食品中常见病原菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中沙门氏菌、空肠弯曲杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和大肠杆菌O157：H7的invA、MapA、hlyA和O gene cluster基因分别设计了4对引物,通过对反应条件的优化,建立了同时检测4种病原菌的多重PCR方法。结果表明,该多重PCR方法可扩增出四条特异性条带,并且任意两条产物片段长度相差大于20％。多重PCR反应体系检测四种病原菌混合模板最低含量为100 CFU。该多重PCR检测方法具有快速、准确和特异性强的优点,可用于快速检测食品中的病原菌。     

空肠弯曲杆菌SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

空肠弯曲杆菌（Campylobacter jejuni）是一种人兽共患病病原菌,给养殖业带来了较大经济损失。为实现对空肠弯曲杆菌的快速检测,针对其MapA基因序列设计特异性引物,优化反应条件和反应体系,建立了空肠弯曲杆菌SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法,并对该方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性进行了评估。结果显示：建立的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性,仅能特异性扩增出空肠弯曲杆菌,对胎儿空肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌无交叉反应;敏感性较强,最低检测限为6.42 copies/μL;以5个稀释度的重组质粒为模板分别进行组内和组间重复性试验,发现组内和组间Ct值变异系数（CV）均小于2.50%,说明该方法具有良好的可重复性。结果表明,本研究建立的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR具有良好的特异性、敏感性及重复性,可用于空肠弯曲杆菌的快速诊断和流行病学调查。     

单核细胞增生李斯特菌重组酶聚合酶恒温扩增快速检测方法的建立

为建立基于重组酶聚合酶等温扩增(RPA)技术的单核细胞增生李斯特菌快速检测方法,本研究针对单增李斯特菌的基因组序列设计特异性引物,通过对反应体系的优化确定最佳反应温度为42℃和最佳反应时间为15 min。特异性试验结果显示:本研究建立的RPA方法与伊氏李斯特菌、无害李斯特菌、斯氏李斯特菌、格氏李斯特菌、肠致病性大肠埃希菌O157、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均无交叉反应;敏感性试验结果显示:该方法对单增李斯特菌基因组DNA和菌液的最低检出限分别为3×10~2拷贝/μL和10~3cfu/mL。利用本研究建立的RPA快速检测方法分别对50份人工污染的牛奶、牛肉和鱼肉样品进行检测,并与荧光定量PCR检测结果进行对比,结果一致。本研究建立的单增李斯特菌RPA检测方法具有反应快速、灵敏度高、特异性强、操作简便的特点,适用于基层实验室和现场快速检测。     

4种肠道致病菌的多重荧光定量PCR快速检测方法的建立

根据沙门菌的invA基因、弗氏枸橼酸杆菌的ldh基因、奇异变形杆菌的ureR基因和迟缓爱德华菌的fimA基因的保守序列,分别设计合成4对特异性引物和4个Taqman探针,通过对PCR反应体系的优化,并对该方法的特异性、敏感性进行评估,建立了一种能同时检测沙门菌、弗氏枸橼酸杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、迟缓爱德华菌的四重荧光定量PCR快速检测方法。该方法可特异性的检测到4种目标菌株的单一模版及混合模板,未发现不同成分间的交叉反应,最低检出限均为103cfu/mL;对22种非目标病原菌进行检测均为阴性。本研究建立的四重荧光定量PCR检测方法灵敏度高、特异性强,可用于上述4种致病菌的同时快速检测。     

不同品种猪肠道拟杆菌属-普雷沃氏菌属群实时荧光定量分析

对猪肠道30种细菌的16SrDNA序列进行比对分析,设计拟杆菌属-普雷沃氏菌属荧光定量的特异引物。以多形拟杆菌菌株(CDC1404-A)基因组的DNA为模板,以常规PCR引物扩增16SrDNA靶片断,将PCR产物纯化后作为DNA标准品,将梯度稀释的标准品作模板,建立定量标准曲线。以TaqMan探针建立25μL反应体系,对不同浓度的多形拟杆菌DNA样品进行检测,并以乳酸杆菌、大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌的基因组DNA模板作阴性对照,验证此方法检测拟杆菌属-普雷沃氏菌属的特异性。结果表明:设计的荧光定量引物和探针,仅对拟杆菌和普雷沃氏菌有很强的特异性,该方法的灵敏度可3.73个/μL的基因组DNA。将PCR方法用于5月龄长白和太湖猪回肠内容物检测,其拟杆菌属-普雷沃氏菌属的检测结果呈阳性,每克回肠内容物拟杆菌属-普雷沃氏菌属数量的拷贝数对数值太湖猪比长白猪高38.5%(P<0.10),而且发现拟杆菌属-普雷沃氏菌属数量与背膘厚度、脂肪率之间有正相关关系。     

雪貂空肠弯曲杆菌的分离与鉴定

从试验用雪貂分离到一株弯曲杆菌,通过菌落、菌体形态、生化特征、培养特性等生物学特性和PCR方法对所分离菌株进行鉴定,分离株经空肠弯曲杆菌VS1基因特异性引物PCR扩增为阳性,测序结果显示与空肠弯曲杆菌序列同源性达100%,结合生物学特性和PCR结果确定所分离菌株为空肠弯曲杆菌,该菌的分离鉴定为雪貂微生物检测标准的建立提供了理论依据。     

沙门氏菌荧光PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

为了建立沙门氏菌荧光PCR检测方法,试验参照Gen Bank中已发表的沙门氏菌inv A基因序列,针对保守区序列,设计特异性引物和探针。通过反应体系和反应程序的优化,建立沙门氏菌荧光PCR检测方法。结果表明:该方法特异性和重复性好,具有较高的敏感性,最低可检测到5 cfu/m L浓度的沙门氏菌。采用该方法检测60份冻肉样品,与传统的细菌分离鉴定方法相比结果一致。说明研究建立的沙门氏菌荧光PCR方法是快速鉴定沙门氏菌的有效方法,具有较大的应用价值。     

基于hipO基因的环介导等温核酸扩增技术检测食源性空肠弯曲菌

空肠弯曲杆菌是人细菌性胃肠炎的常见食源性致病菌之一,严重危害人类的健康,建立快速精准检测食源性空肠弯曲杆菌的方法,对于保障人们的健康和食品安全具有重要意义。本研究建立了一种可视化、低成本基于hipO基因的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术快速检测空肠弯曲菌的方法。该LAMP方法检测空肠弯曲菌CJFX01基因组DNA为阳性,而对肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7、鼠伤寒沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、产气荚膜梭菌等食源性致病菌和胸膜肺炎放线杆菌Aha01、副猪嗜血杆菌Ahh01、多杀性巴氏杆菌Ahm03、猪链球菌Ahs02、猪丹毒丝菌Ahe01、支气管败血波氏杆菌Ahb01等猪源致病菌基因组DNA检测结果均为阴性,表明其具有良好的特异性。灵敏度的检测结果表明,LAMP检测空肠弯曲杆菌的检测限为5.4×10¹ CFU/mL,而基于F3/B3引物对常规PCR的检测限为5.4×10⁶ CFU/mL,即LAMP检测空肠弯曲杆菌的灵敏度比常规PCR高100 000倍。本研究建立的LAMP检测方法具有快速、可视化、低成本、特异性好和灵敏度...     

单核细胞增生性李斯特菌LAMP-浊度/荧光检测方法的建立

将环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)分别与浊度信号检测系统(turbidimeter)和荧光信号检测系统(fluorescence)相结合,建立了LAMP-浊度/荧光单核细胞增生性李斯特菌检测方法。选择单核细胞增生性李斯特菌保守毒力基因iap序列,通过环介导等温扩增引物设计在线软件设计4条特异性引物,进行反应条件的优化,并对建立的LAMP的特异性和灵敏度进行评价分析。结果表明,构建的LAMP-浊度信号检测方法优化后的扩增温度为61℃,菌液最低检测浓度为22.1 CFU/mL,灵敏度是普通PCR扩增方法的10倍;LAMP-荧光信号检测方法优化后的扩增温度为64℃,菌液最低检测浓度为2.21 CFU/mL,灵敏度是普通PCR扩增方法的100倍;建立的两种LAMP方法的特异性良好,其中1株单核细胞增生性李斯特菌标准菌株和1株本试验分离保存的单核细胞增生性李斯特菌检测结果均为阳性,8株非单核细胞增生性李斯特菌检测结果均为阴性。利用两种LAMP方法对630份肉类及其制品、人工污染样品等进行检测,检出45个LAMP阳性,与国标法(GB)检测结果一致。结果表明,建立优化的单核细胞增生性李斯特菌LAMP-浊度/荧光检测方法具有快速、特异、灵敏等特点,特别适用于基层兽医、食品及口岸一线部门对单核细胞增生性李斯特菌快速筛查工作。     

多重荧光PCR检测水产品致病菌方法的建立与应用研究

根据沙门氏菌invA基因、副溶血性弧菌toxR基因和大肠杆菌O157：H7 RFBE基因的保守序列,设计引物和探针,通过优化反应体系,测定其灵敏度和特异性,建立了可同时检测上述三种致病菌的多重实时荧光PCR方法。该方法对纯茵的检测灵敏度均低于1O cfu／PCR反应体系。人工染菌样品经6h增菌,检测的灵敏度可低于10c...     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for the detection of Mycobacterium genavense and Mycobacterium avium complex species in avian samples

Diagnosis of avian mycobacteriosis, caused by Mycobacterium genavense or species belonging to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), is problematic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers rapid and sensitive detection of minute quantities of DNA, and conventional protocols have been used for evaluating avian specimens. The recent development of real-time PCR offers several advantages over conventional PCR. In attempts to improve diagnosing avian mycobacteriosis, a real-time TaqMan PCR assay was developed targeting the 65-kD heat shock protein gene of M. genavense and MAC spp. Nineteen reference isolates, 16 clinical isolates, and 32 avian tissue samples were used to evaluate the assay. When sufficient amplicons were produced, the species of mycobacteria was determined by standard sequencing of TaqMan PCR products and compared with results from commercial mycobacteriology laboratories and/or standard sequencing of conventional PCR products. The TaqMan PCR detected DNA from reference isolates of M. genavense, MAC spp., and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex spp. Of the clinical isolates, the TaqMan PCR detected DNA from 10 of 12 Mycobacterium avium avium isolates and two of three Mycobacterium avium intracellulare isolates. For the tissue samples, the TaqMan PCR amplified DNA in six of nine samples that were identified by sequencing of conventional PCR products and/or by commercial mycobacteriology laboratories as being MAC spp. positive and three of four samples that were positive for M. genavense. There was some disagreement between speciation results from the TaqMan PCR and those from commercial mycobacteriology laboratories or conventional PCR or both. This disagreement was suspected to be because of relatively small numbers of base pairs in the TaqMan PCR products. The TaqMan PCR may provide a useful tool for evaluating clinical samples for DNA from mycobacteria species that most commonly infect birds; however, further refinement is needed in order to improve sensitivity and provide more accurate speciation.     

A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae

AIM: To develop a real-time PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae, using PCR primers targeting the ma-mp81 gene. METHODS: A group of 15 M. agalactiae isolates, 21 other Mycoplasma spp. isolates and 21 other bacterial isolates was used in evaluation of the assay. RESULTS: All M. agalactiae isolates were detected by the assay and none of the non-target isolates was amplified. The analytical detection limit of the assay was 10 fg of purified genomic DNA and 104 cfu/ml milk inoculated with M. agalactiae. When applied to goat-milk samples collected from three herds free of M. agalactiae infection, the assay had a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The assay would be useful in a diagnostic laboratory, providing specific, sensitive and rapid detection of M. agalactiae.     

A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae

AIM: To develop a real-time PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae, using PCR primers targeting the ma-mp81 gene.

METHODS: A group of 15 M. agalactiae isolates, 21 other Mycoplasma spp. isolates and 21 other bacterial isolates was used in evaluation of the assay.

RESULTS: All M. agalactiae isolates were detected by the assay and none of the non-target isolates was amplified. The analytical detection limit of the assay was 10 fg of purified genomic DNA and 10⁴ cfu/ml milk inoculated with M. agalactiae. When applied to goat-milk samples collected from three herds free of M. agalactiae infection, the assay had a specificity of 100%.

CONCLUSIONS: The assay would be useful in a diagnostic laboratory, providing specific, sensitive and rapid detection of M. agalactiae.     

A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 in the feces of dogs

We describe a rapid, sensitive and reproducible real-time PCR assay for detecting and quantifying canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) DNA in the feces of dogs with diarrhea. An exogenous internal control was added to control the assay performance from extraction to amplification. The method was demonstrated to be highly specific and sensitive, allowing a precise CPV-2 DNA quantitation over a range of eight orders of magnitude (from 10(2) to 10(9) copies of standard DNA). The reproducibility of the CPV-2 real-time PCR assay was assessed by calculating the coefficients of variation (CV) intra-assay and inter-assay for samples containing amounts of CPV-2 DNA spanning the whole range of the real-time PCR standard curve. Then, fecal specimens from diarrheic dogs were analyzed by hemagglutination (HA), conventional PCR and real-time amplification. Comparison between these different techniques revealed that real-time PCR is more sensitive than HA and conventional gel-based PCR, allowing to detect low viral titers of CPV-2 in infected dogs.     

A multiplex real-time PCR for differential detection and quantification of Salmonella spp., Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Enteritidis in meats

Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are the major causative agents of food-borne illnesses worldwide. Currently, a rapid detection system using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied for other food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. A multiplex real-time PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., especially S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, in beef and pork. For the specific and sensitive multiplex real-time PCR, three representative primers and probes were designed based on sequence data from Genbank. Among the three DNA extraction methods (boiling, alkaline lysis, and QIAamp DNA Mini Kit), the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit was the most sensitive in this study. The optimized multiplex real-time PCR was applied to artificially inoculated beef or pork. The detection sensitivity of the multiplex real-time PCR was increased. The specificity of the multiplex real-time PCR assay, using 128 pure-cultured bacteria including 110 Salmonella isolates and 18 non-Salmonella isolates, was 100%, 100% and 99.1% for Salmonella spp., S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. The sensitivity was 100%, 100% and 91.7% for Salmonella spp., S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. The multiplex real-time PCR assay developed in this study could detect up to 0.54 ± 0.09 and 0.65 ± 0.07 log₁₀ CFU/ml for S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis for beef, 1.45 ± 0.21 and 1.65 ± 0.07 log₁₀ CFU/ml for S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis for pork, respectively, with all conditions optimized. Our results indicated that the multiplex real-time PCR assay developed in this study could sensitively detect Salmonella spp. and specifically differentiate S. Typhimurium from S. Enteritidis in meats.     

Rapid detection of group I avian adenoviruses by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was optimized for the rapid detection of Group I avian adenoviruses. A set of six primers was designed from the DNA sequences of hexon genes from Group I avian adenovirus. The assay was performed in a water bath for 60 min at 63 C, and the amplification result was visualized by adding a fluorescence dye reagent or by inspecting the white sediment. The results showed that the LAMP assay could detect all 12 serotypes of Group I avian adenovirus and nine Guangxi Group I avian adenovirus isolates. This avian adenovirus Group I-specific LAMP assay could detect 238 copies of avian adenovirus. No cross-reactions were detected using the LAMP assay with avian adenoviruses type II and III or with other avian viruses. The ability of LAMP to detect Group I avian adenovirus isolates was further evaluated with 184 cloacal swab samples from poultry. In total, 72 out of 184 cloacal swab samples from poultry were identified as positive by LAMP, whereas 45 out of 184 were identified as positive by conventional PCR test. The Group I avian adenovirus specific LAMP results were further confirmed by real-time PCR. This specific LAMP method holds promise as a rapid and specific diagnostic assay for detection of samples from birds suspected of adenovirus infection.     

PCR-based identification of serotype 2 isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovars I and II

A genetic typing method utilizing PCR for the identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 isolates has been developed based on the in vitro amplification of a 1.4 kb DNA segment of the serotype 2 capsular polysaccharide genes cps2AB. The assay was tested with all serotype reference strains and a collection of 92 different A. pleuropneumoniae strains of all 15 serotypes of both biovars I and II, originating from 18 different countries worldwide. The cps2 based PCR identified the serotype 2 reference strain and all 12 serotype 2 collection strains contained in this set. DNA was not amplified from the remaining A. pleuropneumoniae reference and collection strains, indicating the PCR assay was highly specific. Furthermore, the PCR method detected all 31 A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 field isolates from diseased pigs that were identified in parallel as serotype 2 by agar gel diffusion. The serotype 2 PCR assay proved to be highly specific and reliable for the identification of serotype 2 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae.     

Evaluation of multiple genomic targets for identification and confirmation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates using real-time PCR

Specificity of six previously published Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) genomic loci, including 10, 38, 56, 93, 251, and 252 were evaluated in this study. Target 251 which was identified as MAP-specific was further evaluated in 210 MAP isolates, 14 non-MAP mycobacterial species, 7 atypical mycobacterial isolates, and 9 other bacterial species using real-time PCR. A previously published IS900 primer and probe combination was used as a positive control along with a universal ribosomal DNA gene sequence (UVA) as an internal control to evaluate PCR inhibition. All MAP isolates were positive with IS900, 251, and UVA by real-time PCR. All non-MAP mycobacterial species except one atypical mycobacterial isolate and other bacterial species used in this study were negative for IS900. All of these species were negative for 251. The atypical mycobacterial isolate, positive for IS900 and UVA, was negative for 251. A combination of IS900 and 251 PCR is ideal for sensitive and specific confirmation of MAP isolates from conventional fecal cultures. This study also evaluated the specificity of 251 real-time PCR, on broth cultures from 50 known bovine fecal samples. Acid fast staining followed by IS900 and 251 real-time PCR can be used for accurate identification and confirmation of MAP from broth cultures.     

Inhibitor-free DNA for real-time PCR analysis of synovial fluid from horses, cattle and pigs

The potential of five different commercial DNA isolation methods to remove real-time PCR inhibitors from the synovial fluid of horses, cattle and pigs was investigated. All kits with the exception of one included a silica column-based purification of the DNA. With the fifth kit, DNA purification is achieved by removing contaminating macromolecules by a desalting process. We used a recently developed method based on comparison of the real-time PCR signal of an artificial target incorporated into each PCR reaction in the presence of the isolated DNA from the sample, and in control samples containing water instead of isolated DNA. This was followed by statistical analysis of the data. Inhibition and subsequent reduction of the endpoint fluorescence in the real-time PCR reaction was encountered in many cases. Less frequently, the target copy number in the samples was underestimated. However, we found no experimental evidence of a negative influence of the reduced endpoint fluorescence signal on the detection limit of the real-time PCR assay. All kits tested were useful for analyzing pelleted synovial fluid from horses, cattle and pigs. When analyzing non-pelleted synovial fluid, three kits - two based on silica columns and one employing a desalting process - yielded inhibitor-free DNA for real-time PCR analysis.     

Equid herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) isolates from zebras in Ontario,Canada, 1989 to 2007

The objective of this study was to identify and partially characterize 3 equid herpesviruses that were isolated postmortem from zebras in Ontario, Canada in 1989, 2002, and 2007. These 3 virus isolates were characterized by plaque morphology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of their genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and sequence analyses of the full length of the glycoprotein G (gG) gene (ORF70) and a portion of the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30). The isolates were also compared to 3 reference strains of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). Using rabbit kidney cells, the plaques for the isolates from the zebras were found to be much larger in size than the EHV-1 reference strains. The RFLP patterns of the zebra viruses differed among each other and from those of the EHV-1 reference strains. Real-time PCR and sequence analysis of a portion of the DNA polymerase gene determined that the herpesvirus isolates from the zebras contained a G at nucleotide 2254 and a corresponding N at amino acid position 752, which suggested that they could be neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains. However, subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the gG gene suggested that they were EHV-9 and not EHV-1.