杂粕型日粮添加复合酶制剂对樱桃谷肉鸭养分代谢率的影响

选用30 d健康的樱桃谷鸭24只,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只鸭子。各组试鸭分别饲喂杂粕基础日粮、基础日粮+复合酶1、基础日粮+纤维素酶、基础日粮+复合酶2,酶制剂添加量均为100 mg/kg。结果表明:与对照组相比,基础日粮添加酶2组肉鸭粗蛋白表观代谢率显著提高(P<0.05),添加单一纤维素酶组肉鸭粗蛋白表观代谢率提高7.92%(P<0.01);基础日粮添加酶2组肉鸭能量表观代谢率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),添加酶1及单一纤维素酶可极显著提高能量表观代谢率(P<0.01);基础日粮添加酶2组和添加单一纤维素酶组肉鸭粗脂肪表观代谢率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);基础日粮添加酶1组肉鸭粗纤维表观代谢率提高18.70%(P<0.01),添加酶2肉鸭粗纤维表观代谢率提高了12.27%(P<0.05)。结论:杂粕型日粮添加酶制剂可有效提高肉鸭养分表观代谢率,且复合酶效果优于单一纤维素酶;复合酶2提高日粮养分表观代谢率的效果优于复合酶1。     

日粮中谷物组成和复合酶添加对生长猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响

选用体重约20kg的杜×长×大三元杂交生猪108头,随机分成9个处理组,每组3个重复,每重复4头猪,公母比为1:1。采用2×3试验设计研究了日粮中不同谷物组成和不同复合酶的添加水平对生长猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:(1)日粮中谷物组成显著影响生长猪的日增重、料肉比和营养物质消化率(P<0.05)。随着日粮中谷物组成的小麦比例的增多,生长猪的日增重会降低而料肉比会相应提高,能量、干物质、蛋白质和粗纤维的消化率会显著降低;(2)添加复合酶制剂能显著提高能量、干物质、蛋白质和粗纤维的消化率,从而提高生长猪的日增重和降低料肉比。随着复合酶添加量的增加,生长猪的日增重和养分消化率均显著提高(P<0.05),而料肉比显著降低(P<0.05),但复合酶的两个添加水平(0.025%和0.05%)之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)小麦占日粮谷物组成的38%和添加0.025%复合酶的饲粮与玉米豆粕型日粮相比,生长猪的日增重与能量、干物质、蛋白质的消化率均有所提高(P>0.05),粗纤维的消化率显著提高(P<0.05),而料肉比显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在本试验条件下,生长猪日粮中小麦占谷物的的比例以38%左右较为适宜,复合酶的适宜添加水平为0.025%。     

透析管体外消化法评定NSP复合酶作用效果的研究

在小麦型日粮中添加不同组成的NSP复合酶进行透析管体外消化试验,结果表明,添加NSP复合酶可一定程度提高体外小麦—豆粕型日粮干物质、蛋白质和能量消化率,且以复合酶Ⅰ的效果最好,使小麦—豆粕型日粮的干物质、粗蛋白和能量的体外消化率分别提高了9.37%、7.74%和20.28%(P<0.05)。     

复合酶制剂对肉鸭生产性能及养分消化率的影响

选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭900只,分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复50只,进行饲养试验。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕-杂粕型基础日粮,试验1、2组在基础日粮基础上分别添加0．015％、0．025％复合酶制剂。结果表明,2个试验组中平均日增重、料重比均显著高于对照组。干物质、能量和粗蛋白质代谢率也显著增高;试验1组生长性能和养分代谢率均最高;复合酶制剂可提高肉鸭生产性能、促进营养物质吸收利用,但添加水平应适量     

复合酶制剂对肉鸭生长性能及营养物质消化率的影响

试验旨在研究在玉米-杂粕型肉鸭低能、低可消化氨基酸颗粒饲料中添加复合酶制剂对肉鸭11～41日龄阶段生产性能及营养物质消化率的影响。试验分3组:(A)正常日粮组(正对照);(B)低能、低可消化氨基酸日粮组(负对照组);(C)负对照组+复合酶制剂(T-Flex酶)(试验组)。每组6个重复,每重组40只鸭(全公苗)。在25日龄时每组选择8只体重较为一致的肉鸭(共24只)进行代谢试验,以测定营养物质消化率。试验结果如下:①试验肉鸭末重、体增重和日增重各处理间均无显著差异(P>0.05),但B组的肉鸭末重、体增重和日增重都比其余3组低;料重比B组显著高于C组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异。表明降低能量后,肉鸭生长速度受到影响,尤其是料重比水平升高显著。添加复合酶制剂组(C组)生长速度与A组(正对照组)相当,料重比还稍低些,表明复合酶制剂具有促生长作用效果。②蛋白质消化率A、C组显著高于B组(P<0.05);能量消化率A组显著高于B,其余各组间差异不显著;粗纤维消化率C组显著高于B组(P<0.05),其余各组间差异不显著。添加酶制剂后C组表观代谢能得到有效的提高,提高幅度为0.201MJ/kg饲料。     

复合酶制剂对肉鸭屠宰性能和部分血清生化指标的影响

用960羽1日龄双鬼头肉鸭研究了一种固体发酵复合酶(AllzymeSSF)在玉米-豆粕及玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中的应用效果,考察了添加该复合酶对肉鸭屠宰性能、血清生化指标的影响。试验结果表明,不同处理对49日龄肉鸭的半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮的屠宰率略高于玉米-豆粕型日粮;玉米-豆粕及玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加200PU/kgAllzymeSSF降低了腹脂率(P<0.05);玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加300PU/kgAllzymeSSF及玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加200PU/kgAllzymeSSF提高了血清磷的含量(P<0.05);玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加200PU/kgAllzymeSSF提高了血清球蛋白的含量(P<0.05)。     

复合酶制剂对樱桃谷肉鸭生产及代谢的影响研究

选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭900只,分为3组,每组6个重复．每个重复50只,进行饲养试验。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕-杂粕型基础日粮,试验1、2组在基础日粮基础上分别添加0.015％、0.025％复合酶制剂。结果表明,两试验组只均日增重、料重比均显著高于对照组,干物质、能量和粗蛋白质代谢卒也显著增高;试验1组生长性能和养分代谢率均最高。复合酶制剂可提高肉鸭生产性能、促进营养物质吸收利用．但添加水平应适量。     

日粮不同代谢能水平及复合酶对樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能、养分利用率和血清生化指标的影响

为研究日粮不同代谢能水平和添加复合酶制剂对樱桃谷肉鸭生产性能、血清生化指标和养分利用率的影响,将750羽1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭母雏,随机分为6个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复25只鸭。试验期分前期(1~14 d)、中期(15~28 d)和后期(29~42 d)3个阶段。采用3×2因子设计,3个日粮代谢能水平[3个阶段分别为11.92、12.34、12.76 MJ/kg(高),11.67、12.09、12.51 MJ/kg(中),11.54、11.96、12.38 MJ/kg(低)]、添加150 mL/t复合酶和不加酶两种酶制剂处理。结果表明:(1)日粮代谢能水平对肉鸭3个阶段各项生长性能指标均无显著影响(P0.05),而添加复合酶后,肉鸭14日龄体重和前期日增重分别提高4.53%(P0.05)和5.42%(P0.05);(2)代谢水平对樱桃谷肉鸭各阶段干物质和粗蛋白质表观利用率无影响(P0.05),添加复合酶制剂后肉鸭后期干物质表观利用率提高了5.07%(P0.05),而前期、中期和后期粗蛋白质表观利用率分别提高了11.94%(P0.01)、10.14%(P0.01)和6.11%(P0.05);(3)日粮代谢能水平对42日龄樱桃谷肉鸭血清生化指标均无显著影响(P0.05);而添加复合酶制剂显著提高了血清中总蛋白含量7.99%(P0.05);(4)日粮代谢能水平和复合酶制剂对于肉鸭各阶段生长性能、养分利用率及血清生化指标均没有互作效应(P0.05)。结果提示,在降低代谢能250 kJ/kg和380 kJ/kg的玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加150 mL/t复合酶,可获得与正常代谢能水平日粮相当的饲喂效果。     

非淀粉多糖酶制剂对肉鸭表观代谢能的研究

选取24只30日龄的樱桃谷肉鸭,采用单因子设计,通过在小麦日粮中添加不同种类的非淀粉多糖酶(100g/t),研究不同复合酶制剂对肉鸭养分利用率和代谢能的影响。试验设4个处理组,每组6个重复,每重复1只鸭,试验期9d。结果表明:日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶II显著提高粗蛋白、能量和粗纤维的表观利用率及表观代谢能值为8.33%、6.23%、3.19%和0.62MJ/kg,极显著提高脂肪的利用率,达到17.25%。非淀粉多糖酶I和单一纤维素酶能改善营养物质利用,但差异不显著。与对照组相比,复合酶II组每千克日粮表观代谢能和粗蛋白有效营养改进值(ENIV)分别为0.62MJ和0.77%,相当于每克酶制剂提供的表观代谢能和粗蛋白ENIV值为6.2MJ和7.7%。这表明,小麦日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶II能更有效地提高营养物质利用率。     

套测法和直接强饲法测定肉雏鸭饲粮中小麦氨基酸及能量营养价值的比较研究

本试验旨在评价肉雏鸭饲粮中小麦氨基酸和能量的营养价值,并比较套测法和直接强饲法测定结果的差异。选取48只15日龄樱桃谷肉鸭(SM3品系),随机分为4个处理,每个处理12个重复,每个重复1只鸭,单笼饲养。处理1为基础饲粮组,处理2为80%基础饲粮+20%小麦组(套测组),处理3为100%小麦组(直接强饲组),处理4为饥饿组,用以测定内源损失。结果表明:1)小麦干物质中的粗蛋白质和总能含量分别为16.09%和18.56 MJ/kg。2)除了谷氨酸、脯氨酸、胱氨酸外,套测法测定的其余氨基酸的表观(真)氨基酸代谢率均高于直接强饲法测得到的结果(P<0.01);套测法和直接强饲法测得的总氨基酸的表观代谢率分别为86.59%和82.42%,真代谢率分别为92.36%和90.80%。3)2种方法测定的能量代谢率和代谢能差异不显著(P>0.05)。套测法测得小麦能量表观代谢率和真代谢率分别为77.51%和86.23%,表观代谢能和真代谢能分别为14.38和16.00 M J/kg;直接强饲法测得小麦能量表观代谢率和真代谢率分别为75.95%和84.81%,表观代谢能和真代谢能分别为14.09和15.74 M J/kg。由此得出,套测法和直接强饲法皆可用于评定小麦代谢能;而使用套算法测定小麦氨基酸代谢率时,合适的替代比例还有待进一步研究。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.