宁夏外来植物组成与分布现状

为了给当地外来入侵植物的防控提供基础数据,推进宁夏生物多样性保护,于2018—2022年进行野外实地调查,并结合相关文献与数据库查阅,对宁夏外来植物进行分类统计分析,研究宁夏外来植物的种类组成、原产地、生活型、入侵途径和危害状况等,形成宁夏外来植物名录。结果表明：宁夏有外来植物180种,隶属44科124属,其中外来入侵植物106种,外来非入侵植物74种。外来植物中菊科(Asteraceae)种类最多,有41种;其次是豆科(Leguminosae)15种、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)12种、苋科(Amaranthaceae)12种、禾本科(Gramineae)9种,这5个科占外来植物总数的49.44%。外来植物中草本植物种类最多,有132种,占总种数的73.33%;乔木次之,有27种;灌木、藤本植物分别19、2种。来源于美洲的外来植物最多,占总种数的59.44%;其次是欧洲,占29.44%;地中海地区最少,占6.11%。恶性入侵、严重入侵植物分别有10、15种,占外来入侵植物总种数的23.58%。从入侵途径方面来看,各植物表现为有意引入>无意引入>自然传播,其中有意引入达141...     

四川口岸外来杂草的调查与监测

通过实地调查、监测和文献调研,对四川口岸外来入侵杂草的种类组成、分布、生活型、原产地、入侵途径以及危害程度进行了分析。结果表明:四川口岸常见杂草种类共48科、138属、196种,其中外来杂草14科31属39种,尚未见检疫性入侵杂草分布。外来杂草中,菊科植物种类最多,生活型以一年生草本为主;原产地以美洲为主,引入途径以人为无意引入为主;有11种入侵杂草给当地生态环境带来严重危害;在和我国其他省市分布的入侵植物种类资料对比后,提出了对口岸防控外来入侵植物的建议。     

石家庄市园林绿地外来入侵植物种类及分布特征

通过对公园、道路、小区(园区)等30个调查样区园林绿地的调查，发现石家庄市园林绿地中共有20科44属56种外来入侵植物。在生活型上，草本植物占绝对优势，为92.9%;原产地为美洲的最多，占66.1%;在引入途径上，人工引种和无意引入的植物几乎各占一半；外来入侵植物分布的种类和数量与绿地面积大小、样区建成时间的长短、绿地组成结构以及绿化管护水平相关，其中绿地面积大、建成时间长、绿地以草本植物为主、绿化管护水平较低的样区分布较多；在56种外来入侵植物中有3种具有毒性，从入侵性上看，外来入侵植物共分为恶性入侵类、严重入侵类、局部入侵类、一般入侵类以及有待观察类5个等级。     

长沙地区典型生境中外来入侵植物组成及入侵危害研究

为了全面摸清长沙地区典型生境中外来入侵植物的种类构成、区系组成,为保护长沙地区本地生态系统,防止外来植物的入侵危害提供决策依据,以长沙市9种土地利用类型、22种生境类型为调查对象,采取标准样地法、样方法、样线法进行外来入侵植物实地调查,通过文献资料对调查物种进行了补充。调查结果表明,长沙地区有外来入侵植物116种,隶属38科83属,其中菊科(29种)、豆科(12种)及苋科(11种)为优势科,占物种总数的44.83%;种类最多的属为苋属(5种)和大戟属(5种)。原产地分析结果表明,81种外来入侵植物来自美洲地区,占物种总数的69.83%。从入侵等级来看,处于恶性入侵种(1级)、严重入侵种(2级)、局部入侵种(3级)的物种数分别为21、24、14种。植物区系分析结果显示,长沙地区外来入侵植物科的主要分布类型为世界广布、泛热带分布;属的主要分布类型依次为泛热带分布、世界分布、东亚(热带、亚热带)及热带南美间断分布、北温带分布。     

惠州进境粮食存储加工场所外来杂草种类调查与分析

随着国际贸易的日益频繁，我国外来物种入侵数量呈上升趋势，本文对惠州进境粮食加工存放企业及周边开展外来杂草调查。本文通过实地调查，对惠州进境粮食加工存放企业及周边外来杂草的种类组成、分布、生活型、原产地、入侵途径和危害程度进行了分析。调查共发现外来杂草16科59种，其中检疫性杂草9种。菊科外来杂草种类最多，生活型以一年生草本为主；原产地以美洲为主，以无意引入为主，有6种外来杂草较严重地危害当地生态环境。本调查研究总结了惠州进境粮食加工存放企业及周边外来杂草的种类和类别，提出了防控建议，为构建进口粮食分类监管，构建生物安全防御体系提供参考。     

铜仁学院校园外来入侵植物的种类及危害评价

采用线路调查法对铜仁学院校园外来入侵植物的种类和分布进行调查，用层次分析法(AHP)建立风险评价指标体系对其危害现状进行评价。结果表明，铜仁学院校园的外来入侵植物有11种，隶属5科8属。其中菊科最多，有6种，占总数的54.55%;从入侵植物的原产地来看，来源于北美洲和欧洲的最多，均占总数的27.27%;从危害程度来看，铜仁学院校园内无高风险危害入侵植物，但喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)评分最高，危害最大。铜仁学院外来植物入侵现状与校园生态环境密切相关，建议加强对校园内植物的管理，重点防控喜旱莲子草，并对校园外来入侵植物进行定期调查，确保校园生态安全。     

湖南口岸外来入侵植物现状分析

本文基于野外调查及文献等资料,对湖南省口岸外来入侵植物的物种组成、生活型、原产地进行了分析,并探讨了入侵植物物种数与口岸海拔、温度、降水量、货物吞吐量4个因子的相关性。结果表明：湖南口岸外来入侵植物共计66种,隶属于16科45属,以菊科（17种）、苋科（9种）、禾本科（8种）、豆科（5种）、车前科（5种）这五个大科为主。生活型上以草本植物入侵为主;原产地上以来源于美洲的外来入侵植物最多,其次是欧洲和亚洲。入侵植物物种数与口岸年均温呈正相关,随口岸年降水量和货物吞吐量的增加而呈上升趋势。本文对湖南口岸外来入侵植物的现状分析可为后续进出境植物检疫、有害植物监测、农业部门采取防控措施等工作提供切实依据。     

石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物种的分析

通过对石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区(以下简称石首麋鹿保护区)外来入侵植物的种类、生活型、原产地、入侵途径等进行野外实地调查和分析,初步确认有外来入侵植物27种,隶属于13科25属,其中以菊科的种类最多,有7种;所有入侵植物均为草本植物,一年生草本占40.7%;除南极洲以外的其他六大洲都有植物入侵该区,而以美洲大陆最多;入侵途径多样,以无意传播途径为主。根据调查和分析的结果,分析了麋鹿对部分入侵植物种的采食利用,从植物入侵特点和对石首麋鹿保护区生物多样性的影响两方面对该区植物入侵现状进行分析,针对上述调查和分析的结果提出对保护区内入侵植物的防治措施。     

广西来宾市外来入侵植物的调查研究

为了摸清广西来宾市外来入侵植物的状况,进行了野外实地调查和采集。结果表明:来宾市共有外来入侵植物85种,隶属于32科63属,其中菊科种类最多,有20种;从原产地看,以美洲起源最多,达69种,并且大多数是草本;从引入途径看,大多数都为人工无意引入或人工有意引入。此外,还介绍了这些入侵植物的危害和控制措施。     

南宁市园林绿地系统外来入侵植物物种调查与分析

为了解南宁市园林绿地外来入侵植物物种及其分布状况,抽取该市园林绿地系统34个绿地单元,调查其外来入侵植物。结果表明,南宁市园林绿地外来入侵植物种类繁多,共有116种,隶属于32科88属,其中以菊科物种最多,达24属31种,分别占属数和种数的27.27%、26.72%;其次为豆科和禾本科,分别有8属12种和8属9种,种数各位居第2和第3。南宁市园林绿地系统出现频率较高的入侵植物有11种,隶属于5科9属,这些外来物种入侵了30多个绿地单元,鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、红花酢浆草(Oxalis corymbosa)、藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)等为广布种,几乎在每个绿地单元均可见其踪影,表明此类植物极易在南宁市定殖,占据生态位并排挤本地植物。按生活型统计,南宁市园林绿地外来入侵植物以草本植物占绝对优势,共有96种,占入侵植物种数的82.76%;其中一年生、二年生草本植物有56种,占48.28%;多年生草本植物有33种,占28.45%;草质藤本植物有7种,占6.03%;木本植物种类较少,共有20种,占17.24%。南宁市园林绿地系统外来入侵植物原产于美洲、非洲、亚洲(除中国外)、欧洲和大洋洲。其中原产于美洲的物种最多,有89种,占76.72%;其次原产于非洲的有10种,占8.62%;原产于大洋洲的最少,仅有2种,占1.72%。     

庐山外来植物调查研究

[目的]为进一步了解庐山地区现有外来植物现状,掌握庐山外来植物数据,为庐山外来植物管理提供参考依据.[方法]运用线路踏查法进行野外调查并结合相关文献、标本资料,对庐山外来植物种类、生活型、 原产地、引入途径以及外来入侵植物种类进行研究.[结果]庐山外来植物共有89科309属448种:(1)菊科植物种类最多,有69种,约占总数的15.4％;(2)草本类外来植物有289种,占比最大,约64.5％;其次是乔木,83种,约占总数的18.5％;(3)原产于美洲的植物最多,有178种,约占总数的39.2％;其次是亚洲,有106种,约占23.3％;欧洲、非洲和大洋洲所占植物较少;(4)大部分外来植物为有意引种,引种目的主要为观赏;(5)庐山外来入侵植物有115种,占外来植物总数的25.67％.[结论]庐山的生态环境特殊,外来植物种类丰富,建议加强外来植物监管监测、科学引种,同时加大外来入侵植物危害宣传,完善外来入侵植物防治措施.     

Plant species composition in an international trading port and residential areas of Kobe,Japan

Invasive alien plants have caused negative ecological and economic impacts and numerous studies have focused on determining which traits make these plants successful invaders. Although it is commonly believed that only a small proportion of introduced species can become invasive, it is unknown why many alien species fail to establish. In order to identify the alien species that are exhibiting a limited distribution in their new habitat, the vegetation in an international trading port, which is a primary site for the introduction of alien plants, and residential areas of Kobe, western Japan, were surveyed every month from April–October, 2014. A total of 167 species, of which 59.3% were annual and 61.2% were alien, was found. Species that originated in Mediterranean regions were the dominant alien species, followed by those from North America. A principal component analysis showed that the species compositions were different between the port and the residential areas, particularly in spring. The species from the port areas were major weeds from the cereal crop fields of North America and Australia, but were limited in distribution in Japan. The residence time might be too short to allow them to expand or climatic differences between the areas where these aliens are naturally dominant and Japan could serve as ecological barriers to the range expansion of such species.     

中国外来入侵物种数据库简介

中国外来入侵物种数据库系统是我国进行生物入侵交流的权威网络信息平台。该系统由中国外来入侵物种数据库系统、中国外来入侵物种地理分布信息系统、外来入侵物种野外数据采集系统、外来入侵物种安全性评价系统、中国主要外来入侵昆虫DNA条形码识别系统和中国重大外来入侵昆虫远程监控系统等6个子系统组成。该系统旨在为从事外来入侵物种研究、检测监测工作的科研机构和职能部门提供科研成果交流、检测监测信息发布、外来入侵物种数据查询和科普教育的综合信息服务平台。     

Patterns of loss of biodiversity associated with invasion by Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed) across a large geographic region

To investigate the impact of invasion by Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (boneseed) on plant communities, sites that were invaded and uninvaded were surveyed across Tasmania, South Australia and Victoria, Australia. Above‐ground cover abundance was estimated and samples of the seed bank from invaded and uninvaded sites in each state were collected and germinated in the glasshouse. We compared species richness and composition between invaded and uninvaded sites for both above‐ground and below‐ground samples. Across this broad geographic area, C. monilifera invaded sites had 25% fewer species than uninvaded sites and twice as many exotic species. Most growth forms showed reduced richness in invaded sites. There were no differences in the composition of native species communities between invaded and uninvaded sites in most regions, except South Australia. The composition of the seed bank differed from the above‐ground vegetation, but was similar within each state. Herbs and grasses were most abundant. The species composition of the seed bank was different in invaded sites only in Victoria, suggesting that invasion may negatively influence the capacity of the seed bank to restore vegetation in some areas. However, the underlying mechanisms for the observed patterns were not tested in this study. The capacity of all sites to regenerate effectively from the seed bank was limited and, in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity into the future, monitoring of species richness at smaller scales, particularly those where management of C. monilifera has occurred, will be needed to ensure management can facilitate the establishment of missing species. This study suggests that C. monilifera impacts a range of functional groups and different species across its distribution and is therefore non‐selective in how it influences changes in communities.     

氮添加调控陆地昆虫食物网的级联效应

20世纪人类活动加剧全球氮沉降,而氮沉降已经导致全球生态系统功能退化和生物多样性丧失。该文综述大气氮沉降通过改变土壤微生物和植被组成影响昆虫种群及群落功能,重点论述外来物种和土著物种对氮添加的响应。外源氮添加主要通过食物网上行效应对昆虫产生级联效应,短期低氮添加对土著物种种群数量产生正效应,而长期高氮添加会抑制土著种群增长,降低生物群落多样性,破坏生态系统稳定,进而导致生态系统功能变化。外来昆虫对氮添加的响应更敏感,氮添加下外来昆虫种群数量增长更快,加速了外来物种的入侵过程。     

The dynamics of introduction of alien scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) into Croatia

In recent years, several species of alien scale insects have arrived and spread rapidly through European and Mediterranean countries. One hundred and twenty‐nine species of alien scale insects have so far been recorded in Europe. This paper presents a list of alien scale insect species for Croatia, comprising 56 species from 8 different families. Four of them are new records for Croatia: Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 1906, Ichnaspis longirostris (Signoret, 1882), Phoenicococcus marlatii (Cockerell, 1899) and Spilococcus mammillariae (Bouche, 1844). The majority of species recorded belong to the following families: Diaspididae (28 species), Coccidae (12 species), Pseudococcidae (10 species), Eriococcidae (two species). The scale insect families Dactylopidae, Margarodidae, Ortheziidae and Pheniococcidae comprised only one recorded alien species each. During the time frame covered in the review (from the beginning of the 20th century until 2015), the majority of alien scale insect species (23) were registered in the period from 2000 to 2015. Data on the origin of introduced alien scale insects shows that the majority of the species originate from Asia (22 species), followed by North America (6 species), Africa, Australia and Central America (5 species each) and South America (4 species), with 9 species being of unknown origin.     

SSR分子标记技术在入侵昆虫学研究中的运用

外来入侵生物通过与本地生物竞争营养、水分和生存空间,造成严重的生态破坏和生物污染,最终导致生物多样性的丧失,逐渐成为人类生存和社会可持续发展的新威胁。简单序列重复(simple sequence repeats,SSRs)或微卫星DNA(microsatellites DNA)分子标记是生物群体遗传结构分析与变异研究中极有价值的分子标记,由于其具有多态性检出率高、信息含量大、共显性标记、实验操作简单、结果稳定可靠等优点,目前在外来入侵生物研究中得到广泛应用。本文概述了SSR分子标记在入侵昆虫来源鉴定、杂交和基因渗透、瓶颈效应等方面的应用进展,并对其在入侵生物学中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Status and trends in the alien flora of Corsica

This article summarizes and analyses some of the data published in Flora Corsica ( Jeanmonod & Gamisans, 2007 ) in order to characterize the alien vascular plant flora of the island. The data analysed focus on different aspects of the alien flora such as diversity (species richness), abundance, life‐forms, vegetation belts, habitats and biogeographical origins. The results show that the alien species richness is currently high, representing 16.5% of the total flora, amongst which 37.5% are naturalized. The penetration of this flora occurs mainly at lower altitudes, and is still weak or absent in the higher altitude vegetation belts whereas it has increased over time within natural closed habitats. Over the last 11 years, the species richness of xenophytes has increased by 18.1%, which corresponds to an increase of 23.0% of the naturalized plants. Moreover, 24.8% of the alien taxa have increased in abundance. A scenario highlighting the trends of the introduced flora, and that includes issues of native biodiversity conservation, is proposed based on the results. The special case of invasive species is also considered, and their exponential increase on Corsica is highlighted. Other aspects of the alien flora, such as its taxonomic spectrum and biogeographical origins, are also analysed and are, whenever possible, compared with those of other geographical regions, particularly from the Mediterranean (Sardinia, Balearic Islands) and Continental Europe.     

草地植物入侵的预防和控制

外来植物入侵属于生物入侵的范畴,对生态、环境和生物多样性具有破坏性影响。植物入侵的途径很多,但有意引进是最主要途径。本文阐述了国外一些地方由于植物入侵所造成的损失和教训。重点介绍了我国植物入侵的形势及主要有害外来植物种类、来源、入侵途径、分布范围及危害程度,并根据国际、国内目前应对植物入侵的作法和未来趋势,提出了预防和控制植物入侵的办法和措施。认为预防和控制植物入侵是草地保护的一项重要任务。     

基于网络舆情视角分析我国外来生物入侵问题

外来生物入侵已成为全球面临的生态安全与生物安全重大问题，而我国是全球遭遇外来入侵生物危害最严重的国家之一。针对目前我国外来生物入侵高发、频发的现状，充分发挥网络舆情大数据监测与分析能力，解析近年来我国外来生物入侵舆情发展、传播路径与特征，并提出应对措施和建议，为开展防控治理工作提供基础数据支撑。该文基于网络舆情大数据，采用主题抽取、热点话题识别、情感倾向分析、舆情演化分析等技术，重点梳理自2000年以来的重要网络外来生物入侵舆情事件，归纳总结舆情演变过程，分析提炼舆情特征规律；并将我国外来生物入侵网络舆情的发展大致分为萌芽阶段、发酵阶段和爆发阶段3个阶段，综合分析舆情特征，发现当前网民对外来入侵生物的态度趋于理性，参与外来入侵生物防治意愿高涨；媒体报道调性以正向为主，舆论引导力提升；监察部门积极发挥监察职能，通过公益诉讼参与外来入侵生物治理，整体舆论形势向好，已经构建了政府-媒体-公众多元治理的良性互动格局。