昆嵛山赤松纯林赤枯病特征及与林分因子的关系

【目的】解析和定量评价林分因子对赤松赤枯病发生(发病率和病情指数)的影响,为昆嵛山赤松纯林的营林措施和赤枯病的预防提供理论指导。【方法】在昆嵛山区域选取林龄相对一致(约34年)的赤松纯林为研究对象,调查林分密度、郁闭度、树高、枝下高、胸径和冠幅6个林分因子及赤枯病的发病率和病情指数,采用方差分析、相关性分析和多重比较分析各项林分因子与赤松赤枯病之间的关系,并通过冗余分析得影响赤枯病发生的关键因子。【结果】赤枯病在赤松林中普遍发生,发病样地占调查样地的96.3%。整体上,高密度林( 2 956 ~4 089株·hm -2 )的发病率和病情指数显著高于低密度林(688~1 822株·hm -2 )和中密度林(1 823~2 955株·hm -2 )的发病率和病情指数;疏林(郁闭度<30%)的发病率和病情指数显著低于中疏林(郁闭度30%~70%)和密林(郁闭度> 70%)的发病率和病情指数;在不同的树高、枝下高、冠幅和胸径分组中,发病率和病情指数均随着分组值的增大而减小。相关性分析表明:林分密度对赤枯病发病率和病情指数的影响均达到极显著正相关水平( r =0.761, P < 0.01;r =0.748, P < 0.01);赤枯病的发病率和病情指数也均受到郁闭度的极显著影响( r =0.509, P < 0.01;r =0.442, P < 0.01);二者与树高均呈极显著正相关( r =-0.443, P < 0.01;r =-0.362, P < 0.01);赤枯病的发病率和病情指数均随枝下高的增大而极显著减小( r =-0.460, P < 0.01;r =-0.419, P < 0.01);二者与胸径均呈负相关关系,且相关性极显著( r =-0.425, P < 0.01;r =-0.373, P < 0.01);随着冠幅的增大,林木发病率和病情指数均极显著降低( r =-0.345, P < 0.01;r =-0.381, P < 0.01)。冗余分析证明林分密度和枝下高对赤枯病发生的贡献最大。【结论】松赤枯病在昆嵛山区域发生较普遍但不严重,其发病率和病情指数在不同林分因子分组中均有差异,且均受各林分因子极显著影响。RDA分析证明,林分密度和枝下高对松赤枯病影响最显著,建议对昆嵛山区域赤松纯林赤枯病的防治工作要以重要因子为主要调控对象,进行合理修剪和间伐。     

松树枝枯病防治方法分析

松树作为常见的树种,其枝枯病是其较为常见的病害,该病给松树带来的危害较大。掌握松树枝枯病的特点及发病规律,并针对诱发该病原因进行分析,对采取有效措施做好该病的防治工作具有重要意义。     

河南发现雪松枝枯病

河南发现雪松枝枯病雪松Ｃｅｄｒｕｓｄｅｏｄａｒａ属松科雪松属，是世界著名园林观赏树种，在我国华东、华北地区城市园林中广泛引种栽培。但近年来，雪松枝枯病在河南省各地发生严重，造成大量雪松死亡。该病主要危害雪松主干，在侧枝上也有发生。最初发生顶梢干枯，后...     

樟子松人工林枝条生长规律的研究

根据标准地和解析木调查资料,以樟子松人工林树冠内活枝为研究对象,探讨同一树木的不同龄阶的枝生长规律,同一林分不同大小树木枝生长的规律,以及不同林分条件下枝生长的规律。结果表明:单株树木枝条长度总生长曲线呈"S"形,连年生长在生长初期达到一最大值后随年龄的增加而逐渐减小;在同一林分中,枝条总生长随着枝龄的增加而持续增长;在不同年龄相同密度林分中,年龄较小的林分枝长连年生长要比年龄较大的树林增长快一些;在相同年龄不同密度林分中,密度较小的林分比密度较大的林分枝长总生长及同期连年生长要快一些。     

致伤类型与树皮含水量对肉桂枝枯病发病程度的影响

对二年生肉桂枝条采用不同致伤方式接种发现，深刻伤引起发病的程序最严重，其次为浅刻伤，烫伤和针刺伤，病害程度与致伤类型关系密切，无伤接种不产生症状，但对嫩梢接种引起发病，枝条树皮相对含水量与病害程度显著相关，枝条失水愈多，发病愈严重，防止伤口，减轻干旱可对控制肉桂枝枯病的发生起积极作用。     

日本落叶松人工林枯落物土壤酶活性

【目的】深入了解不同发育阶段日本落叶松人工林不同分解程度枯落物的土壤酶活性,为促进枯落物分解、加速养分循环、缓解地力衰退提供理论依据。【方法】以不同发育阶段日本落叶松人工林不同分解程度的地表枯落物为研究对象,在2013年5月中旬、8月初及10月中旬分别取样,测定与枯落物分解相关的8种土壤酶的活性变化及其与 pH值、含水量的相关性。【结果】除漆酶外,不同发育阶段林分枯落物层土壤酶活性基本呈现未分解层＞半分解层＞全分解层;不同层中起主要作用的土壤酶不同,在未分解层中主要为淀粉酶和酸性磷酸酶,半分解层中主要为漆酶和内切纤维素酶,而全分解层中主要为漆酶、内切纤维素酶和β－葡萄糖苷酶,表明淀粉酶、酸性磷酸酶在分解初期发挥主要作用,漆酶与纤维素分解酶在分解的中、后期发挥主要作用;幼龄林阶段与成熟林阶段枯落物土壤酶活性总体表现较高,近熟林较低;在幼龄林阶段内切纤维素酶和β－葡萄糖苷酶、淀粉酶、转化酶和几丁质酶活性都较高;成熟林阶段2种磷酸酶活性与几丁质酶活性最高,淀粉酶、转化酶与β－葡萄糖苷酶活性也较高;近熟林阶段淀粉酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶、内切纤维素酶和β－葡萄糖苷酶以及几丁质酶活性都较低;而中龄林阶段淀粉酶、内切纤维素酶和β－葡萄糖苷酶活性比幼龄林阶段酶活性低,但高于近熟林阶段酶活性;不同发育阶段林分枯落物层酶活性的变化趋势与林下植被发育状况一致,而与枯落物的贮积量变化趋势相反;对土壤酶活性的季节动态分析表明,大多数的酶在5月份活性最高,而不是温度较高的8月份;对土壤酶活性与含水量、pH值的相关性分析表明,在不同分解程度的枯落物中,半分解层土壤酶活性受含水量、pH值影响较大,在不同发育阶段林分中,近熟林、成熟林阶段枯落物层酶活性更易受含水量、pH 值影响,在季节动态中,8月份土壤酶活性更易受含水量、pH值的影响。【结论】不同发育阶段林分及不同分解程度的枯落物层起主要作用的酶不同;林下植被在日本落叶松人工林枯落物分解中起着重要作用,在营林中应通过间伐、疏伐来促进林下植被发育,或引入适合的林下植物;近熟林阶段日本落叶松人工林林分郁闭度大,对近熟热林阶段日本落叶松人工林进行土壤肥力管理时,应采取密度调控等切实可行的措施缓解地力衰退。     

昆嵛山林区赤松赤枯病病基指数模型

【目的】构建赤松赤枯病病基指数(Disease based index,DBI)评价体系,定量评价与林分因子共同作用后,立地因子对赤松纯林中赤枯病发生程度的作用等级。【方法】在林龄相对一致(34±2)年的赤松纯林生态系统中设立临时样地,筛选影响赤松赤枯病发生的关键林分因子,建立关键林分因子与赤枯病病情指数的函数关系,选取最优模型作为主曲线;将主曲线等比值拉伸得赤枯病病基指数曲线群,其自下而上依次表示不同的病基指数,即立地对赤枯病发生程度的作用等级。【结果】1)基于森林病害发生的基本原理,提出病基指数的概念。2)确定赤松赤枯病病基指数的定量方法,它包含样地的设立、病情指数的调查、林分因子的调查、关键林分因子的筛选、基准点的确定、备选主曲线模型的建立、主曲线模型的确定和评价、主曲线的绘制及曲线群的建立共9个步骤。3)逐步回归分析表明,林分密度是影响赤松赤枯病发生的关键林分因子,依据所提定量方法建立主曲线方程:Q=65. 61/(1+e-0. 001 5 x+2. 32),决定系数R2=0. 519 8,说明拟合方程较可靠,用该模型预估赤松赤枯病的病情指数时,平均预估误差是5. 35%。4)将赤枯病病基指数主曲线等比值拉伸得曲线群,即建立定量评价体系。体系中的5条曲线自下而上分别表示为:Ⅰ为极轻病害发生,Ⅱ为轻度病害发生,Ⅲ为中度病害发生,Ⅳ为重度病害发生,Ⅴ为特重度病害发生。【结论】赤松赤枯病病基指数主曲线模型和曲线群图可以定量评价赤松林的立地因子对赤枯病的潜在发生程度的作用等级,可为赤松纯林合理、有效的管理提供理论基础,将成为森林有害生物生态控制方法的重要组成部分。     

不同香樟单株含水量及抗寒性差异分析

该试验通过对香樟单株叶片、枝条含水量和电导率的分析,比较了不同香樟单株抗寒性的差异.试验结果表明,香樟单株不同,其叶片、枝条含水量有显著差异,且1a生枝条含水量＞叶片＞2a生枝条;随着冬季来临,香樟枝、叶含水量下降的程度因单株不同而有差异;香樟枝、叶的相对电导率随温度的下降显示不同的规律.Al相时电导率最小,抗寒性最强.     

幼龄柞矮林林分结构及生产力评价

幼龄柞矮林林分生产力低，面积大，树种组成相对单一。其株数按径阶分布呈非正态分布，2cm,4cm径阶占大多数，公倾株数2000株以上出现枯损，以榛子柞林这一类型林分生产力最高，胡枝子林型生产力最低。     

杨树烂皮病的防治

杨树烂皮病是主要危害杨属树木,同时也危害柳树及榆树。症状。病害发生在主干和枝条上,表现为干腐和枯梢两种类型。枯梢型多发生在幼树的主要枝、侧枝和一些不抗寒的树种上。树木病初时,患部皮层变色,无明显病斑,病部的枝梢失水枯死;干腐型较常见,病斑多发生在成年树木西南朝向的主干和大枝上,形成表面溃疡,患部初期出现暗褐色水渍状褐斑,     

一种利用黑松枝条筛选杀松材线虫剂的生测方法

该文介绍了一种利用黑松枝条进行化合物对松材线虫作用的生测方法。通过研究枝条的接种线虫数量、含水量以及灭菌处理后对松材线虫繁殖的影响,确定了合适的生测条件,并对几种生测方法的优缺点进行了讨论。     

Variation in water potential, hydraulic characteristics and water source use in montane Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine trees in southwestern Alberta and consequences for seasonal changes in photosynthetic capacity

Tree species response to climate change-induced shifts in the hydrological cycle depends on many physiological traits, particularly variation in water relations characteristics. We evaluated differences in shoot water potential, vulnerability of branches to reductions in hydraulic conductivity, and water source use between Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. (lodgepole pine) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (interior Douglas-fir), and determined the consequences for seasonal changes in photosynthetic capacity. The Douglas-fir site had soil with greater depth, finer texture and higher organic matter content than soil at the lodgepole pine site, all factors that increased the storage of soil moisture. While the measured xylem vulnerability curves were quite similar for the two species, Douglas-fir had lower average midday shoot water potentials than did lodgepole pine. This implied that lodgepole pine exhibited stronger stomatal control of transpiration than Douglas-fir, which helped to reduce the magnitude of the water potential gradient required to access water from drying soil. Stable hydrogen isotope measurements indicated that Douglas-fir increased the use of groundwater during mid-summer when precipitation inputs were low, while lodgepole pine did not. There was a greater reduction of photosynthetic carbon gain in lodgepole pine compared with Douglas-fir when the two tree species were exposed to seasonal declines in soil water content. The contrasting patterns of seasonal variation in photosynthetic capacity observed for the two species were a combined result of differences in soil characteristics at the separate sites and the inherent physiological differences between the species.     

元宝枫等3个树种枝干水容特征

对元宝枫、油松、侧柏等3个树种枝条和树干水容特征进行了研究.结果表明:3个树种枝条水容值的日变化均表现为自6:00开始先行递减,12:00或14:00后缓慢回升,直至18:00上升至一定数值,其季节变化为雨季大于旱季;3个树种树干水容值的日变化也表现为先降后升,但其季节变化为雨季小于旱季;树干水容要大于枝条水容,而且上部枝干水容的日变化较中下部的变化明显.树体枝干水容特征能很好地反映林木与环境水分的关系,对蒸腾耗水具有一定的调节作用.     

辽西地区松毛虫越冬期及上树期死因初探

通过对松毛虫越冬地越冬期土壤最低温度,松毛虫上树期气温与同期松毛虫幼虫过冷却点温度值比较分析表明,越冬地最低土壤温度明显高于致死温度的过冷却点值,因而越冬地松毛虫不会低温而致死;     

基于灰色关联分析的思茅松林下枯落物与土壤有机质含量的关系研究

设计6个大样区,27个样地,7个因子(有机质、朽木、松针、松枝、松果、阔叶、腐殖质)进行调查采样,采用灰色系统理论的灰色关联分析法对景谷县思茅松林下枯落物与土壤有机质含量的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,景谷县思茅松林下松针、松果、朽木对林下土壤中有机质的含量影响最大,其次是松枝、腐殖质层、阔叶.     

Predicting the decline in daily maximum transpiration rate of two pine stands during drought based on constant minimum leaf water potential and plant hydraulic conductance

The effect of drought on forest water use is often estimated with models, but comprehensive models require many parameters, and simple models may not be sufficiently flexible. Many tree species, Pinus species in particular, have been shown to maintain a constant minimum leaf water potential above the critical threshold for xylem embolism during drought. In such cases, prediction of the relative decline in daily maximum transpiration rate with decreasing soil water content is relatively straightforward. We constructed a soil-plant water flow model assuming constant plant conductance and daily minimum leaf water potential, but variable conductance from soil to root. We tested this model against independent data from two sites: automatic shoot chamber data and sap flow measurements from a boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand; and sap flow measurements from a maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stand. To focus on soil limitations to water uptake, we expressed daily maximum transpiration rate relative to the rate that would be obtained in wet soil with similar environmental variables. The comparison was successful, although the maritime pine stand showed carry-over effects of the drought that we could not explain. For the boreal Scots pine stand, daily maximum transpiration was best predicted by water content of soil deeper than 5 cm. A sensitivity analysis revealed that model predictions were relatively insensitive to the minimum leaf water potential, which can be accounted for by the importance of soil resistance of drying soil. We conclude that a model with constant plant conductance and minimum leaf water potential can accurately predict the decline in daily maximum transpiration rate during drought for these two pine stands, and that including further detail about plant compartments would add little predictive power, except in predicting recovery from severe drought.     

Comparative analysis on the litter in Korean pine Mongolian scots pine and dahurian larch plantations (I) Amount and fluctuation of litter fall

Investigations were made in korean pine, mongolian scots pine and dahurian larch plantations in Laoshan Plantation Experiment Station of Maoershan Experiment Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University. Data are tabulated on the amount and seasonal and annual fluctuations of fractional composition of the litter (conifer needles, branches, cones, bark scales, broad leaves) in the three plantations. The accounts of conifer needle branch and bark scale litter are as follows: korean pine: 71.16%, 6.23% and 7.32%; mongolian scots pine: 43.65%, 18.52 % and 32.12%; dahurian larch: 90.30%, 7.83% and 1.85%. There are certain broadleaf litter in dahurian larch and mongolian scots pine plantations (account for 7.61% and 8.92% respectively). The litter wither and fall concent ratively in autumn in dahurian larch plantation and scattered all year long in korean pine and mongolian scots pine plantations. Along with the increase of stand age, the absolute amount of litter tend to increase, the relative amount of main fractional compositions (conifer needle, branch and bark scale) in korean pine and mongolian Scots pine plantations maintain stead, whereas in dahurian larch plantation, the relative amount of conifer needle is decreased gradually and the relative amount of other fractional compositions are increased gradually.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE LITTER IN KOREAN PINE MONGOLIAN SCOTS PINE AND DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS(Ⅰ) AMOUNT AND FLUCTUATION OF LITTER FALL

Koreanpine(Pinuskoraiensis)(KP),mongolianscotspine(Pinussylvestrisvarmongolica)(MSP)anddahurianlarch(LarisgmeIinii)(DL)arethemainconiferousspeciesforforestationinnortheastregionofChina-LargeareplantationsofKP,MSPandDLhavebeenplantedintheregionsincel95o's.Whetherthestandstabilityandecolo-gicalequilibriumcanbemaintainedandtheforestfloorproductivitycanincreaseintheplantati0nsismainlydeterminedbytheamount,fracti0nalandchemicalcomp0sitionanddecomp0sitionrateof1itters,exceptforinfluenceofl0ca…     

松材线虫伴生细菌的分离鉴定及其致病性

从松材线虫虫体上分离到两个细菌菌株:GD1和R,经鉴定,菌株GD1为坚强芽孢杆菌.利用水培马尾松离体松枝作接种材料,接种消毒后的松材线虫(Bx)、GD1、R、Bx GD1和Bx R.结果表明,松材线虫和坚强芽孢杆菌混合接种,松枝发病,松枝流脂减少至停止,蒸腾作用降低,单独接种松材线虫或坚强芽孢杆菌,松枝不发病.菌株R对松材线虫病的发生没有影响.提出松材线虫及其伴生细菌均是松材线虫病不可缺少的致病因素.