 months after planting. A higher number of stolons was obtained at low plant densities. Tuber formation hastened when supplied N was reduced. Experiments on harvesting intervals (7, 10, and 14 days) indicated that for a density of 60 plants/m², both number of minitubers and yield increased as harvesting interval decreased. Best results were achieved harvesting every 7 days: a total tuber yield of 118.6 g per plant was obtained (four times higher than for 100 plants/m²). Such a yield was composed, on the average, of 13.4 tubers with a mean tuber weight of 8.1 g. Harvesting intervals did not have an effect on the number of minitubers and yield for a density of 100 plants/m². The best productivity obtained in this study was 800 minitubers/m² for weekly harvests and a low plant density (60 plants/m²). We also studied the field performance of aeroponically produced minitubers vs those produced by hydroponics. Minituber behavior under field conditions was independent from the technique used for its production.